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Laws BA, Levey ZD, Sanov A, Stanton JF, Schmidt TW, Gibson ST. Velocity map imaging spectroscopy of C 2H - and C 2D -: A benchmark study of vibronic coupling interactions. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:044305. [PMID: 35922361 DOI: 10.1063/5.0100297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
High-resolution velocity-map imaged photoelectron spectra of the ethynyl anions C2H- and C2D- are measured at photon wavelengths between 355 and 266 nm to investigate the complex interactions between the closely lying X̃2Σ+ and Ã2Π electronic states. An indicative kinetic energy resolution of 0.4%, together with the full angular dependence of the fast electrons, provides a detailed description of the vibronically coupled structure. It is demonstrated that a modest quadratic vibronic coupling model, parameterized by the quasidiabatic ansatz, is sufficient to accurately recreate all the observed vibronic interactions. Simulated spectra are shown to be in excellent agreement with the experimental data, verifying the proposed model and providing a framework that may be used to accurately simulate spectra of larger C2nH monohydride carbon chains. New spectral assignments are supported by experimental electron anisotropy measurements and Dyson orbital calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Laws
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Zachariah D Levey
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Andrei Sanov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - John F Stanton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Timothy W Schmidt
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Stephen T Gibson
- Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
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Chin CH, Zhu T, Zhang JZH. Formation mechanism and spectroscopy of C 6H radicals in extreme environments: a theoretical study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:23044-23055. [PMID: 31599891 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03662h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the reaction mechanisms of singlet (rhombic) and triplet (linear) C4 with acetylene by using accurate ab initio CCSD(T)/CBS//B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) calculations followed by a kinetic analysis of various reaction pathways and computations of relative product yields in combustion and planetary atmospheres. These calculations were combined with the Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM) calculations of reaction rate constants for predicting product-branching ratios, which depend on the collision energy under single-collision conditions. The results demonstrate that the initial reaction begins with the formation of an intermediate 3i2 with an entrance barrier of 3.0 kcal mol-1 and an intermediate 1i1 without entrance barriers. The product-branching ratios obtained by solving kinetic equations with individual rate constants calculated using the RRKM and variational transition-state theories for determining the collision energies between 5 kcal mol-1 and 25 kcal mol-1 demonstrate that l-C6H + H is the dominant reaction product, whereas HC3C3 + H, l-C6 + H2, c-C6H + H, and c-C6 + H2 are minor products. The electronic absorption spectra of solid neon matrices in the range of 17 140-22 200 cm-1 were obtained by Maier et al., and the optimized ground and excited state structures of C6H were used to simulate the absorption spectra by one-photon excitation equations. The displaced harmonic oscillator approximation and the Franck-Condon approximation were used to simulate the absorption spectrum of the B2Π ← X2Π transition of C6H. This indicates that the vibronic structures were dominated by one of the six active completely symmetric modes, with v3 being the most crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hao Chin
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
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McCarthy MC, Zou L, Martin-Drumel MA. To kink or not: A search for long-chain cumulenones using microwave spectral taxonomy. J Chem Phys 2018; 146:154301. [PMID: 28433021 DOI: 10.1063/1.4981125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A systematic search for carbon-chain cumulenones beyond H2C4O has been undertaken using microwave spectral taxonomy in combination with a pulsed jet discharge source. No evidence was found for the C2υ isomer of H2C5O or its longer derivatives, but HC(O)C4H, the longer variant of propynal, HC(O)CCH, was identified instead. Its rotational and leading centrifugal distortion constants have been derived to high accuracy from detection of both a- and b-type lines; those below 40 GHz were measured using a Fabry-Perot cavity, while lines between 40 and 72 GHz were recorded by double resonance techniques. Overwhelming evidence for the identification is provided by detection of HC(O)C4D, DC(O)C4H, and HC(18O)C4H at the expected frequencies using isotopically enriched samples. Because HC(18O)C4H is produced with comparable abundance when using either 18O2 or C18O as the source of oxygen, and because H13C(O)C4H is not preferentially formed when starting from 13CO, atomic oxygen appears to be a key reactant in formation, plausibly via O insertion, e.g., H2CC2n+2H + O → HC(O)C2n+2H + H. Under the same experimental conditions, HC(O)CCH is more than 10 times more abundant than H2C3O, regardless of the source of oxygen, and no evidence is found for cyclopropenone, c-C3H2O. Taken together, these observations indicate that propynal and longer chains with an odd number of carbon atoms are either energetically more stable than cumulenones of the same size, are kinetically favored products, or both. On the basis of the HC(O)C4H discovery, searches for the isovalent sulfur species, HC(S)C4H, and HC(O)C6H have been conducted. Guided by new quantum chemical calculations, the rotational spectra of both were observed in the centimeter-wave band with the same spectrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C McCarthy
