1
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Keable SM, Kölsch A, Simon PS, Dasgupta M, Chatterjee R, Subramanian SK, Hussein R, Ibrahim M, Kim IS, Bogacz I, Makita H, Pham CC, Fuller FD, Gul S, Paley D, Lassalle L, Sutherlin KD, Bhowmick A, Moriarty NW, Young ID, Blaschke JP, de Lichtenberg C, Chernev P, Cheah MH, Park S, Park G, Kim J, Lee SJ, Park J, Tono K, Owada S, Hunter MS, Batyuk A, Oggenfuss R, Sander M, Zerdane S, Ozerov D, Nass K, Lemke H, Mankowsky R, Brewster AS, Messinger J, Sauter NK, Yachandra VK, Yano J, Zouni A, Kern J. Room temperature XFEL crystallography reveals asymmetry in the vicinity of the two phylloquinones in photosystem I. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21787. [PMID: 34750381 PMCID: PMC8575901 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00236-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosystem I (PS I) has a symmetric structure with two highly similar branches of pigments at the center that are involved in electron transfer, but shows very different efficiency along the two branches. We have determined the structure of cyanobacterial PS I at room temperature (RT) using femtosecond X-ray pulses from an X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) that shows a clear expansion of the entire protein complex in the direction of the membrane plane, when compared to previous cryogenic structures. This trend was observed by complementary datasets taken at multiple XFEL beamlines. In the RT structure of PS I, we also observe conformational differences between the two branches in the reaction center around the secondary electron acceptors A1A and A1B. The π-stacked Phe residues are rotated with a more parallel orientation in the A-branch and an almost perpendicular confirmation in the B-branch, and the symmetry breaking PsaB-Trp673 is tilted and further away from A1A. These changes increase the asymmetry between the branches and may provide insights into the preferential directionality of electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Keable
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Adrian Kölsch
- Institut für Biologie, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp S Simon
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Medhanjali Dasgupta
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ruchira Chatterjee
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | - Rana Hussein
- Institut für Biologie, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mohamed Ibrahim
- Institut für Biologie, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - In-Sik Kim
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Isabel Bogacz
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Hiroki Makita
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Cindy C Pham
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Franklin D Fuller
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Sheraz Gul
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Daniel Paley
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Louise Lassalle
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Kyle D Sutherlin
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Asmit Bhowmick
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Nigel W Moriarty
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Iris D Young
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Johannes P Blaschke
- National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Casper de Lichtenberg
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström, Molecular Biomimetics, Uppsala University, 75237, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6 (KBC huset), 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Petko Chernev
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström, Molecular Biomimetics, Uppsala University, 75237, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mun Hon Cheah
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström, Molecular Biomimetics, Uppsala University, 75237, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sehan Park
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Gisu Park
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Jangwoo Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Sang Jae Lee
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Jaehyun Park
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Kensuke Tono
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan.,RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan
| | - Shigeki Owada
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan.,RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan
| | - Mark S Hunter
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Alexander Batyuk
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Karol Nass
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Henrik Lemke
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | - Aaron S Brewster
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Johannes Messinger
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström, Molecular Biomimetics, Uppsala University, 75237, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nicholas K Sauter
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Vittal K Yachandra
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Junko Yano
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Athina Zouni
- Institut für Biologie, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Kern
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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2
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Kouřil R, Nosek L, Semchonok D, Boekema EJ, Ilík P. Organization of Plant Photosystem II and Photosystem I Supercomplexes. Subcell Biochem 2018; 87:259-286. [PMID: 29464563 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-7757-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
In nature, plants are continuously exposed to varying environmental conditions. They have developed a wide range of adaptive mechanisms, which ensure their survival and maintenance of stable photosynthetic performance. Photosynthesis is delicately regulated at the level of the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts and the regulatory mechanisms include a reversible formation of a large variety of specific protein-protein complexes, supercomplexes or even larger assemblies known as megacomplexes. Revealing their structures is crucial for better understanding of their function and relevance in photosynthesis. Here we focus our attention on the isolation and a structural characterization of various large protein supercomplexes and megacomplexes, which involve Photosystem II and Photosystem I, the key constituents of photosynthetic apparatus. The photosystems are often attached to other protein complexes in thylakoid membranes such as light harvesting complexes, cytochrome b 6 f complex, and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase. Structural models of individual supercomplexes and megacomplexes provide essential details of their architecture, which allow us to discuss their function as well as physiological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Kouřil
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Lukáš Nosek
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Dmitry Semchonok
- Electron Microscopy Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Egbert J Boekema
- Electron Microscopy Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Petr Ilík
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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3
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Szewczyk S, Giera W, D'Haene S, van Grondelle R, Gibasiewicz K. Comparison of excitation energy transfer in cyanobacterial photosystem I in solution and immobilized on conducting glass. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2017; 132:111-126. [PMID: 27696181 PMCID: PMC5387024 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-016-0312-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Excitation energy transfer in monomeric and trimeric forms of photosystem I (PSI) from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 in solution or immobilized on FTO conducting glass was compared using time-resolved fluorescence. Deposition of PSI on glass preserves bi-exponential excitation decay of ~4-7 and ~21-25 ps lifetimes characteristic of PSI in solution. The faster phase was assigned in part to photochemical quenching (charge separation) of excited bulk chlorophylls and in part to energy transfer from bulk to low-energy (red) chlorophylls. The slower phase was assigned to photochemical quenching of the excitation equilibrated over bulk and red chlorophylls. The main differences between dissolved and immobilized PSI (iPSI) are: (1) the average excitation decay in iPSI is about 11 ps, which is faster by a few ps than for PSI in solution due to significantly faster excitation quenching of bulk chlorophylls by charge separation (~10 ps instead of ~15 ps) accompanied by slightly weaker coupling of bulk and red chlorophylls; (2) the number of red chlorophylls in monomeric PSI increases twice-from 3 in solution to 6 after immobilization-as a result of interaction with neighboring monomers and conducting glass; despite the increased number of red chlorophylls, the excitation decay accelerates in iPSI; (3) the number of red chlorophylls in trimeric PSI is 4 (per monomer) and remains unchanged after immobilization; (4) in all the samples under study, the free energy gap between mean red (emission at ~710 nm) and mean bulk (emission at ~686 nm) emitting states of chlorophylls was estimated at a similar level of 17-27 meV. All these observations indicate that despite slight modifications, dried PSI complexes adsorbed on the FTO surface remain fully functional in terms of excitation energy transfer and primary charge separation that is particularly important in the view of photovoltaic applications of this photosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Szewczyk
- Department of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 85, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Wojciech Giera
- Department of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 85, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Sandrine D'Haene
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rienk van Grondelle
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Krzysztof Gibasiewicz
- Department of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 85, 61-614, Poznan, Poland.
