1
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Jia L, Wang T, Chen J, Zhao H, Yao P, Fan B. B(C 6F 5) 3/Chiral Phosphoric Acid Promoted Asymmetric C-3 gem-Difluoroalkylation of Quinoxalin-2-ones with Difluoroenoxysilanes. Org Lett 2024. [PMID: 39078262 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
The asymmetric Mannich-type reaction of quinoxalin-2-ones with difluoroenoxysilanes has been developed for the synthesis of chiral gem-difluoroalkylated quinoxalin-2-ones. The reaction worked in the presence of chiral phosphoric acid CPA 1 and B(C6F5)3 in THF at room temperature. The reaction exhibited a good substrate scope furnishing the products in good yields (up to 97%) with up to 96% ee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jia
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Chiral Functional Substance Research and Application, Yunnan Minzu University, Yuehua Street, Kunming 650504, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Chiral Functional Substance Research and Application, Yunnan Minzu University, Yuehua Street, Kunming 650504, China
| | - Jingchao Chen
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Chiral Functional Substance Research and Application, Yunnan Minzu University, Yuehua Street, Kunming 650504, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, Yunnan Minzu University, Yuehua Street, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Hongyan Zhao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Chiral Functional Substance Research and Application, Yunnan Minzu University, Yuehua Street, Kunming 650504, China
| | - Pengjie Yao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Chiral Functional Substance Research and Application, Yunnan Minzu University, Yuehua Street, Kunming 650504, China
| | - Baomin Fan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Chiral Functional Substance Research and Application, Yunnan Minzu University, Yuehua Street, Kunming 650504, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, Yunnan Minzu University, Yuehua Street, Kunming 650500, China
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2
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Pei BB, Wang J, Ji J, Chen Q, Wang CQ, Feng C. Radical Decarboxylation-Initiated S H2' Reaction of β,β-Difluoroenol Sulfonates: Access to α,α-Difluoroketones. Org Lett 2024. [PMID: 38796776 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Reported herein is a novel radical decarboxylation-initiated SH2' reaction of β,β-difluoroenol sulfonates. This transformation is characterized by mild reaction conditions, a broad substrate scope, and late-stage modification of drug molecules, providing general and mechanistically distinct access to bioactive and synthetically versatile α,α-difluoroketones. Preliminary mechanistic studies demonstrate that this reaction proceeds through a succession of silver-mediated decarboxylative radical generation and radical-addition-induced β-elimination of the sulfonyl radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Bing Pei
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Material-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, China
| | - Jiali Wang
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Material-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, China
| | - Jiuyang Ji
- Capital Construction Office, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Material-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, China
| | - Cheng-Qiang Wang
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Material-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, China
| | - Chao Feng
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Material-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, China
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3
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Chuntakaruk H, Hengphasatporn K, Shigeta Y, Aonbangkhen C, Lee VS, Khotavivattana T, Rungrotmongkol T, Hannongbua S. FMO-guided design of darunavir analogs as HIV-1 protease inhibitors. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3639. [PMID: 38351065 PMCID: PMC10864397 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53940-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of HIV-1 infection continues to pose a significant global public health issue, highlighting the need for antiretroviral drugs that target viral proteins to reduce viral replication. One such target is HIV-1 protease (PR), responsible for cleaving viral polyproteins, leading to the maturation of viral proteins. While darunavir (DRV) is a potent HIV-1 PR inhibitor, drug resistance can arise due to mutations in HIV-1 PR. To address this issue, we developed a novel approach using the fragment molecular orbital (FMO) method and structure-based drug design to create DRV analogs. Using combinatorial programming, we generated novel analogs freely accessible via an on-the-cloud mode implemented in Google Colab, Combined Analog generator Tool (CAT). The designed analogs underwent cascade screening through molecular docking with HIV-1 PR wild-type and major mutations at the active site. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations confirmed the assess ligand binding and susceptibility of screened designed analogs. Our findings indicate that the three designed analogs guided by FMO, 19-0-14-3, 19-8-10-0, and 19-8-14-3, are superior to DRV and have the potential to serve as efficient PR inhibitors. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach and its potential to be used in further studies for developing new antiretroviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hathaichanok Chuntakaruk
- Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Structural and Computational Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Kowit Hengphasatporn
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan.