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Luyao Zou
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Marie-Aline Martin-Drumel
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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Agúndez M, Cernicharo J, Quintana-Lacaci G, Castro-Carrizo A, Velilla Prieto L, Marcelino N, Guélin M, Joblin C, Martín-Gago JA, Gottlieb CA, Patel NA, McCarthy MC. The growth of carbon chains in IRC +10216 mapped with ALMA. ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS 2017; 601:A4. [PMID: 28469283 PMCID: PMC5405872 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201630274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Linear carbon chains are common in various types of astronomical molecular sources. Possible formation mechanisms involve both bottom-up and top-down routes. We have carried out a combined observational and modeling study of the formation of carbon chains in the C-star envelope IRC +10216, where the polymerization of acetylene and hydrogen cyanide induced by ultraviolet photons can drive the formation of linear carbon chains of increasing length. We have used ALMA to map the emission of λ 3 mm rotational lines of the hydrocarbon radicals C2H, C4H, and C6H, and the CN-containing species CN, C3N, HC3N, and HC5N with an angular resolution of ~1″. The spatial distribution of all these species is a hollow, 5-10″ wide, spherical shell located at a radius of 10-20″ from the star, with no appreciable emission close to the star. Our observations resolve the broad shell of carbon chains into thinner sub-shells which are 1-2″ wide and not fully concentric, indicating that the mass loss process has been discontinuous and not fully isotropic. The radial distributions of the species mapped reveal subtle differences: while the hydrocarbon radicals have very similar radial distributions, the CN-containing species show more diverse distributions, with HC3N appearing earlier in the expansion and the radical CN extending later than the rest of the species. The observed morphology can be rationalized by a chemical model in which the growth of polyynes is mainly produced by rapid gas-phase chemical reactions of C2H and C4H radicals with unsaturated hydrocarbons, while cyanopolyynes are mainly formed from polyynes in gas-phase reactions with CN and C3N radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Agúndez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, C/ Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Cantoblanco, Spain
| | - J Cernicharo
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, C/ Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Cantoblanco, Spain
| | - G Quintana-Lacaci
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, C/ Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Cantoblanco, Spain
| | - A Castro-Carrizo
- Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, 38406 St. Martin d'Héres, France
| | - L Velilla Prieto
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, C/ Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Cantoblanco, Spain
| | - N Marcelino
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, C/ Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Cantoblanco, Spain
| | - M Guélin
- Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, 38406 St. Martin d'Héres, France
| | - C Joblin
- Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMS, IRAP, 31000 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. Colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - J A Martín-Gago
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, C/ Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Cantoblanco, Spain
| | - C A Gottlieb
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - N A Patel
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - M C McCarthy
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Bacalla X, Salumbides EJ, Linnartz H, Ubachs W, Zhao D. Spectroscopic Survey of Electronic Transitions of C6H, (13)C6H, and C6D. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:6402-17. [PMID: 27459295 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b06647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Bacalla
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, LaserLaB, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1081, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Sackler Laboratory for Astrophysics, Leiden Observatory, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Edcel J Salumbides
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, LaserLaB, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1081, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Physics, University of San Carlos , Nasipit, Talamban, Cebu City 6000, Philippines
| | - Harold Linnartz