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4
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Zanello P. The competition between chemistry and biology in assembling iron–sulfur derivatives. Molecular structures and electrochemistry. Part V. {[Fe4S4](SCysγ)4} proteins. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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5
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Zlenko DV, Krasilnikov PM, Stadnichuk IN. Structural modeling of the phycobilisome core and its association with the photosystems. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2016; 130:347-356. [PMID: 27121945 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-016-0264-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The phycobilisome (PBS) is a major light-harvesting complex in cyanobacteria and red algae. To obtain the detailed structure of the hemidiscoidal PBS core composed of allophycocyanin (APC) and minor polypeptide components, we analyzed all nine available 3D structures of APCs from different photosynthetic species and found several variants of crystal packing that potentially correspond to PBS core organization. Combination of face-to-face APC trimer crystal packing with back-to-back APC hexamer packing suggests two variants of the tricylindrical PBS core. To choose one of these structures, a computational model of the PBS core complex and photosystem II (PSII) dimer with minimized distance between the terminal PBS emitters and neighboring antenna chlorophylls was built. In the selected model, the distance between two types of pigments does not exceed 37 Å corresponding to the Förster mechanism of energy transfer. We also propose a model of PBS and photosystem I (PSI) monomer interaction showing a possibility of supercomplex formation and direct energy transfer from the PBS to PSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Zlenko
- Biological faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin hills, 1/12, Moscow, Russia, 119991.
| | - Pavel M Krasilnikov
- Biological faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin hills, 1/12, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - Igor N Stadnichuk
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, Botanicheskaya st, 35, Moscow, Russia, 127276
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6
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Hynninen PH, Mesilaakso M. Synthesis and characterization of chlorophyll a enol derivatives: Chlorophyll a tert-butyldimethylsilyl-enol ether and 131-deoxo-131, 132-didehydro-chlorophyll a. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2016. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424616500486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Using the sterically hindered base, 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene, for enolization and tert-butyldimethylsilyl-trifluoromethanesulfonate for silylation, chlorophyll (Chl) [Formula: see text] produced after 15 min at 0 [Formula: see text]C in deaerated pyridine solution under argon, after work-up and chromatographic purification on a sucrose column, tert-butyldimethylsilyl-enol ether of Chl [Formula: see text] in a yield of 77%. The 131-deoxo-131,132-didehydro-chlorophyll [Formula: see text], was obtained in a yield of 23% through a reaction sequence, where Chl [Formula: see text] was first reduced with sodium borohydride to 13[Formula: see text]-hydroxy-Chl [Formula: see text], which via demetalation yielded 13[Formula: see text]-hydroxypheophytin [Formula: see text]. In the presence of the sterically hindered base, 1,8-bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene, trifluoroacetylimidazole dehydrated 13[Formula: see text]-hydroxypheophytin [Formula: see text] to 131-deoxo-131,132-didehydro-pheophytin [Formula: see text], which after metalation yielded 131-deoxo-131,132-didehydro-Chl [Formula: see text]. Using 1,8-bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene and trifluoroacetylimidazole, the straight conversion of 13[Formula: see text]-hydroxy-Chl [Formula: see text] to 131-deoxo-131,132-didehydro-Chl [Formula: see text] was found unsuccessful. The major products were characterized by electronic absorption spectra (UV-vis) and practically completely assigned 1H and [Formula: see text]C NMR spectra. Some intermediates of the syntheses were also characterized by ESI-TOF mass spectra. Compared with Chl [Formula: see text], the macrocyclic ring-current in the synthesized Chl [Formula: see text] enol derivatives was found weakened by the expansion of the [Formula: see text]-system to include the isocyclic ring E. Nevertheless, these enol derivatives were still considered to be diamagnetic and aromatic. The possibility of the functional role of the enol derivatives of chlorophyll in photosynthesis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paavo H. Hynninen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E), FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Mesilaakso
- Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtasen Aukio 1), FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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7
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Bína D, Herbstová M, Gardian Z, Vácha F, Litvín R. Novel structural aspect of the diatom thylakoid membrane: lateral segregation of photosystem I under red-enhanced illumination. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25583. [PMID: 27149693 PMCID: PMC4857733 DOI: 10.1038/srep25583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatial segregation of photosystems in the thylakoid membrane (lateral heterogeneity) observed in plants and in the green algae is usually considered to be absent in photoautotrophs possessing secondary plastids, such as diatoms. Contrary to this assumption, here we show that thylakoid membranes in the chloroplast of a marine diatom, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, contain large areas occupied exclusively by a supercomplex of photosystem I (PSI) and its associated Lhcr antenna. These membrane areas, hundreds of nanometers in size, comprise hundreds of tightly packed PSI-antenna complexes while lacking other components of the photosynthetic electron transport chain. Analyses of the spatial distribution of the PSI-Lhcr complexes have indicated elliptical particles, each 14 × 17 nm in diameter. On larger scales, the red-enhanced illumination exerts a significant effect on the ultrastructure of chloroplasts, creating superstacks of tens of thylakoid membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bína
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Biology Centre CAS, Department of Photosynthesis, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Branišovská 1760, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Herbstová
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Biology Centre CAS, Department of Photosynthesis, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Branišovská 1760, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenko Gardian
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Biology Centre CAS, Department of Photosynthesis, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Branišovská 1760, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - František Vácha
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Biology Centre CAS, Department of Photosynthesis, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Branišovská 1760, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Litvín
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Biology Centre CAS, Department of Photosynthesis, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Branišovská 1760, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic
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8
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Abdallah BG, Roy-Chowdhury S, Coe J, Fromme P, Ros A. High throughput protein nanocrystal fractionation in a microfluidic sorter. Anal Chem 2015; 87:4159-67. [PMID: 25794348 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Protein crystallography is transitioning into a new generation with the introduction of the X-ray free electron laser, which can be used to solve the structures of complex proteins via serial femtosecond crystallography. Sample characteristics play a critical role in successful implementation of this new technology, whereby a small, narrow protein crystal size distribution is desired to provide high quality diffraction data. To provide such a sample, we developed a microfluidic device that facilitates dielectrophoretic sorting of heterogeneous particle mixtures into various size fractions. The first generation device demonstrated great potential and success toward this endeavor; thus, in this work, we present a comprehensive optimization study to improve throughput and control over sorting outcomes. First, device geometry was designed considering a variety of criteria, and applied potentials were modeled to determine the scheme achieving the largest sorting efficiency for isolating nanoparticles from microparticles. Further, to investigate sorting efficiency within the nanoparticle regime, critical geometrical dimensions and input parameters were optimized to achieve high sorting efficiencies. Experiments revealed fractionation of nanobeads from microbeads in the optimized device with high sorting efficiencies, and protein crystals were sorted into submicrometer size fractions as desired for future serial femtosecond crystallography experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahige G Abdallah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States.,Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Shatabdi Roy-Chowdhury
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States.,Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Jesse Coe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States.,Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Petra Fromme
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States.,Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Alexandra Ros
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States.,Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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9
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Karapetyan NV, Bolychevtseva YV, Yurina NP, Terekhova IV, Shubin VV, Brecht M. Long-wavelength chlorophylls in photosystem I of cyanobacteria: origin, localization, and functions. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2014; 79:213-20. [PMID: 24821447 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297914030067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The structural organization of photosystem I (PSI) complexes in cyanobacteria and the origin of the PSI antenna long-wavelength chlorophylls and their role in energy migration, charge separation, and dissipation of excess absorbed energy are discussed. The PSI complex in cyanobacterial membranes is organized preferentially as a trimer with the core antenna enriched with long-wavelength chlorophylls. The contents of long-wavelength chlorophylls and their spectral characteristics in PSI trimers and monomers are species-specific. Chlorophyll aggregates in PSI antenna are potential candidates for the role of the long-wavelength chlorophylls. The red-most chlorophylls in PSI trimers of the cyanobacteria Arthrospira platensis and Thermosynechococcus elongatus can be formed as a result of interaction of pigments peripherally localized on different monomeric complexes within the PSI trimers. Long-wavelength chlorophylls affect weakly energy equilibration within the heterogeneous PSI antenna, but they significantly delay energy trapping by P700. When the reaction center is open, energy absorbed by long-wavelength chlorophylls migrates to P700 at physiological temperatures, causing its oxidation. When the PSI reaction center is closed, the P700 cation radical or P700 triplet state (depending on the P700 redox state and the PSI acceptor side cofactors) efficiently quench the fluorescence of the long-wavelength chlorophylls of PSI and thus protect the complex against photodestruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Karapetyan
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia.