| | - Yasuteru Shigeta
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Chanat Aonbangkhen
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Vannajan Sanghiran Lee
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Tanatorn Khotavivattana
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Thanyada Rungrotmongkol
- Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence in Structural and Computational Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Supot Hannongbua
- Center of Excellence in Computational Chemistry (CECC), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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4
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Petrillo N, Dinh K, Vogt KA, Ma S. Catalytic Mechanism of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Protease Investigated by Combined QM/MM Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Chem Inf Model 2023. [PMID: 37289654 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Combined quantum mechanical and molecular mechanical (QM/MM) molecular dynamics simulations were performed to investigate the catalytic mechanism of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) protease, a retroviral aspartic protease that is a potential therapeutic target for curing HTLV-1-associated diseases. To elucidate the proteolytic cleavage mechanism, we determined the two-dimensional free energy surfaces of the HTLV-1 protease-catalyzed reactions through various possible pathways. The free energy simulations suggest that the catalytic reactions of the HTLV-1 protease occur in the following sequential steps: (1) a proton is transferred from the lytic water to Asp32', followed by the nucleophilic addition of the resulting hydroxyl to the carbonyl carbon of the scissile bond, forming a tetrahedral oxyanion intermediate, and (2) a proton is transferred from Asp32 to the peptide nitrogen of the scissile bond, leading to the spontaneous breakage of the scissile bond. The rate-limiting step of this catalytic process is the proton transfer from Asp32 to the peptide nitrogen of the scissile bond, with a free energy of activation of 21.1 kcal/mol. This free energy barrier is close to the experimentally determined free energy of activation (16.3 kcal/mol) calculated from the measured catalytic rate constant (kcat). This mechanistic study provides detailed dynamic and structural information that will facilitate the design of mechanism-based inhibitors for the treatment of HTLV-1-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Petrillo
- Department of Chemistry, Jess and Mildred Fisher College of Science and Mathematics, Towson University, 8000 York Road, Towson, Maryland 21252, United States
| | - Kim Dinh
- Department of Chemistry, Jess and Mildred Fisher College of Science and Mathematics, Towson University, 8000 York Road, Towson, Maryland 21252, United States
| | - Kimberly A Vogt
- Department of Chemistry, Jess and Mildred Fisher College of Science and Mathematics, Towson University, 8000 York Road, Towson, Maryland 21252, United States
| | - Shuhua Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Jess and Mildred Fisher College of Science and Mathematics, Towson University, 8000 York Road, Towson, Maryland 21252, United States
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5
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Wang C, Chen L, Wang R, Tang W, Zhao B. Effects of the G48M mutant on the dynamics properties and binding mechanism of PR with SQV and ATV. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2022.2055013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruige Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wanxia Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, People’s Republic of China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface Active Agent and Auxiliary, Qiqihar, People’s Republic of China
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6
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Pan YL, Shao YB, Liu Z, Zheng HL, Cai L, Zhang HC, Li X. Asymmetric difluorocarbonylation reactions of non-active imines catalyzed by Bi(OAc) 3/chiral phosphoric acid. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00775d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Difluorinated carbonyl has been identified as the basic skeleton of multitudinous biologically active molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Liang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ying-Bo Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Han-Liang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Liu Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hai-Chang Zhang
- Science and Technology on Power Sources Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Power Sources, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
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7
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Mengmeng G, Zilun Y, Yulan C, Danhua G, Mengtao M, Zhiliang S, Xueqiang C. Difluorinated Silyl Enol Ethers as Fluorine-Containing Building Blocks for the Synthesis of Organofluorine Compounds. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202204060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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8
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Hammouda MM, Elattar KM. Recent progress in the chemistry of β-aminoketones. RSC Adv 2022; 12:24681-24712. [PMID: 36128366 PMCID: PMC9428906 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03864a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study highlighted the significance of β-aminoketones as privileged biologically active molecules, recent synthetic strategies, and synthetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M. Hammouda
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, El-Gomhoria Street, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Khaled M. Elattar
- Unit of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, El-Gomhoria Street, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
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9
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Fu X, Zhang T, Wu J, Sun Y, Wu F. Nickel‐Catalyzed Aminofluoroalkylation of Alkenes: Access to Difluoroalkylated
N
‐Containing Heterocyclic Compounds. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Fu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Green Fluoropharmaceutical Technology Shanghai Institute of Technology 201418 Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Green Fluoropharmaceutical Technology Shanghai Institute of Technology 201418 Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Green Fluoropharmaceutical Technology Shanghai Institute of Technology 201418 Shanghai P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 200032 Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Yijie Sun
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Green Fluoropharmaceutical Technology Shanghai Institute of Technology 201418 Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Fanhong Wu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Green Fluoropharmaceutical Technology Shanghai Institute of Technology 201418 Shanghai P. R. China
