Magnesium-calcium exchange with the high affinity Ca2+-Mg2+ binding sites of cardiac troponin

Fast pressure jumps can perturb calcium and magnesium binding to troponin C F29W

We have used rapid pressure jump and stopped-flow fluorometry to investigate calcium and magnesium binding to F29W chicken skeletal troponin C. Increased pressure perturbed calcium binding to the N-terminal sites in the presence and absence of magnesium and provided an estimate for the volume change upon calcium binding (-12 mL/mol). We observed a biphasic response to a pressure change which was characterized by fast and slow reciprocal relaxation times of the order 1000/s and 100/s. Between pCa 8-5.4 and at troponin C concentrations of 8-28 muM, the slow relaxation times were invariant, indicating that a protein isomerization was rate-limiting. The fast event was only detected over a very narrow pCa range (5.6-5.4). We have devised a model based on a Monod-Wyman-Changeux cooperative mechanism with volume changes of -9 and +6 mL/mol for the calcium binding to the regulatory sites and closed to open protein isomerization steps, respectively. In the absence of magnesium, we discovered that calcium binding to the C-terminal sites could be detected, despite their position distal to the calcium-sensitive tryptophan, with a volume change of +25 mL/mol. We used this novel observation to measure competitive magnesium binding to the C-terminal sites and deduced an affinity in the range 200-300 muM (and a volume change of +35 mL/mol). This affinity is an order of magnitude tighter than equilibrium fluorescence data suggest based on a model of direct competitive binding. Magnesium thus indirectly modulates binding to the N-terminal sites, which may act as a fine-tuning mechanism in vivo.

Tropomyosin exon 6b is troponin-specific and required for correct acto-myosin regulation

The specificity of tropomyosin (Tm) exon 6b for interaction with and functioning of troponin (Tn) has been studied using recombinant fibroblast Tm isoforms 5a and 5b. These isoforms differ internally by exons 6a/6b and possess non-muscle exons 1b/9d at the termini, hence they lack the primary TnT(1)-tropomyosin interaction, allowing study of exon 6 exchange in isolation from this. Using kinetic techniques to measure regulation of myosin S1 binding to actin and fluorescently labeled Tm to directly measure Tn binding, we show that binding of Tn to both isoforms is similar (0.1-0.5 microm) and both produce well regulated systems. Calcium has little effect on Tn binding to the actin.Tm complex and both exons produce a 3-fold reduction in the S1 binding rate to actin.Tm.Tn in its absence. This confirms previous results that show exon 6 has little influence on Tn affinity to actin.Tm or its ability to fully inhibit the acto-myosin interaction. Thin filaments reconstituted with Tn and Tm5a or skeletal Tm (containing exon 6b) show nearly identical calcium dependence of acto-myosin regulation. However, Tm5b produces a dramatic increase in calcium sensitivity, shifting the activation mid-point by almost an order of magnitude. This shows that exon 6 sequence and, hence, Tm structure in this region have a significant effect upon the calcium regulation of Tn. This finding supports evidence that familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mutations occurring adjacent to this region can effect calcium regulation.