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10
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Ford RC, Holzenburg A. Organization of protein complexes and a mechanism for grana formation in photosynthetic membranes as revealed by cryo-electron microscopy. CRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/crat.201300116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. C. Ford
- Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, Faculty of Life Sciences; The University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PT UK
| | - A. Holzenburg
- Microscopy and Imaging Center, Department of Biology, and Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics; Texas A&M University; College Station, TX 77843-2257 USA
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11
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van Thor JJ, Mullineaux CW, Matthijs HCP, Hellingwerf KJ. Light Harvesting and State Transitions in Cyanobacteria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1998.tb00731.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Abdallah BG, Kupitz C, Fromme P, Ros A. Crystallization of the large membrane protein complex photosystem I in a microfluidic channel. ACS NANO 2013; 7:10534-43. [PMID: 24191698 PMCID: PMC3940344 DOI: 10.1021/nn402515q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Traditional macroscale protein crystallization is accomplished nontrivially by exploring a range of protein concentrations and buffers in solution until a suitable combination is attained. This methodology is time-consuming and resource-intensive, hindering protein structure determination. Even more difficulties arise when crystallizing large membrane protein complexes such as photosystem I (PSI) due to their large unit cells dominated by solvent and complex characteristics that call for even stricter buffer requirements. Structure determination techniques tailored for these "difficult to crystallize" proteins such as femtosecond nanocrystallography are being developed yet still need specific crystal characteristics. Here, we demonstrate a simple and robust method to screen protein crystallization conditions at low ionic strength in a microfluidic device. This is realized in one microfluidic experiment using low sample amounts, unlike traditional methods where each solution condition is set up separately. Second harmonic generation microscopy via second-order nonlinear imaging of chiral crystals (SONICC) was applied for the detection of nanometer- and micrometer-sized PSI crystals within microchannels. To develop a crystallization phase diagram, crystals imaged with SONICC at specific channel locations were correlated to protein and salt concentrations determined by numerical simulations of the time-dependent diffusion process along the channel. Our method demonstrated that a portion of the PSI crystallization phase diagram could be reconstructed in excellent agreement with crystallization conditions determined by traditional methods. We postulate that this approach could be utilized to efficiently study and optimize crystallization conditions for a wide range of proteins that are poorly understood to date.
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Abdallah BG, Chao TC, Kupitz C, Fromme P, Ros A. Dielectrophoretic sorting of membrane protein nanocrystals. ACS NANO 2013; 7:9129-37. [PMID: 24004002 PMCID: PMC3894612 DOI: 10.1021/nn403760q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Structure elucidation of large membrane protein complexes is still a considerable challenge, yet is a key factor in drug development and disease combat. Femtosecond nanocrystallography is an emerging technique with which structural information of membrane proteins is obtained without the need to grow large crystals, thus overcoming the experimental riddle faced in traditional crystallography methods. Here, we demonstrate for the first time a microfluidic device capable of sorting membrane protein crystals based on size using dielectrophoresis. We demonstrate the excellent sorting power of this new approach with numerical simulations of selected submicrometer beads in excellent agreement with experimental observations. Crystals from batch crystallization broths of the huge membrane protein complex photosystem I were sorted without further treatment, resulting in a high degree of monodispersity and crystallinity in the ~100 nm size range. Microfluidic integration, continuous sorting, and nanometer-sized crystal fractions make this method ideal for direct coupling to femtosecond nanocrystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tzu-Chiao Chao
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, SK, S4S0A2, Canada
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Light harvesting complexes of Chromera velia, photosynthetic relative of apicomplexan parasites. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2013; 1827:723-9. [PMID: 23428396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The structure and composition of the light harvesting complexes from the unicellular alga Chromera velia were studied by means of optical spectroscopy, biochemical and electron microscopy methods. Two different types of antennae systems were identified. One exhibited a molecular weight (18-19kDa) similar to FCP (fucoxanthin chlorophyll protein) complexes from diatoms, however, single particle analysis and circular dichroism spectroscopy indicated similarity of this structure to the recently characterized XLH antenna of xanthophytes. In light of these data we denote this antenna complex CLH, for "Chromera Light Harvesting" complex. The other system was identified as the photosystem I with bound Light Harvesting Complexes (PSI-LHCr) related to the red algae LHCI antennae. The result of this study is the finding that C. velia, when grown in natural light conditions, possesses light harvesting antennae typically found in two different, evolutionary distant, groups of photosynthetic organisms.