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10
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Neela YI, Guruprasad L. Structures and energetics of darunavir and active site amino acids of native and mutant HIV–1 protease: a computational study. Struct Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-021-01852-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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Pan J, Li H, Wu J, Wu F. Cobalt Catalyzed Addition of α, α-Difluoroiodomethyl Ketones to Alkenes/ Alkynes. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.121818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Braun
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf Universitätsstr. 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
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13
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Huang X, Zhao W, Liang Y, Wang M, Zhan Y, Zhang Y, Kong L, Wang ZX, Peng B. α-C–H difluoroalkylation of alkyl sulfoxides via intermolecular Pummerer reaction. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01513j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A simple and practical intermolecular Pummerer reaction using difluoroenol silyl ethers as nucleophiles is described. The protocol allows for highly efficient α-difluoroalkylation of a wide spectrum of alkyl sulfoxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials
- Zhejiang Normal University
- Jinhua 321004
- China
| | - Weizhao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials
- Zhejiang Normal University
- Jinhua 321004
- China
| | - Yuchen Liang
- School of Chemical Sciences
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100049
- China
| | - Minghui Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials
- Zhejiang Normal University
- Jinhua 321004
- China
| | - Yaling Zhan
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials
- Zhejiang Normal University
- Jinhua 321004
- China
| | - Yage Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials
- Zhejiang Normal University
- Jinhua 321004
- China
| | - Lichun Kong
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials
- Zhejiang Normal University
- Jinhua 321004
- China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Wang
- School of Chemical Sciences
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100049
- China
| | - Bo Peng
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials
- Zhejiang Normal University
- Jinhua 321004
- China
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14
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Sanusi ZK, Lawal MM, Gupta PL, Govender T, Baijnath S, Naicker T, Maguire GEM, Honarparvar B, Roitberg AE, Kruger HG. Exploring the concerted mechanistic pathway for HIV-1 PR-substrate revealed by umbrella sampling simulation. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:1736-1747. [PMID: 33073714 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1832578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 protease (HIV-1 PR) is an essential enzyme for the replication process of its virus, and therefore considered an important target for the development of drugs against the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Our previous study shows that the catalytic mechanism of subtype B/C-SA HIV-1 PR follows a one-step concerted acyclic hydrolysis reaction process using a two-layered ONIOM B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p) method. This present work is aimed at exploring the proposed mechanism of the proteolysis catalyzed by HIV-1 PR and to ensure our proposed mechanism is not an artefact of a single theoretical technique. Hence, we present umbrella sampling method that is suitable for calculating potential mean force (PMF) for non-covalent ligand/substrate-enzyme association/dissociation interactions which provide thermodynamic details for molecular recognition. The free activation energy results were computed in terms of PMF analysis within the hybrid QM(DFTB)/MM approach. The theoretical findings suggest that the proposed mechanism corresponds in principle with experimental data. Given our observations, we suggest that the QM/MM MD method can be used as a reliable computational technique to rationalize lead compounds against specific targets such as the HIV-1 protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab K Sanusi
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Monsurat M Lawal
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Pancham Lal Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Sooraj Baijnath
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Tricia Naicker
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Glenn E M Maguire
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Bahareh Honarparvar
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Adrian E Roitberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Hendrik G Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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15
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Hao YJ, Gong Y, Zhou Y, Zhou J, Yu JS. Construction of β-Quaternary α,α-Difluoroketones via Catalytic Nucleophilic Substitution of Tertiary Alcohols with Difluoroenoxysilanes. Org Lett 2020; 22:8516-8521. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jia Hao
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yi Gong
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jin-Sheng Yu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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16
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Lu C, Qiu Z, Xuan M, Huang Y, Lou Y, Zhu Y, Shen H, Lin B. Direct
N‐
Alkylation/Fluoroalkylation of Amines Using Carboxylic Acids via Transition‐Metal‐Free Catalysis. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Lu
- School of Physical Science and Technology (SPST) ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China
| | - Zetian Qiu
- School of Physical Science and Technology (SPST) ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 People's Republic of China
| | - Maojie Xuan
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Shanghai Institute of Technology Shanghai 201418 People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Huang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Shanghai Institute of Technology Shanghai 201418 People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjia Lou
- School of Physical Science and Technology (SPST) ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 People's Republic of China
| | - Yiling Zhu
- School of Physical Science and Technology (SPST) ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Shen
- School of Physical Science and Technology (SPST) ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 People's Republic of China
| | - Bo‐Lin Lin
- School of Physical Science and Technology (SPST) ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China
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17
