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Scirè A, Cianfruglia L, Minnelli C, Romaldi B, Laudadio E, Galeazzi R, Antognelli C, Armeni T. Glyoxalase 2: Towards a Broader View of the Second Player of the Glyoxalase System. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2131. [PMID: 36358501 PMCID: PMC9686547 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyoxalase 2 is a mitochondrial and cytoplasmic protein belonging to the metallo-β-lactamase family encoded by the hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolase (HAGH) gene. This enzyme is the second enzyme of the glyoxalase system that is responsible for detoxification of the α-ketothaldehyde methylglyoxal in cells. The two enzymes glyoxalase 1 (Glo1) and glyoxalase 2 (Glo2) form the complete glyoxalase pathway, which utilizes glutathione as cofactor in eukaryotic cells. The importance of Glo2 is highlighted by its ubiquitous distribution in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Its function in the system has been well defined, but in recent years, additional roles are emerging, especially those related to oxidative stress. This review focuses on Glo2 by considering its genetics, molecular and structural properties, its involvement in post-translational modifications and its interaction with specific metabolic pathways. The purpose of this review is to focus attention on an enzyme that, from the most recent studies, appears to play a role in multiple regulatory pathways that may be important in certain diseases such as cancer or oxidative stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Scirè
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Laura Cianfruglia
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Cristina Minnelli
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Brenda Romaldi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Emiliano Laudadio
- Department of Science and Engineering of Materials, Environment and Urban Planning, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Roberta Galeazzi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Cinzia Antognelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Tatiana Armeni
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
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Montagner C, Nigen M, Jacquin O, Willet N, Dumoulin M, Karsisiotis AI, Roberts GCK, Damblon C, Redfield C, Matagne A. The Role of Active Site Flexible Loops in Catalysis and of Zinc in Conformational Stability of Bacillus cereus 569/H/9 β-Lactamase. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:16124-37. [PMID: 27235401 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.719005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Metallo-β-lactamases catalyze the hydrolysis of most β-lactam antibiotics and hence represent a major clinical concern. The development of inhibitors for these enzymes is complicated by the diversity and flexibility of their substrate-binding sites, motivating research into their structure and function. In this study, we examined the conformational properties of the Bacillus cereus β-lactamase II in the presence of chemical denaturants using a variety of biochemical and biophysical techniques. The apoenzyme was found to unfold cooperatively, with a Gibbs free energy of stabilization (ΔG(0)) of 32 ± 2 kJ·mol(-1) For holoBcII, a first non-cooperative transition leads to multiple interconverting native-like states, in which both zinc atoms remain bound in an apparently unaltered active site, and the protein displays a well organized compact hydrophobic core with structural changes confined to the enzyme surface, but with no catalytic activity. Two-dimensional NMR data revealed that the loss of activity occurs concomitantly with perturbations in two loops that border the enzyme active site. A second cooperative transition, corresponding to global unfolding, is observed at higher denaturant concentrations, with ΔG(0) value of 65 ± 1.4 kJ·mol(-1) These combined data highlight the importance of the two zinc ions in maintaining structure as well as a relatively well defined conformation for both active site loops to maintain enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Montagner
- From the Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Repliement des Protéines, Centre d'Ingénierie des Protéines, and
| | - Michaël Nigen
- From the Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Repliement des Protéines, Centre d'Ingénierie des Protéines, and
| | - Olivier Jacquin
- From the Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Repliement des Protéines, Centre d'Ingénierie des Protéines, and
| | - Nicolas Willet
- From the Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Repliement des Protéines, Centre d'Ingénierie des Protéines, and
| | - Mireille Dumoulin
- From the Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Repliement des Protéines, Centre d'Ingénierie des Protéines, and
| | - Andreas Ioannis Karsisiotis
- the School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon C K Roberts
- the Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom, and
| | - Christian Damblon
- Département de Chimie, Université de Liège, Institut de Chimie B6, 4000 Liège (Sart Tilman), Belgium
| | - Christina Redfield
- the Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - André Matagne
- From the Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Repliement des Protéines, Centre d'Ingénierie des Protéines, and
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Glyoxalase in ageing. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2011; 22:293-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Biochemical and structural characterization of the subclass B1 metallo-β-lactamase VIM-4. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 55:1248-55. [PMID: 21149620 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01486-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The metallo-β-lactamase VIM-4, mainly found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Acinetobacter baumannii, was produced in Escherichia coli and characterized by biochemical and X-ray techniques. A detailed kinetic study performed in the presence of Zn²+ at concentrations ranging from 0.4 to 100 μM showed that VIM-4 exhibits a kinetic profile similar to the profiles of VIM-2 and VIM-1. However, VIM-4 is more active than VIM-1 against benzylpenicillin, cephalothin, nitrocefin, and imipenem and is less active than VIM-2 against ampicillin and meropenem. The crystal structure of the dizinc form of VIM-4 was solved at 1.9 Å. The sole difference between VIM-4 and VIM-1 is found at residue 228, which is Ser in VIM-1 and Arg in VIM-4. This substitution has a major impact on the VIM-4 catalytic efficiency compared to that of VIM-1. In contrast, the differences between VIM-2 and VIM-4 seem to be due to a different position of the flapping loop and two substitutions in loop 2. Study of the thermal stability and the activity of the holo- and apo-VIM-4 enzymes revealed that Zn²+ ions have a pronounced stabilizing effect on the enzyme and are necessary for preserving the structure.