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Moal G, Lagoutte B. Photo-induced electron transfer from photosystem I to NADP(+): characterization and tentative simulation of the in vivo environment. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2012; 1817:1635-45. [PMID: 22683536 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The photoproduction of NADPH in photosynthetic organisms requires the successive or concomitant interaction of at least three proteins: photosystem I (PSI), ferredoxin (Fd) and ferredoxin:NADP(+) oxidoreductase (FNR). These proteins and their surrounding medium have been carefully analysed in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. A high value of 550mg/ml was determined for the overall solute content of the cell soluble compartment. PSI and Fd are present at similar concentrations, around 500μM, whereas the FNR associated to phycobilisome is about 4 fold less concentrated. Membrane densities of FNR and trimeric PSI have been estimated to 2000 and 2550 per μm(2), respectively. An artificial confinement of Fd to PSI was designed using fused constructs between Fd and PsaE, a peripheral and stroma located PSI subunit. The best covalent system in terms of photocatalysed NADPH synthesis can be equivalent to the free system in a dilute medium. In a macrosolute crowded medium (375mg/ml), this optimized PSI/Fd covalent complex exhibited a huge superiority compared to the free system. This is a likely consequence of restrained diffusion constraints due to the vicinity of two out of the three protein partners. In vivo, Fd is the free partner, but the constant proximity between PSI and the phycobilisome associated FNR creates a similar situation, with two closely associated partners. This organization seems well adapted for an efficient in vivo production of the stable and fast diffusing NADPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenaëlle Moal
- Service de Bioenergetique, Biologie Structurale et Mecanismes, Gif sur Yvette, France
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Xu W, Wang Y, Taylor E, Laujac A, Gao L, Savikhin S, Chitnis PR. Mutational analysis of photosystem I of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803: the role of four conserved aromatic residues in the j-helix of PsaB. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24625. [PMID: 21931782 PMCID: PMC3171458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosystem I is the light-driven plastocyanin-ferredoxin oxidoreductase in the photosynthetic electron transfer of cyanobacteria and plants. Two histidyl residues in the symmetric transmembrane helices A-j and B-j provide ligands for the P700 chlorophyll molecules of the reaction center of photosystem I. To determine the role of conserved aromatic residues adjacent to the histidyl molecule in the helix of B-j, we generated six site-directed mutants of the psaB gene in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Three mutant strains with W645C, W643C/A644I and S641C/V642I substitutions could grow photoautotrophically and showed no obvious reduction in the photosystem I activity. Kinetics of P700 re-reduction by plastocyanin remained unaltered in these mutants. In contrast, the strains with H651C/L652M, F649C/G650I and F647C substitutions could not grow under photoautotrophic conditions because those mutants had low photosystem I activity, possibly due to low levels of proteins. A procedure to select spontaneous revertants from the mutants that are incapable to photoautotrophic growth resulted in three revertants that were used in this study. The molecular analysis of the spontaneous revertants suggested that an aromatic residue at F647 and a small residue at G650 may be necessary for maintaining the structural integrity of photosystem I. The (P700⁺-P700) steady-state absorption difference spectrum of the revertant F647Y has a ∼5 nm narrower peak than the recovered wild-type, suggesting that additional hydroxyl group of this revertant may participate in the interaction with the special pair while the photosystem I complexes of the F649C/G650T and H651Q mutants closely resemble the wild-type spectrum. The results presented here demonstrate that the highly conserved residues W645, W643 and F649 are not critical for maintaining the integrity and in mediating electron transport from plastocyanin to photosystem I. Our data suggest that an aromatic residue is required at position of 647 for structural integrity and/or function of photosystem I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Yingchun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Eric Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Amelie Laujac
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Liyan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Sergei Savikhin
- Department of Physics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Parag R. Chitnis
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
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17
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Srinivasan N, Golbeck JH. Protein–cofactor interactions in bioenergetic complexes: The role of the A1A and A1B phylloquinones in Photosystem I. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2009; 1787:1057-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2009.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Revised: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Amunts A, Nelson N. Plant Photosystem I Design in the Light of Evolution. Structure 2009; 17:637-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2009.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Revised: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Fromme P, Grotjohann I. Chapter 9 Crystallization of Photosynthetic Membrane Proteins. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1063-5823(09)63009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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Borisov AY, Rybina AV. Energy migration as related to the mutual position and orientation of donor and acceptor molecules in LH1 and LH2 antenna complexes of purple bacteria. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2008; 97:215-222. [PMID: 18766466 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-008-9318-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Many approaches to discovering the interaction energy of molecular transition dipoles use the well-known coefficient xi(phi, psi (1) psi (2)) = (cos phi - 3 cos psi (1) cos psi (2))(2), where phi, Psi (1), and Psi (2) are inter-dipole angles. Unfortunately, this formula often yields rather approximate results, in particular, when it is applied to closely positioned molecules. This problem is of great importance when dealing with energy migration in photosynthetic organisms, because the major part of excitation transfers in their chlorophyllous antenna proceed between closely positioned molecules. In this paper, the authors introduce corrected values of the orientation factor for several types of mutual orientation of molecules exchanging with electronic excitations for realistic ratios of dipole lengths and spacing. The corrected magnitudes of interaction energies of neighboring bacteriochlorophyll molecules in LH2 and LH1 light-absorbing complexes are calculated for the class of photosynthetic purple bacteria. Some advantageous factors are revealed in their mutual positions and orientations in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Borisov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorob'ev Hills, Moscow, 119992, Russia.
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21
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McDevitt CA, Shintre CA, Grossmann JG, Pollock NL, Prince SM, Callaghan R, Ford RC. Structural insights into P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) by small angle X-ray scattering and electron crystallography. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:2950-6. [PMID: 18657537 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) is an ATP-binding cassette protein that is associated with the acquisition of multi-drug resistance in cancer and the failure of chemotherapy in humans. Structural insights into this protein are described using a combination of small angle X-ray scattering data and cryo-electron crystallography data. We have compared the structures with bacterial homologues, and discuss the development of homology models for P-glycoprotein based on the bacterial Sav1866 structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A McDevitt
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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22
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Vassiliev S, Bruce D. Toward understanding molecular mechanisms of light harvesting and charge separation in photosystem II. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2008; 97:75-89. [PMID: 18443918 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-008-9303-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Conversion of light energy in photosynthesis is extremely fast and efficient, and understanding the nature of this complex photophysical process is challenging. This review describes current progress in understanding molecular mechanisms of light harvesting and charge separation in photosystem II (PSII). Breakthroughs in X-ray crystallography have allowed the development and testing of more detailed kinetic models than have previously been possible. However, due to the complexity of the light conversion processes, satisfactory descriptions remain elusive. Recent advances point out the importance of variations in the photochemical properties of PSII in situ in different thylakoid membrane regions as well as the advantages of combining sophisticated time-resolved spectroscopic experiments with atomic level computational modeling which includes the effects of molecular dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serguei Vassiliev
- Department of Biology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada L2S 3A1.
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23
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Chu CC, Bassani DM. Challenges and opportunities for photochemists on the verge of solar energy conversion. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2008; 7:521-30. [DOI: 10.1039/b800113h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Jolley CC, Wells SA, Hespenheide BM, Thorpe MF, Fromme P. Docking of photosystem I subunit C using a constrained geometric simulation. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 128:8803-12. [PMID: 16819873 DOI: 10.1021/ja0587749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The elucidation of assembly pathways of multi-subunit protein complexes is a problem of great interest in structural biology and biomolecular modeling. In this study, we use a new computer algorithm for the simulation of large-scale motion in proteins to dock the subunit PsaC onto Photosystem I. We find that a complicated docking pathway involving multiple conformational changes can be quickly simulated by actively targeting only a few residues at a time to their target positions. Simulations for two possible docking scenarios are explored, and experimental approaches to distinguish between them are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig C Jolley
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, The Center for the Study of Early Events in Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
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25
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Roy E, Gast P, van Gorkom H, de Groot HJM, Jeschke G, Matysik J. Photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization in the reaction center of the green sulphur bacterium Chlorobium tepidum observed by 13C MAS NMR. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2007; 1767:610-5. [PMID: 17292850 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2006.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2006] [Revised: 12/21/2006] [Accepted: 12/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization has been observed in reaction centres of the green sulphur bacterium Chlorobium tepidum by (13)C magic-angle spinning solid-state NMR under continuous illumination with white light. An almost complete set of chemical shifts of the aromatic ring carbons of a BChl a molecule has been obtained. All light-induced (13)C NMR signals appear to be emissive, which is similar to the pattern observed in the reaction centers of plant photosystem I and purple bacterial reaction centres of Rhodobacter sphaeroides wild type. The donor in RCs of green sulfur bacteria clearly differs from the substantially asymmetric special pair of purple bacteria and appears to be similar to the more symmetric donor of photosystem I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esha Roy
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratoria, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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26
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Vaitekonis S, Trinkunas G, Valkunas L. Red chlorophylls in the exciton model of photosystem I. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2005; 86:185-201. [PMID: 16172938 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-005-2747-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2004] [Accepted: 02/21/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Structural arrangement of pigment molecules of Photosystem I of photosynthetic cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus is used for theoretical modeling of the excitation energy spectrum. It is demonstrated that a straightforward application of the exciton theory with the assumption of the same molecular transition energy does not describe the red side of the absorption spectrum. Since the inhomogeneity in the molecular transition energies caused by a dispersive interaction with the molecular surrounding cannot be identified directly from the structural model, the evolutionary search procedure is used for fitting the low temperature absorption and circular dichroism spectra. As a result, one dimer, three trimers and one tetramer of chlorophyll molecules responsible for the red side of the absorption spectrum with their assignment to the spectroscopically established three bands at 708, 714 and 719 nm are determined. All of them are found to be situated not in the very close vicinity of the reaction center but are encircling it almost at the same distance. In order to explain the unusual broadening on the red side of the spectrum the exciton state mixing with the charge transfer (CT) states is considered. It is shown that two effects can be distinguished as caused by mixing of those states: (i) the oscillator strength borrowing by the CT state from the exciton transition and (ii) the borrowing of the high density of the CT state by the exciton state. The intermolecular vibrations between two counter-charged molecules determine the high density in the CT state. From the broad red absorption wing it is concluded that the CT state should be the lowest state in the complexes under consideration. Such mixing effect enables resolving the diversity in the molecular transition energies as determined by different theoretical approaches.