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Lawal MM, Sanusi ZK, Govender T, Maguire GE, Honarparvar B, Kruger HG. From Recognition to Reaction Mechanism: An Overview on the Interactions between HIV-1 Protease and its Natural Targets. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:2514-2549. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181113122900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Current investigations on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Protease (HIV-1
PR) as a druggable target towards the treatment of AIDS require an update to facilitate further
development of promising inhibitors with improved inhibitory activities. For the past two
decades, up to 100 scholarly reports appeared annually on the inhibition and catalytic mechanism
of HIV-1 PR. A fundamental literature review on the prerequisite of HIV-1 PR action
leading to the release of the infectious virion is absent. Herein, recent advances (both computationally
and experimentally) on the recognition mode and reaction mechanism of HIV-1 PR
involving its natural targets are provided. This review features more than 80 articles from
reputable journals. Recognition of the natural Gag and Gag-Pol cleavage junctions by this
enzyme and its mutant analogs was first addressed. Thereafter, a comprehensive dissect of
the enzymatic mechanism of HIV-1 PR on its natural polypeptide sequences from literature
was put together. In addition, we highlighted ongoing research topics in which in silico
methods could be harnessed to provide deeper insights into the catalytic mechanism of the
HIV-1 protease in the presence of its natural substrates at the molecular level. Understanding
the recognition and catalytic mechanism of HIV-1 PR leading to the release of an infective
virion, which advertently affects the immune system, will assist in designing mechanismbased
inhibitors with improved bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monsurat M. Lawal
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Zainab K. Sanusi
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Thavendran Govender
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Glenn E.M. Maguire
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Bahareh Honarparvar
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Hendrik G. Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
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18
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Kumar M, Mandal K, Blakeley MP, Wymore T, Kent SBH, Louis JM, Das A, Kovalevsky A. Visualizing Tetrahedral Oxyanion Bound in HIV-1 Protease Using Neutrons: Implications for the Catalytic Mechanism and Drug Design. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:11605-11617. [PMID: 32478251 PMCID: PMC7254801 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 protease is indispensable for virus propagation and an important therapeutic target for antiviral inhibitors to treat AIDS. As such inhibitors are transition-state mimics, a detailed understanding of the enzyme mechanism is crucial for the development of better anti-HIV drugs. Here, we used room-temperature joint X-ray/neutron crystallography to directly visualize hydrogen atoms and map hydrogen bonding interactions in a protease complex with peptidomimetic inhibitor KVS-1 containing a reactive nonhydrolyzable ketomethylene isostere, which, upon reacting with the catalytic water molecule, is converted into a tetrahedral intermediate state, KVS-1TI. We unambiguously determined that the resulting tetrahedral intermediate is an oxyanion, rather than the gem-diol, and both catalytic aspartic acid residues are protonated. The oxyanion tetrahedral intermediate appears to be unstable, even though the negative charge on the oxyanion is delocalized through a strong n → π* hyperconjugative interaction into the nearby peptidic carbonyl group of the inhibitor. To better understand the influence of the ketomethylene isostere as a protease inhibitor, we have also examined the protease structure and binding affinity with keto-darunavir (keto-DRV), which similar to KVS-1 includes the ketomethylene isostere. We show that keto-DRV is a significantly less potent protease inhibitor than DRV. These findings shed light on the reaction mechanism of peptide hydrolysis catalyzed by HIV-1 protease and provide valuable insights into further improvements in the design of protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar
- Protein Crystallography
Section, Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Kalyaneswar Mandal
- Departments of Chemistry, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Matthew P. Blakeley
- Large Scale Structures Group, Institut Laue−Langevin, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Troy Wymore
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Stephen B. H. Kent
- Departments of Chemistry, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - John M. Louis
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National
Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0520, United States
| | - Amit Das
- Protein Crystallography
Section, Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Andrey Kovalevsky
- Neutron Scattering
Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
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19
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Mahmoud AH, Masters MR, Yang Y, Lill MA. Elucidating the multiple roles of hydration for accurate protein-ligand binding prediction via deep learning. Commun Chem 2020; 3:19. [PMID: 36703428 PMCID: PMC9814895 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-020-0261-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate and efficient prediction of protein-ligand interactions has been a long-lasting dream of practitioners in drug discovery. The insufficient treatment of hydration is widely recognized to be a major limitation for accurate protein-ligand scoring. Using an integration of molecular dynamics simulations on thousands of protein structures with novel big-data analytics based on convolutional neural networks and deep Taylor decomposition, we consistently identify here three different patterns of hydration to be essential for protein-ligand interactions. In addition to desolvation and water-mediated interactions, the formation of enthalpically favorable networks of first-shell water molecules around solvent-exposed ligand moieties is identified to be essential for protein-ligand binding. Despite being currently neglected in drug discovery, this hydration phenomenon could lead to new avenues in optimizing the free energy of ligand binding. Application of deep neural networks incorporating hydration to docking provides 89% accuracy in binding pose ranking, an essential step for rational structure-based drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr H. Mahmoud
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47906 USA
| | - Matthew R. Masters
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47906 USA
| | - Ying Yang
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47906 USA
| | - Markus A. Lill
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47906 USA ,grid.6612.30000 0004 1937 0642Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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20