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Li H, Zhao Y, Yang B. Apo-CopC and CopC-Cu(II) Unfolding Characteristics in GuHCl Solution. CHINESE J CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200990296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Selevsek N, Rival S, Tholey A, Heinzle E, Heinz U, Hemmingsen L, Adolph HW. Zinc ion-induced domain organization in metallo-beta-lactamases: a flexible "zinc arm" for rapid metal ion transfer? J Biol Chem 2009; 284:16419-16431. [PMID: 19395380 PMCID: PMC2713538 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.001305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The reversible unfolding of metallo-beta-lactamase from Chryseobacterium meningosepticum (BlaB) by guanidinium hydrochloride is best described by a three-state model including folded, intermediate, and unfolded states. The transformation of the folded apoenzyme into the intermediate state requires only very low denaturant concentrations, in contrast to the Zn2-enzyme. Similarly, circular dichroism spectra of both BlaB and metallo-beta-lactamase from Bacillus cereus 569/H/9 (BcII) display distinct differences between metal-free and Zn2-enzymes, indicating that the zinc ions affect the folding of the proteins, giving a larger alpha-helix content. To identify the regions of the protein involved in this zinc ion-induced change, a hydrogen deuterium exchange study with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization tandem time of flight mass spectrometry on metal-free and Zn1- and Zn2-BcII was carried out. The region spanning the metal binding metallo-beta-lactamases (MBL) superfamily consensus sequence His-X-His-X-Asp motif and the loop connecting the N- and C-terminal domains of the protein undergoes a zinc ion-dependent structural change between intrinsically disordered and ordered states. The inherent flexibility even appears to allow for the formation of metal ion-bridged protein-protein complexes which may account for both electrospray ionization-mass spectroscopy results obtained upon variation of the zinc/protein ratio and stoichiometry-dependent variations of 199mHg-perturbed angular correlation of gamma-rays spectroscopic data. We suggest that this flexible "zinc arm" motif, present in all the MBL subclasses, is disordered in metal-free MBLs and may be involved in metal ion acquisition from zinc-carrying molecules different from MBL in an "activation on demand" regulation of enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Selevsek
- From the Departments of Biochemical Engineering, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sandrine Rival
- Biochemistry, Saarland University, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Andreas Tholey
- From the Departments of Biochemical Engineering, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany; Institute for Experimental Medicine-Systemic Proteome Research and Bioanalytics, Christian-Albrechts Universität, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Elmar Heinzle
- From the Departments of Biochemical Engineering, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Uwe Heinz
- Department of Basic Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lars Hemmingsen
- Department of Basic Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Hans W Adolph
- Department of Basic Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Momb J, Thomas PW, Breece RM, Tierney DL, Fast W. The quorum-quenching metallo-gamma-lactonase from Bacillus thuringiensis exhibits a leaving group thio effect. Biochemistry 2006; 45:13385-93. [PMID: 17073460 PMCID: PMC2526230 DOI: 10.1021/bi061238o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lactone-hydrolyzing enzymes derived from some Bacillus species are capable of disrupting quorum sensing in bacteria that use N-acyl-l-homoserine lactones (AHLs) as intercellular signaling molecules. Despite the promise of these quorum-quenching enzymes as therapeutic and anti-biofouling agents, the ring opening mechanism and the role of metal ions in catalysis have not been elucidated. Labeling studies using (18)O, (2)H, and the AHL lactonase from Bacillus thuringiensis implicate an addition-elimination pathway for ring opening in which a solvent-derived oxygen is incorporated into the product carboxylate, identifying the alcohol as the leaving group. (1)H NMR is used to show that metal binding is required to maintain proper folding. A thio effect is measured for hydrolysis of N-hexanoyl-l-homoserine lactone and the corresponding thiolactone by AHL lactonase disubstituted with alternative metal ions, including Mn(2+), Co(2+), Zn(2+), and Cd(2+). The magnitude of the thio effect on k(cat) values and the thiophilicity of the metal ion substitutions vary in parallel and are consistent with a kinetically significant interaction between the leaving group and the active site metal center during turnover. X-ray absorption spectroscopy confirms that dicobalt substitution does not result in large structural perturbations at the active site. Finally, substitution of the dinuclear metal site with Cd(2+) results in a greatly enhanced catalyst that can hydrolyze AHLs 1600-24000-fold faster than other reported quorum-quenching enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David L. Tierney