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27
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Bittl R, Weber S. Transient radical pairs studied by time-resolved EPR. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2005; 1707:117-26. [PMID: 15721610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2004.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2003] [Accepted: 03/05/2004] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Photogenerated short-lived radical pairs (RP) are common in biological photoprocesses such as photosynthesis and enzymatic DNA repair. They can be favorably probed by time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) methods with adequate time resolution. Two EPR techniques have proven to be particularly useful to extract information on the working states of photoinduced biological processes that is only difficult or sometimes even impossible to obtain by other types of spectroscopy. Firstly, transient EPR yields crucial information on the chemical nature and the geometry of the individual RP halves in a doublet-spin pair generated by a short laser pulse. This time-resolved method is applicable in all magnetic field/microwave frequency regimes that are used for continuous-wave EPR, and is nowadays routinely utilized with a time resolution reaching about 10 ns. Secondly, a pulsed EPR method named out-of-phase electron spin echo envelope modulation (OOP-ESEEM) is increasingly becoming popular. By this pulsed technique, the mutual spin-spin interaction between the RP halves in a doublet-spin pair manifests itself as an echo modulation detected as a function of the microwave-pulse spacing of a two-pulse echo sequence subsequent to a laser pulse. From the dipolar coupling, the distance between the radicals is readily derived. Since the spin-spin interaction parameters are typically not observable by transient EPR, the two techniques complement each other favorably. Both EPR methods have recently been applied to a variety of light-induced RPs in photobiology. This review summarizes the results obtained from such studies in the fields of plant and bacterial photosynthesis and DNA repair mediated by the enzyme DNA photolyase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Bittl
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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28
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Grotjohann I, Fromme P. Structure of cyanobacterial photosystem I. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2005; 85:51-72. [PMID: 15977059 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-005-1440-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2004] [Accepted: 01/28/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem I is one of the most fascinating membrane protein complexes for which a structure has been determined. It functions as a bio-solar energy converter, catalyzing one of the first steps of oxygenic photosynthesis. It captures the light of the sun by means of a large antenna system, consisting of chlorophylls and carotenoids, and transfers the energy to the center of the complex, driving the transmembrane electron transfer from plastoquinone to ferredoxin. Cyanobacterial Photosystem I is a trimer consisting of 36 proteins to which 381 cofactors are non-covalently attached. This review discusses the complex function of Photosystem I based on the structure of the complex at 2.5 A resolution as well as spectroscopic and biochemical data.
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29
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Holt NE, Kennis JTM, Fleming GR. Femtosecond Fluorescence Upconversion Studies of Light Harvesting by β-Carotene in Oxygenic Photosynthetic Core Proteins. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp046893p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy E. Holt
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720-146, and Faculty of Sciences, Division of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Biophysics and Physics of Complex Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081, HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John T. M. Kennis
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720-146, and Faculty of Sciences, Division of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Biophysics and Physics of Complex Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081, HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Graham R. Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720-146, and Faculty of Sciences, Division of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Biophysics and Physics of Complex Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081, HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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30
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Kurreck J, Niethammer D, Kurreck H. Primärprozesse der Photosynthese und ihre Modellierung. CHEM UNSERER ZEIT 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ciuz.19990330203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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Frias-Lopez J, Bonheyo GT, Fouke BW. Identification of differential gene expression in bacteria associated with coral black band disease by using RNA-arbitrarily primed PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:3687-94. [PMID: 15184174 PMCID: PMC427725 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.6.3687-3694.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-arbitrarily primed PCR techniques have been applied for the first time to identify differential gene expression in black band disease (BBD), a virulent coral infection that affects reef ecosystems worldwide. The gene activity for the BBD mat on infected surfaces of the brain coral Diploria strigosa was compared with that for portions of the BBD mat that were removed from the coral and suspended nearby in the seawater column. The results obtained indicate that three genes (DD 95-2, DD 95-4, and DD 99-9) were up-regulated in the BBD bacterial mat on the coral surface compared to the transcript base levels observed in the BBD mat suspended in seawater. Clone DD 95-4 has homology with known amino acid ABC transporter systems in bacteria, while clone DD 99-9 exhibits homology with chlorophyll A apoprotein A1 in cyanobacteria. This protein is essential in the final conformation of photosystem I P700. DD 95-2, the only gene that was fully repressed in the BBD mat samples suspended in seawater, exhibited homology with the AraC-type DNA binding domain-containing proteins. These transcriptional activators coordinate the expression of genes essential for virulence in many species of gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Frias-Lopez
- Department of Geology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
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32
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Gobets B, van Stokkum IHM, van Mourik F, Dekker JP, van Grondelle R. Excitation wavelength dependence of the fluorescence kinetics in Photosystem I particles from Synechocystis PCC 6803 and Synechococcus elongatus. Biophys J 2004; 85:3883-98. [PMID: 14645078 PMCID: PMC1303690 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(03)74803-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The excitation-wavelength dependence of the excited-state dynamics of monomeric and trimeric Photosystem I (PSI) particles from Synechocystis PCC 6803 as well as trimeric PSI particles from Synechococcus elongatus has been studied at room temperature using time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. For aselective (400 nm), carotenoid (505 nm), and bulk chlorophyll (approximately 650 nm) excitation in all species, a downhill energy-transfer component is observed, corresponding to a lifetime of 3.4-5.5 ps. For selective red excitation (702-719 nm) in all species, a significantly faster, an approximately 1-ps, uphill transfer component was recorded. In Synechococcus PSI, an additional approximately 10-ps downhill energy-transfer component is found for all wavelengths of excitation, except 719 nm. Each of the species exhibits its own characteristic trap spectrum, the shape of which is independent of the wavelength of excitation. This trap spectrum decays in approximately 23 ps in both monomeric and trimeric Synechocystis PSI and in approximately 35 ps in trimeric Synechococcus PSI. The data were simulated based on the 2.5 A structural model of PSI of Synechococcus elongatus using the Förster equation for energy transfer, and using the 0.6-1-ps charge-separation time and the value of 1.2-1.3 for the index of refraction that were obtained from the dynamics of a hypothetical PSI particle without red chls. The experimentally obtained lifetimes and spectra were reproduced well by assigning three of the chlorophyll-a (chla) dimers observed in the structure to the C708/C702RT pool of red chls present in PSI from both species. Essential for the simulation of the dynamics of Synechococcus PSI is the assignment of the single chla trimer in the structure to the C719/C708RT pool present in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Gobets
- Division of Physics and Astronomy of the Exact Faculty of Sciences and Institute of Molecular Biological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Van Der Est A, Valieva AI, Kandrashkin YE, Shen G, Bryant DA, Golbeck JH. Removal of PsaF alters forward electron transfer in photosystem I: evidence for fast reoxidation of QK-A in subunit deletion mutants of Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002. Biochemistry 2004; 43:1264-75. [PMID: 14756562 DOI: 10.1021/bi035431j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies of point mutations in photosystem I have suggested that the two kinetic phases of phylloquinone reoxidation represent electron transfer in the two branches of cofactors. This interpretation implies that changes in the relative amplitudes of the two kinetic phases represent a change in the extent of electron transfer in the two branches. Using time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), this issue is investigated in subunit deletion mutants of Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002. The spin-polarized EPR signals of P(700)(+)A(1)(-) and P(700)(+)FeS(-), both at room temperature and in frozen solution, are altered by deletion of PsaF and/or PsaE, and the differences from the wild type are much more pronounced in PS I complexes isolated from the mutants using Triton X-100 rather than n-dodecyl beta-d-maltopyranoside. The changes in the transient EPR data for the mutant complexes are consistent with a significant fraction of reaction centers showing (i) faster electron transfer from A(1)(-) to F(X), (ii) slower forward electron transfer from A(0)(-) to A(1), and (iii) slightly altered quinone hyperfine couplings, possibly as a result of a change in the hydrogen bonding. The fraction of fast electron transfer and its dependence on the isolation procedure are estimated approximately from simulations of the room temperature EPR data. The results are discussed in terms of possible models for the electron transfer. It is suggested that the detergent-induced fraction of fast electron transfer is most likely due to alteration of the environment of the quinone in the PsaA branch of cofactors and is not the result of a change in the directionality of electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Art Van Der Est
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada L2S 3A1.