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Liu S, Zeng X, Xu B. Practical fluorothiolation and difluorothiolation of alkenes using pyridine-HF and N-thiosuccinimides. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo01228a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Fluorothiolation and difluorothiolation of alkenes using pyridine-HF and N-thiosuccinimides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwen Liu
- College of Textiles and Clothing
- Yancheng Institute of Technology
- Yancheng
- China
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles
| | - Xiaojun Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- Donghua University
| | - Bo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- Donghua University
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21
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Zhang T, Pan J, Duan J, Wu J, Zhang W, Wu F. Radical Difunctionalization of Alkenes with Iododifluoromethyl Ketones Under Ni‐Catalysis. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Zhang
- School of Chemical and Environmental EngineeringShanghai Institute of Technology Shanghai 201418 P. R. China
| | - Jun Pan
- School of Chemical and Environmental EngineeringShanghai Institute of Technology Shanghai 201418 P. R. China
| | - Jin Duan
- School of Chemical and Environmental EngineeringShanghai Institute of Technology Shanghai 201418 P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- School of Chemical and Environmental EngineeringShanghai Institute of Technology Shanghai 201418 P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Massachusetts Boston Boston MA 02125 USA
| | - Fanhong Wu
- School of Chemical and Environmental EngineeringShanghai Institute of Technology Shanghai 201418 P. R. China
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22
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Aleksandrova MI, Ivanov AY, Dilman AD, Vasilyev AV. Electrophilic Activation of 1-Aryl-3-bromo-2,2-difluoropropan-1-ones by Triflic Acid in Reactions with Arenes. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maiia I. Aleksandrova
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Institute of Chemistry; Saint Petersburg State University; Universitetskaya nab., 7/9 199034 Saint Petersburg Russia
| | - Alexander Yu. Ivanov
- Center for Magnetic Resonance; Research Park; St. Petersburg State University; Universitetskiy pr., 26 198504 Saint Petersburg Petrodvoretz Russia
| | - Alexander D. Dilman
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Leninsky prosp., 47 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Aleksander V. Vasilyev
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Institute of Chemistry; Saint Petersburg State University; Universitetskaya nab., 7/9 199034 Saint Petersburg Russia
- Department of Chemistry; Saint Petersburg State Forest Technical University; Institutsky per., 5 194021 Saint Petersburg Russia
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23
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Ishima R, Kurt Yilmaz N, Schiffer CA. NMR and MD studies combined to elucidate inhibitor and water interactions of HIV-1 protease and their modulations with resistance mutations. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2019; 73:365-374. [PMID: 31243634 PMCID: PMC6941145 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-019-00260-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, both the sensitivity of NMR and the time scale of molecular dynamics (MD) simulation have increased tremendously and have advanced the field of protein dynamics. HIV-1 protease has been extensively studied using these two methods, and has presented a framework for cross-evaluation of structural ensembles and internal dynamics by integrating the two methods. Here, we review studies from our laboratories over the last several years, to understand the mechanistic basis of protease drug-resistance mutations and inhibitor responses, using NMR and crystal structure-based parallel MD simulations. Our studies demonstrate that NMR relaxation experiments, together with crystal structures and MD simulations, significantly contributed to the current understanding of structural/dynamic changes due to HIV-1 protease drug resistance mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieko Ishima
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nese Kurt Yilmaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Celia A Schiffer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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24
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Chen Y, Li L, Ma Y, Li Z. Cobalt-Catalyzed Three-Component Difluoroalkylation–Peroxidation of Alkenes. J Org Chem 2019; 84:5328-5338. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Liangkui Li
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Yangyang Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Zhiping Li
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
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25
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Internally reuse by-product as promoter: A catalyst-free imine formation/Mukaiyama-Mannich sequence of α-amido sulfones with fluorinated silyl enol ethers. J Fluor Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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26
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Zhao HY, Gao X, Zhang S, Zhang X. Nickel-Catalyzed Carbonylation of Difluoroalkyl Bromides with Arylboronic Acids. Org Lett 2019; 21:1031-1036. [PMID: 30702294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b04070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 2006 Xiyuan Avenue, West High-Tech Zone, Chengdu, Sichuan 611731, China
| | - Xingang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
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27
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Hu XS, Ding PG, Yu JS, Zhou J. A Sc(OTf)3 catalyzed Mukaiyama–Mannich reaction of difluoroenoxysilanes with unactivated ketimines. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00577c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The first example of a Mukaiyama–Mannich reaction of difluoroenoxysilanes with unactivated ketimines catalyzed by Sc(OTf)3 is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Si Hu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200062
- China
| | - Pei-Gang Ding
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200062
- China
| | - Jin-Sheng Yu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200062
- China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200062
- China
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28
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Hu XS, Yu JS, Zhou J. Catalytic selective mono- and difluoroalkylation using fluorinated silyl enol ethers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:13638-13648. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc07677h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This feature article highlights our recent achievements in catalytic selective mono- and difluoroalkylation using fluorinated silyl enol ethers (FSEEs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Si Hu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200062