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, PHAR-MED CHEM, 1 University Station; A1935, Austin, Texas 78712; Phone: (512) 232-4000; Fax: (512) 232-2606; ; and The University of New Mexico, Department of Chemistry, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131; Phone: (505) 277-2505; Fax: (505) 277-2609;
| | - Walter Fast
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, PHAR-MED CHEM, 1 University Station; A1935, Austin, Texas 78712; Phone: (512) 232-4000; Fax: (512) 232-2606; ; and The University of New Mexico, Department of Chemistry, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131; Phone: (505) 277-2505; Fax: (505) 277-2609;
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Drevon GF, Hartleib J, Scharff E, Rüterjans H, Russell AJ. Thermoinactivation of diisopropylfluorophosphatase-containing polyurethane polymers. Biomacromolecules 2002; 2:664-71. [PMID: 11710019 DOI: 10.1021/bm000136p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The thermoinactivation of native diisopropylfluorophosphatase (DFPase, EC 3.8.2.1) is highly calcium dependent, first-order kinetic. Deactivation is coupled with a simultaneous reduction in beta-sheet content. We report herein our attempts to enhance the thermostability of DFPase by irreversibly incorporating the enzyme into polyurethane polymers. Immobilized DFPase has biphasic deactivation kinetics. Our data demonstrate that the initial rapid deactivationof immobilized DFPase leads to the formation of a hyperstable and still active form of enzyme. Like native DFPase, DFPase-containing polyurethanes exhibit a calcium-dependent thermostability. Since bioplastics cannot be analyzed by spectroscopy, the structural mechanisms involved in thermoinactivation of immobilized DFPase were determined using PEG-modified DFPase. The thermoinactivation profile of highly modified DFPase mirrors the stepwise deactivation pattern of bioplastics. Spectroscopic studies enable a structural analysis of the hyperstable intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Drevon
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering & Center for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 1249 Benedum Hall, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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Zang TM, Hollman DA, Crawford PA, Crowder MW, Makaroff CA. Arabidopsis glyoxalase II contains a zinc/iron binuclear metal center that is essential for substrate binding and catalysis. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:4788-95. [PMID: 11085979 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m005090200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyoxalase II participates in the cellular detoxification of cytotoxic and mutagenic 2-oxoaldehydes. Because of its role in chemical detoxification, glyoxalase II has been studied as a potential anti-cancer and/or anti-protozoal target; however, very little is known about the active site and reaction mechanism of this important enzyme. To characterize the active site and kinetic mechanism of the enzyme, a detailed mutational study of Arabidopsis glyoxalase II was conducted. Data presented here demonstrate for the first time that the cytoplasmic form of Arabidopsis glyoxalase II contains an iron-zinc binuclear metal center that is essential for activity. Both metals participate in substrate binding, transition state stabilization, and the hydrolysis reaction. Subtle alterations in the geometry and/or electrostatics of the binuclear center have profound effects on the activity of the enzyme. Additional residues important in substrate binding have also been identified. An overall reaction mechanism for glyoxalase II is proposed based on the mutational and kinetic data from this study and crystallographic data on human glyoxalase II. Information presented here provides new insights into the active site and reaction mechanism of glyoxalase II that can be used for the rational design of glyoxalase II inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Zang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, USA
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