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Gibasiewicz K, Ramesh VM, Lin S, Redding K, Woodbury NW, Webber AN. Excitonic interactions in wild-type and mutant PSI reaction centers. Biophys J 2004; 85:2547-59. [PMID: 14507717 PMCID: PMC1303478 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(03)74677-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Femtosecond excitation of the red edge of the chlorophyll a Q(Y) transition band in photosystem I (PSI), with light of wavelength > or = 700 nm, leads to wide transient (subpicosecond) absorbance changes: positive DeltaA between 635 and 665 nm, and four negative DeltaA bands at 667, 675, 683, and 695 nm. Here we compare the transient absorbance changes after excitation at 700, 705, and 710 nm at 20 K in several PSI preparations of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii where amino acid ligands of the primary donor, primary acceptor, or connecting chlorophylls have been mutated. Most of these mutations influence the spectrum of the absorbance changes. This supports the view that the chlorophylls of the electron transfer chain as well as the connecting chlorophylls are engaged in the observed absorbance changes. The wide absorption spectrum of the electron transfer chain revealed by the transient measurements may contribute to the high efficiency of energy trapping in photosystem 1. Exciton calculations, based on the recent PSI structure, allow an assignment of the DeltaA bands to particular chlorophylls: the bands at 675 and 695 nm to the dimers of primary acceptor and accessory chlorophyll and the band at 683 nm to the connecting chlorophylls. The subpicosecond transient absorption bands decay may reflect rapid charge separation in the PSI reaction center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Gibasiewicz
- Department of Plant Biology and Center for the Study of Early Events in Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1601 USA
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35
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Polívka T, Sundström V. Ultrafast dynamics of carotenoid excited States-from solution to natural and artificial systems. Chem Rev 2004; 104:2021-71. [PMID: 15080720 DOI: 10.1021/cr020674n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 642] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Polívka
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
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36
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Golbeck JH. The binding of cofactors to photosystem I analyzed by spectroscopic and mutagenic methods. ANNUAL REVIEW OF BIOPHYSICS AND BIOMOLECULAR STRUCTURE 2003; 32:237-56. [PMID: 12524325 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.biophys.32.110601.142356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on cofactor-ligand and protein-protein interactions within the photosystem I reaction center. The topics include a description of the electron transfer cofactors, the mode of binding of the cofactors to protein-bound ligands, and a description of intraprotein contacts that ultimately allow photosystem I to be assembled (in cyanobacteria) from 96 chlorophylls, 22 carotenoids, 2 phylloquinones, 3 [4Fe-4S] clusters, and 12 polypeptides. During the 15 years that have elapsed from the first report of crystals to the atomic-resolution X-ray crystal structure, cofactor-ligand interactions and protein-protein interactions were systematically being explored by spectroscopic and genetic methods. This article charts the interplay between these disciplines and assesses how good the early insights were in light of the current structure of photosystem I.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Golbeck
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
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37
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Shuvalov VA, Heber U. Photochemical reactions in dehydrated photosynthetic organisms, leaves, chloroplasts and photosystem II particles: reversible reduction of pheophytin and chlorophyll and oxidation of β-carotene. Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0104(03)00277-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Yang M, Damjanović A, Vaswani HM, Fleming GR. Energy transfer in photosystem I of cyanobacteria Synechococcus elongatus: model study with structure-based semi-empirical Hamiltonian and experimental spectral density. Biophys J 2003; 85:140-58. [PMID: 12829471 PMCID: PMC1303072 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(03)74461-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2002] [Accepted: 03/07/2003] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We model the energy transfer and trapping kinetics in PSI. Rather than simply applying Förster theory, we develop a new approach to self-consistently describe energy transfer in a complex with heterogeneous couplings. Experimentally determined spectral densities are employed to calculate the energy transfer rates. The absorption spectrum and fluorescence decay time components of the complex at room temperature were reasonably reproduced. The roles of the special chlorophylls (red, linker, and reaction center, respectively) molecules are discussed. A formally exact expression for the trapping time is derived in terms of the intrinsic trapping time, mean first passage time to trap, and detrapping time. The energy transfer mechanism is discussed and the slowest steps of the arrival at the primary electron donor are found to contain two dominant steps: transfer-to-reaction-center, and transfer-to-trap-from-reaction-center. The intrinsic charge transfer time is estimated to be 0.8 approximately 1.7 ps. The optimality with respect to the trapping time of the calculated transition energies and the orientation of Chls is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mino Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
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39
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Garczarek L, Poupon A, Partensky F. Origin and evolution of transmembrane Chl-binding proteins: hydrophobic cluster analysis suggests a common one-helix ancestor for prokaryotic (Pcb) and eukaryotic (LHC) antenna protein superfamilies. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2003; 222:59-68. [PMID: 12757947 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1097(03)00241-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
All chlorophyll (Chl)-binding proteins constituting the photosynthetic apparatus of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes possess hydrophobic domains, corresponding to membrane-spanning alpha-helices (MSHs). Hydrophobic cluster analysis of representative members of the different Chl protein superfamilies revealed that all Chl proteins except the five-helix reaction center II proteins and the small subunits of photosystem I possess related domains. As a major conclusion, we found that the eukaryotic antennae likely share a common precursor with the prokaryotic Chl a/b antennae from Chl-b-containing oxyphotobacteria. From these data, we propose a global scheme for the evolution of these proteins from a one-MSH ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Garczarek