- P. R. China
| | - Jin-Sheng Yu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200062
- P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200062
- P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes
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29
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Balaraman K, Moskowitz M, Wolf C. Organocatalytic Decarboxylative Cyanomethylation of Difluoromethyl and Trifluoromethyl Ketones. Adv Synth Catal 2018; 360:4705-4709. [PMID: 31289455 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201800876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An efficient organocatalytic method for the synthesis of difluoromethyl and trifluoromethyl substituted β-hydroxynitriles is introduced. The decarboxylative cyanomethylation of fluorinated ketones with readily available cyanoacetic acid gives a variety of tertiary alcohols in high yields and without concomitant water elimination. The reaction occurs in the presence of catalytic amounts of triethylamine, can be upscaled and applied to chlorofluoromethyl ketones and difluoromethyl ketimines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaluvu Balaraman
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37 and O Streets, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Max Moskowitz
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37 and O Streets, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Christian Wolf
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37 and O Streets, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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30
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Lawal MM, Sanusi ZK, Govender T, Tolufashe GF, Maguire GEM, Honarparvar B, Kruger HG. Unraveling the concerted catalytic mechanism of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease: a hybrid QM/MM study. Struct Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-018-1251-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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31
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McCarter AW, Sommer M, Percy JM, Jamieson C, Kennedy AR, Hirst DJ. Atom Efficient Synthesis of Selectively Difluorinated Carbocycles through a Gold(I)-Catalyzed Cyclization. J Org Chem 2018; 83:8888-8905. [PMID: 29978696 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The intramolecular carbocyclization of difluorinated enol acetals has been achieved for the first time using gold(I) catalysis. Difluorinated enol acetals bearing a pendant alkene group can be cyclized and reduced in one pot to form fluorinated diol motifs. Alternatively, the cyclization of terminal alkynes allows for the synthesis of fluorinated pyran scaffolds. Both cyclization processes can be performed under mild conditions allowing access to complex products rich in functionality. The cyclic systems are synthesized concisely (maximum four steps) from trifluoroethanol, an inexpensive fluorinated feedstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam W McCarter
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street , Glasgow G1 1XL , United Kingdom
| | - Magdalena Sommer
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street , Glasgow G1 1XL , United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M Percy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street , Glasgow G1 1XL , United Kingdom
| | - Craig Jamieson
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street , Glasgow G1 1XL , United Kingdom
| | - Alan R Kennedy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street , Glasgow G1 1XL , United Kingdom
| | - David J Hirst
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D Ltd ., Gunnels Wood Road , Stevenage , Herts SG1 2NY , United Kingdom
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32
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Nguyen AL, Khatri HR, Woods JR, Baldwin CS, Fronczek FR, Colby DA. Magnesium-Promoted Additions of Difluoroenolates to Unactivated Imines. J Org Chem 2018; 83:3109-3118. [PMID: 29446944 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b03014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although there are many synthetic methods to produce fluorinated and trifluoromethylated organic structures, the construction of difluoromethylated compounds remains a synthetic challenge. We have discovered that unactivated imines will react with difluoroenolates under exceedingly mild conditions when using magnesium salts and organic bases. We have applied this approach to the iminoaldol reaction to produce difluoromethylene groups as α,α-difluoro-β-amino-carbonyl groups. This method provides synthetically useful quantities of difficult to access α,α-difluoro-β-aminoketones without the need of protecting groups or the use of activated imines. Moreover, we have applied this strategy to create analogues of the dual orexin receptor antagonist, almorexant, in only two synthetic steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex L Nguyen
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences , University of Mississippi , University , Mississippi 38677 , United States
| | - Hari R Khatri
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences , University of Mississippi , University , Mississippi 38677 , United States
| | - James R Woods
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Cassidy S Baldwin
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences , University of Mississippi , University , Mississippi 38677 , United States
| | - Frank R Fronczek
- Department of Chemistry , Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , Louisiana 70803 , United States
| | - David A Colby
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences , University of Mississippi , University , Mississippi 38677 , United States
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33
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Ashirbaev SS, Levin VV, Struchkova MI, Dilman AD. Copper-Catalyzed Coupling of Acyl Chlorides with gem-Difluorinated Organozinc Reagents via Acyl Dithiocarbamates. J Org Chem 2017; 83:478-483. [PMID: 29178788 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A cross-coupling of acyl chlorides with gem-difluorinated organozinc reagents affording difluorinated ketones is described. In the reaction, acyl chlorides are first treated with potassium dithiocarbamate to generate S-acyl dithiocarbamates, which couple with organozincs in the presence of a copper(I) catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salavat S Ashirbaev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry , 119991 Moscow, Leninsky prosp. 47, Russian Federation.,Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University , 119991 Moscow, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Russian Federation
| | - Vitalij V Levin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry , 119991 Moscow, Leninsky prosp. 47, Russian Federation