- Centre d'Etudes d'Océanographie et de Biologie Marine, CNRS-UMR 7127 et Université Pierre et Marie Curie, F-29682 Roscoff Cedex, France
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40
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Wade Johnson T, Naithani S, Stewart C, Zybailov B, Daniel Jones A, Golbeck JH, Chitnis PR. The menD and menE homologs code for 2-succinyl-6-hydroxyl-2,4-cyclohexadiene-1-carboxylate synthase and O-succinylbenzoic acid-CoA synthase in the phylloquinone biosynthetic pathway of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1557:67-76. [PMID: 12615349 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(02)00396-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The genome of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 contains genes identified as menD and menE, homologs of Escherichia coli genes that code for 2-succinyl-6-hydroxyl-2,4-cyclohexadiene-1-carboxylate (SHCHC) synthase and O-succinylbenzoic acid-CoA ligase in the menaquinone biosynthetic pathway. In cyanobacteria, the product of this pathway is 2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (phylloquinone), a molecule used exclusively as an electron transfer cofactor in Photosystem (PS) I. The menD(-) and menE(-) strains were generated, and both were found to lack phylloquinone. Hence, no alternative pathways exist in cyanobacteria to produce O-succinylbenzoyl-CoA. Q-band EPR studies of photoaccumulated quinone anion radical and optical kinetic studies of the P700(+) [F(A)/F(B)](-) backreaction indicate that in the mutant strains, plastoquinone-9 functions as the electron transfer cofactor in the A(1) site of PS I. At a light intensity of 40 microE m(-2) s(-1), the menD(-) and menE(-) mutant strains grew photoautotrophically and photoheterotrophically, but with doubling times slower than the wild type. Both of which are sensitive to high light intensities. Low-temperature fluorescence studies show that in the menD(-) and menE(-) mutants, the ratio of PS I to PS II is reduced relative to the wild type. Whole-chain electron transfer rates in the menD(-) and menE(-) mutant cells are correspondingly higher on a chlorophyll basis. The slower growth rate and high-light sensitivity of the menD(-) and menE(-) mutants are therefore attributed to a lower content of PS I per cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Wade Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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41
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Hayashi F, Suzuki H, Iwase R, Uzumaki T, Miyake A, Shen JR, Imada K, Furukawa Y, Yonekura K, Namba K, Ishiura M. ATP-induced hexameric ring structure of the cyanobacterial circadian clock protein KaiC. Genes Cells 2003; 8:287-96. [PMID: 12622725 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2443.2003.00633.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND KaiA, KaiB and KaiC are cyanobacterial circadian clock proteins. KaiC contains two ATP/GTP-binding Walker's motif As, and mutations in these regions affect the clock oscillations. RESULTS ATP induced the hexamerization of KaiC. The Km value for the ATP for the hexamerization was 1.9 micro m. Triphosphate nucleotides bound to the two Walker's motif As, and their binding functioned cooperatively for the hexamerization. An unhydrolysable substrate, 5'-adenylylimidodiphosphate (AMPPNP), also induced the hexamerization, indicating that nucleotide binding, but not its hydrolysis, is essential for the hexamerization. Mutations in each of the two Walker's motif As that affect the clock phenotype increased the Km value for ATP and inhibited the hexamerization. Thus, the KaiC hexamerization seems to be necessary for its clock function. The KaiC hexamer has the shape of a hexagonal pot with a diameter and height of approximately 100 A and with a relatively large cavity (73 A deep and 18-34 A wide) inside. This pot-shaped structure suggests that KaiC functions in a similar manner to F1-ATPase, helicase or ATP-dependent protease/chaperon, all of which have dynamic activities inside the central cavity of their hexameric rings. CONCLUSION ATP-induced KaiC hexamerization is necessary for the clock function of KaiC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Hayashi
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
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42
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43
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Schlarb-Ridley BG, Navarro JA, Spencer M, Bendall DS, Hervás M, Howe CJ, De La Rosa MA. Role of electrostatics in the interaction between plastocyanin and photosystem I of the cyanobacterium Phormidium laminosum. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2002; 269:5893-902. [PMID: 12444978 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.03314.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The interactions between photosystem I and five charge mutants of plastocyanin from the cyanobacterium Phormidium laminosum were investigated in vitro. The dependence of the overall rate constant of reaction, k2, on ionic strength was investigated using laser flash photolysis. The rate constant of the wild-type reaction increased with ionic strength, indicating repulsion between the reaction partners. Removing a negative charge on plastocyanin (D44A) accelerated the reaction and made it independent of ionic strength; removing a positive charge adjacent to D44 (K53A) had little effect. Neutralizing and inverting the charge on R93 slowed the reaction down and increased the repulsion. Specific effects of MgCl2 were observed for mutants K53A, R93Q and R93E. Thermodynamic analysis of the transition state revealed positive activation entropies, suggesting partial desolvation of the interface in the transition state. In comparison with plants, plastocyanin and photosystem I of Phormidium laminosum react slowly at low ionic strength, whereas the two systems have similar rates in the range of physiological salt concentrations. We conclude that in P. laminosum, in contrast with plants in vitro, hydrophobic interactions are more important than electrostatics for the reactions of plastocyanin, both with photosystem I (this paper) and with cytochrome f[Schlarb-Ridley, B.G., Bendall, D.S. & Howe, C.J. (2002) Biochemistry41, 3279-3285]. We discuss the implications of this conclusion for the divergent evolution of cyanobacterial and plant plastocyanins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrix G Schlarb-Ridley
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Centre for Molecular Recognition, University of Cambridge, UK.