| | - Marina I Struchkova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry , 119991 Moscow, Leninsky prosp. 47, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander D Dilman
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry , 119991 Moscow, Leninsky prosp. 47, Russian Federation
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34
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A Jak2-selective inhibitor potently reverses the immune suppression by modulating the tumor microenvironment for cancer immunotherapy. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 145:132-146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yu Xue
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhoulong Fan
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- State
key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunyong Ding
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ao Zhang
- ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- State
key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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36
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Krzemińska A, Moliner V, Świderek K. Dynamic and Electrostatic Effects on the Reaction Catalyzed by HIV-1 Protease. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:16283-16298. [PMID: 27935692 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b06856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 Protease (HIV-1 PR) is one of the three enzymes essential for the replication process of HIV-1 virus, which explains why it has been the main target for design of drugs against acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). This work is focused on exploring the proteolysis reaction catalyzed by HIV-1 PR, with special attention to the dynamic and electrostatic effects governing its catalytic power. Free energy surfaces for all possible mechanisms have been computed in terms of potentials of mean force (PMFs) within hybrid QM/MM potentials, with the QM subset of atoms described at semiempirical (AM1) and DFT (M06-2X) level. The results suggest that the most favorable reaction mechanism involves formation of a gem-diol intermediate, whose decomposition into the product complex would correspond to the rate-limiting step. The agreement between the activation free energy of this step with experimental data, as well as kinetic isotope effects (KIEs), supports this prediction. The role of the protein dynamic was studied by protein isotope labeling in the framework of the Variational Transition State Theory. The predicted enzyme KIEs, also very close to the values measured experimentally, reveal a measurable but small dynamic effect. Our calculations show how the contribution of dynamic effects to the effective activation free energy appears to be below 1 kcal·mol-1. On the contrary, the electric field created by the protein in the active site of the enzyme emerges as being critical for the electronic reorganization required during the reaction. These electrostatic properties of the active site could be used as a mold for future drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Krzemińska
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology , Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Vicent Moliner
- Departament de Química Física i Analítica, Universitat Jaume I , 12071 Castelló, Spain
| | - Katarzyna Świderek
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology , Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.,Departament de Química Física i Analítica, Universitat Jaume I , 12071 Castelló, Spain
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37
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Sasaki S, Suzuki T, Uchiya T, Toyota S, Hirano A, Tanemura M, Teramoto H, Yamauchi T, Higashiyama K. Synthesis of α,α-difluoro-β-hydroxy ketone via the La(OTf)3-catalyzed aldol reaction of carbonyl compounds with difluoroenol O-Boc esters. J Fluor Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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38
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Zhao HY, Feng Z, Luo Z, Zhang X. Carbonylation of Difluoroalkyl Bromides Catalyzed by Palladium. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201605380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Zhang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Zhiji Luo
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Xingang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
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39
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Zhao HY, Feng Z, Luo Z, Zhang X. Carbonylation of Difluoroalkyl Bromides Catalyzed by Palladium. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:10401-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201605380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Zhang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Zhiji Luo
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Xingang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
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40
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Pomeisl K, Beier P, Pohl R, Krečmerová M. Novel and Efficient Synthesis of gem
-Difluorinated Derivatives of Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates (ANPs). ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karel Pomeisl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, v.v.i.; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Flemingovo nam. 2 166 10 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Petr Beier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, v.v.i.; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Flemingovo nam. 2 166 10 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Radek Pohl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, v.v.i.; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Flemingovo nam. 2 166 10 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Krečmerová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, v.v.i.; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Flemingovo nam. 2 166 10 Prague 6 Czech Republic
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41
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Chen J. Drug resistance mechanisms of three mutations V32I, I47V and V82I in HIV-1 protease toward inhibitors probed by molecular dynamics simulations and binding free energy predictions. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra09201b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulation and binding free energy calculations were used to probe drug resistance of HIV-1 protease mutations toward inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Chen
- School of Science
- Shandong Jiaotong University
- Jinan 250357
- China
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42
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Yu JS, Zhou J. Organocatalytic enantioselective Mukaiyama–Mannich reaction of fluorinated enol silyl ethers and cyclic N-sulfonyl ketimines. Org Chem Front 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5qo00407a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first catalytic asymmetric Mukaiyama–Mannich reaction of fluorinated silyl enol ethers and ketimines is developed, allowing highly enantioselective synthesis of benzosultam based β-fluorinated Cα-tetrasubstituted α-amino acid derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sheng Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200062
- China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200062
- China
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43
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Doi R, Ohashi M, Ogoshi S. Copper-Catalyzed Reaction of Trifluoromethylketones with Aldehydes via a Copper Difluoroenolate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 55:341-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201508266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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44
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Doi R, Ohashi M, Ogoshi S. Copper-Catalyzed Reaction of Trifluoromethylketones with Aldehydes via a Copper Difluoroenolate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201508266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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45
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Herpoldt KL, Artzy-Schnirman A, Christofferson AJ, Makarucha AJ, de la Rica R, Yarovsky I, Stevens MM. Designing Fluorescent Peptide Sensors with Dual Specificity for the Detection of HIV-1 Protease. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2015; 27:7187-7195. [PMID: 28479671 PMCID: PMC5419500 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b03651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 protease is a key enzyme in the life cycle of HIV/AIDS, as it is responsible for the formation of the mature virus particle. We demonstrate here that phage-display peptides raised against this enzyme can be used as peptide sensors for the detection of HIV-1 protease in a simple, one-pot assay. The presence of the enzyme is detected through an energy transfer between two peptide sensors when simultaneously complexed with the target protein. The multivalent nature of this assay increases the specificity of the detection by requiring all molecules to be interacting in order for there to be a FRET signal. We also perform molecular dynamics simulations to explore the interaction between the protease and the peptides in order to guide the design of these peptide sensors and to understand the mechanisms which cause these simultaneous binding events. This approach aims to facilitate the development of new assays for enzymes that are not dependent on the cleavage of a substrate and do not require multiple washing steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla-Luise Herpoldt
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Arbel Artzy-Schnirman
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Adam J. Makarucha
- Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Roberto de la Rica
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Irene Yarovsky
- Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Molly M. Stevens
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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46
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Mei H, Xie C, Aceña JL, Soloshonok VA, Röschenthaler GV, Han J. Recent Progress in the in situ Detrifluoroacetylative Generation of Fluoro Enolates and Their Reactions with Electrophiles. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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47
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Fedorov OV, Kosobokov MD, Levin VV, Struchkova MI, Dilman AD. Halogenative difluorohomologation of ketones. J Org Chem 2015; 80:5870-6. [PMID: 25965426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A method for the difluorohomologation of ketones accompanied by halogenation of a C-H bond is described. The reaction involves silylation, difluorocarbene addition using Me3SiCF2Br activated by a bromide ion, and halogenation of intermediate cyclopropanes with N-bromo- or N-iodosuccinimide. The whole process is performed without isolation of intermediates. The resulting α,α-difluoro-β-halo-substituted ketones can be readily converted into fluorine containing pyrazole derivatives and oxetanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg V Fedorov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, 119991 Moscow, Leninsky prosp. 47, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail D Kosobokov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, 119991 Moscow, Leninsky prosp. 47, Russian Federation
| | - Vitalij V Levin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, 119991 Moscow, Leninsky prosp. 47, Russian Federation
| | - Marina I Struchkova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, 119991 Moscow, Leninsky prosp. 47, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander D Dilman
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, 119991 Moscow, Leninsky prosp. 47, Russian Federation
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail D. Kosobokov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Leninsky prosp. 47, Russian Federation
| | - Vitalij V. Levin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Leninsky prosp. 47, Russian Federation
| | - Marina I. Struchkova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Leninsky prosp. 47, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander D. Dilman
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Leninsky prosp. 47, Russian Federation
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49
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Yu JS, Zhou J. A highly efficient Mukaiyama–Mannich reaction of N-Boc isatin ketimines and other active cyclic ketimines using difluoroenol silyl ethers catalyzed by Ph3PAuOTf. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:10968-72. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01895a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A Ph3PAuOTf catalyzed highly efficient reaction of difluoroenoxysilanes and active ketimines is reported, which represents the first Au(i)-catalyzed Mukaiyama–Mannich reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sheng Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200062
- China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200062
- China
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50
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McGee TD, Edwards J, Roitberg AE. pH-REMD Simulations Indicate That the Catalytic Aspartates of HIV-1 Protease Exist Primarily in a Monoprotonated State. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:12577-85. [DOI: 10.1021/jp504011c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Dwight McGee
- Department
of Chemistry, Quantum Theory Project, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Jesse Edwards
- Department
of Chemistry, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, Tallahassee, Florida 32307, United States
| | - Adrian E. Roitberg
- Department
of Chemistry, Quantum Theory Project, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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