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44
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Damjanović A, Vaswani HM, Fromme P, Fleming GR. Chlorophyll Excitations in Photosystem I of Synechococcus elongatus. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp020963f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Damjanović
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, Max-Volmer-Laboratorium für Biophysikalische Chemie and Biochemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604
| | - Harsha M. Vaswani
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, Max-Volmer-Laboratorium für Biophysikalische Chemie and Biochemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604
| | - Petra Fromme
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, Max-Volmer-Laboratorium für Biophysikalische Chemie and Biochemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604
| | - Graham R. Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, Max-Volmer-Laboratorium für Biophysikalische Chemie and Biochemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604
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45
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Germano M, Yakushevska AE, Keegstra W, van Gorkom HJ, Dekker JP, Boekema EJ. Supramolecular organization of photosystem I and light-harvesting complex I in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. FEBS Lett 2002; 525:121-5. [PMID: 12163173 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)03100-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We report a structural characterization by electron microscopy and image analysis of a supramolecular complex consisting of photosystem I and light-harvesting complex I from the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The complex is a monomer, has longest dimensions of 21.3 and 18.2 nm in projection, and is significantly larger than the corresponding complex in spinach. Comparison with photosystem I complexes from other organisms suggests that the complex contains about 14 light-harvesting proteins, two or three of which bind at the side of the PSI-H subunit. We suggest that special light-harvesting I proteins play a role in the binding of phosphorylated light-harvesting complex II in state 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Germano
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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46
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Ruffle SV, Mustafa AO, Kitmitto A, Holzenburg A, Ford RC. The location of plastocyanin in vascular plant photosystem I. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:25692-6. [PMID: 11976339 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m202670200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have studied the binding sites of the electron donor and acceptor proteins of vascular plant photosystem I by electron microscopy/crystallography. Previously, we identified the binding site for the electron acceptor (ferredoxin). In this paper we complete these studies with the characterization of the electron donor (plastocyanin) binding site. After cross-linking, plastocyanin is detected using Fourier difference analysis of two dimensionally ordered arrays of photosystem I located at the periphery of chloroplast grana. Plastocyanin binds in a small cavity on the lumenal surface of photosystem I, close to the center and with a slight bias toward the PsaL subunit of the complex. The recent release of the full coordinates for the cyanobacterial photosystem I reaction center has allowed a detailed comparison between the structures of the eukaryotic and prokaryotic systems. This reveals a very close homology, which is particularly striking for the lumenal side of photosystem I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart V Ruffle
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
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47
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Byrdin M, Jordan P, Krauss N, Fromme P, Stehlik D, Schlodder E. Light harvesting in photosystem I: modeling based on the 2.5-A structure of photosystem I from Synechococcus elongatus. Biophys J 2002; 83:433-57. [PMID: 12080132 PMCID: PMC1302159 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(02)75181-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure of photosystem I from the thermophilic cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus has been recently resolved by x-ray crystallography to 2.5-A resolution. Besides the reaction center, photosystem I consists also of a core antenna containing 90 chlorophyll and 22 carotenoid molecules. It is their function to harvest solar energy and to transfer this energy to the reaction center (RC) where the excitation energy is converted into a charge separated state. Methods of steady-state optical spectroscopy such as absorption, linear, and circular dichroism have been applied to obtain information on the spectral properties of the complex, whereas transient absorption and fluorescence studies reported in the literature provide information on the dynamics of the excitation energy transfer. On the basis of the structure, the spectral properties and the energy transfer kinetics are simultaneously modeled by application of excitonic coupling theory to reveal relationships between structure and function. A spectral assignment of the 96 chlorophylls is suggested that allows us to reproduce both optical spectra and transfer and emission spectra and lifetimes of the photosystem I complex from S. elongatus. The model calculation allowed to study the influence of the following parameters on the excited state dynamics: the orientation factor, the heterogeneous site energies, the modifications arising from excitonic coupling (redistribution of oscillator strength, energetic splitting, reorientation of transition dipoles), and presence or absence of the linker cluster chlorophylls between antenna and reaction center. For the Förster radius and the intrinsic primary charge separation rate, the following values have been obtained: R(0) = 7.8 nm and k(CS) = 0.9 ps(-1). Variations of these parameters indicate that the excited state dynamics is neither pure trap limited, nor pure transfer (to-the-trap) limited but seems to be rather balanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Byrdin
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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48
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Santabarbara S, Bordignon E, Jennings RC, Carbonera D. Chlorophyll triplet states associated with photosystem II of thylakoids. Biochemistry 2002; 41:8184-94. [PMID: 12069611 DOI: 10.1021/bi0201163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of FDMR thylakoid spectra, determined at multiple emission wavelengths, by a global decomposition technique, has revealed the presence of three previously undescribed triplet populations at emission wavelengths characteristic of Photosystem II chlorophyll/protein complexes. Their zero-field splitting parameters have been determined in order to compare them with the well-studied PSII recombination triplet state. None of these triplets have the zero-field splitting parameters characteristic of the recombination triplet and are therefore probably not generated directly in the reaction center. On the basis of their microwave-induced emission spectra, it is suggested that two are probably generated in the core complex(es) while the third may be generated in the external antenna. These triplets are formed under nonreducing redox conditions, when the recombination triplet is undetectable. It is suggested that they may be involved in the photoinhibitory damage of Photosystem II. The triplet-minus-singlet spectrum associated with the recombination triplet state has been determined for thylakoids after reduction of the secondary acceptors. Its main peak is at 685 nm, slightly red shifted with respect to earlier reports, with a weak signal, of opposite sign at approximately 675 nm. The 685 nm peak indicates that at cryogenic temperatures, the triplet is located on the long-wavelength chlorophyll state present in the reaction center complex of Photosystem II (D1.D2.Cytb(559) complex). From the absence of a clear structure in the 680 nm absorption region, this long-wavelength absorbing state does not appear to be strongly coupled to P(680), though it must be associated with one of the "inner core" pigments recently identified in the photosystem II crystallographic structure [Zouni et al. (2001) Nature 408, 739-743].
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Santabarbara
- Centro C.N.R. Biologia Cellulare e Molecolare delle Piante, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20100 Milan, Italy.
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49
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Myshkin E, Leontis NB, Bullerjahn GS. Computational simulation of the docking of Prochlorothrix hollandica plastocyanin to potosystem I: modeling the electron transfer complex. Biophys J 2002; 82:3305-13. [PMID: 12023253 PMCID: PMC1302118 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(02)75671-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We have used several docking algorithms (GRAMM, FTDOCK, DOT, AUTODOCK) to examine protein-protein interactions between plastocyanin (Pc)/photosystem I (PSI) in the electron transfer reaction. Because of the large size and complexity of this system, it is faster and easier to use computer simulations than conduct x-ray crystallography or nuclear magnetic resonance experiments. The main criterion for complex selection was the distance between the copper ion of Pc and the P700 chlorophyll special pair. Additionally, the unique tyrosine residue (Tyr(12)) of the hydrophobic docking surface of Prochlorothrix hollandica Pc yields a specific interaction with the lumenal surface of PSI, thus providing the second constraint for the complex. The structure that corresponded best to our criteria was obtained by the GRAMM algorithm. In this structure, the solvent-exposed histidine that coordinates copper in Pc is at the van der Waals distance from the pair of stacked tryptophans that separate the chlorophylls from the solvent, yielding the shortest possible metal-to-metal distance. The unique tyrosine on the surface of the Prochlorothrix Pc hydrophobic patch also participates in a hydrogen bond with the conserved Asn(633) of the PSI PsaB polypeptide (numbering from the Synechococcus elongatus crystal structure). Free energy calculations for complex formation with wild-type Pc, as well as the hydrophobic patch Tyr(12)Gly and Pro(14)Leu Pc mutants, were carried out using a molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzman, surface area approach (MM/PBSA). The results are in reasonable agreement with our experimental studies, suggesting that the obtained structure can serve as an adequate model for P. hollandica Pc-PSI complex that can be extended for the study of other cyanobacterial Pc/PSI reaction pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Myshkin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, USA
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Gibasiewicz K, Ramesh VM, Lin S, Woodbury NW, Webber AN. Excitation Dynamics in Eukaryotic PS I from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CC 2696 at 10 K. Direct Detection of the Reaction Center Exciton States. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp014608l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Gibasiewicz
- Department of Plant Biology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for the Study of Early Events in Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe Arizona 85287-1601, USA and Department of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 85, 61−614 Poznań, Poland
| | - V. M. Ramesh
- Department of Plant Biology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for the Study of Early Events in Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe Arizona 85287-1601, USA and Department of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 85, 61−614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Su Lin
- Department of Plant Biology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for the Study of Early Events in Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe Arizona 85287-1601, USA and Department of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 85, 61−614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Neal W. Woodbury
- Department of Plant Biology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for the Study of Early Events in Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe Arizona 85287-1601, USA and Department of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 85, 61−614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Andrew N. Webber
- Department of Plant Biology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for the Study of Early Events in Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe Arizona 85287-1601, USA and Department of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 85, 61−614 Poznań, Poland
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