- Sackler Laboratory for Astrophysics, Leiden Observatory, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Ubachs
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, LaserLaB, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1081, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dongfeng Zhao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, LaserLaB, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1081, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Sackler Laboratory for Astrophysics, Leiden Observatory, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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León I, Ruipérez F, Ugalde JM, Wang LS. Probing the electronic structure and Au—C chemical bonding in AuCn− and AuCnH− (n = 2, 4, and 6) using high-resolution photoelectron spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4960440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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7
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Haddad M, Zhao D, Linnartz H, Ubachs W. The electronic spectra of long carbon-chain (13)C 2nH/D molecules for (). Mol Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2014.921342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Kokkin DL, Reilly NJ, Fortenberry RC, Crawford TD, McCarthy MC. Optical spectra of the silicon-terminated carbon chain radicals SiCnH (n = 3,4,5). J Chem Phys 2014; 141:044310. [PMID: 25084913 DOI: 10.1063/1.4883521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The gas-phase optical spectra of three silicon-terminated carbon chain radicals, SiCnH (n = 3 - 5), formed in a jet-cooled discharge of silane and acetylene, have been investigated by resonant two-color two-photon ionization and laser-induced fluorescence/dispersed fluorescence. Analysis of the spectra was facilitated by calculations performed using equation-of-motion coupled cluster methods. For SiC3H and SiC5H, the observed transitions are well-described as excitations from a (2)Π ground state to a (2)Σ state, in which vibronic coupling, likely involving a higher-lying Π state with a very large predicted f-value (close to unity), is persistent. The lowest (2)Σ states of both species are characterized by a rare silicon triple bond, which was identified previously [T. C. Smith, H. Y. Li, D. J. Clouthier, C. T. Kingston, and A. J. Merer, J. Chem. Phys. 112, 3662 (2000)] in the lowest (2)Σ state of SiCH. Although a strong Π - Π transition is predicted for SiC4H, the observed spectrum near 505 nm more likely corresponds to excitation to a relatively dark Σ state which is vibronically coupled to a nearby Π state. In contrast to the chains with an odd number of carbon atoms, which exhibit relatively sharp spectral features and lifetimes in the 10-100 ns range, SiC4H shows intrinsically broadened spectral features consistent with a ∼100 fs lifetime, and a subsequent long-lived decay (>50 μs) which we ascribe to mixing with a nearby quartet state arising from the same electronic configuration. The spin-orbit coupling constants for both SiC3H and SiC5H radicals were determined to be approximately 64 cm(-1), similar to that of SiCH (69.8 cm(-1)), suggesting that the unpaired electron in these species is localized on the silicon atom. Motivated by the new optical work, the rotational spectrum of linear SiC3H was detected by cavity Fourier-transform microwave spectroscopy in the 13-34 GHz range. Each rotational transition from the [Formula: see text] ground state exhibits well-resolved Λ-doubling and hyperfine structure; the derived rotational constant of B = 2.605 GHz is in excellent agreement with our calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Kokkin
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - N J Reilly
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - R C Fortenberry
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - T D Crawford
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - M C McCarthy
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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Rice CA, Maier JP. Electronic spectroscopy of carbon chains and rings of astrophysical interest. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:5559-66. [PMID: 23706115 DOI: 10.1021/jp401833m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This perspective is concerned with laboratory measurements of the electronic spectra of carbon chains, rings, and their ions, including derivatives terminated by hydrogen and nitrogen atoms. The selected-species have relevance to astronomical observations through diffuse clouds, absorption features known as diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs). Two indications to decide which molecules should be studied are the observations of polar carbon chains in dense clouds by rotational spectroscopy and the knowledge that a certain number of these have electronic transitions in the DIB region. This information has been obtained initially by measurements of the electronic absorptions in 6 K neon matrixes using mass-selection. This was followed by the gas-phase observations using cavity ringdown and resonance enhanced techniques in combination with pulsed-supersonic discharge sources or via laser vaporization. The gas-phase spectra were then compared with DIB data, all with negative results, except for the detection of C3, but leading to upper limits of their column densities <10(12) cm–2. By reference to mm-wave absorption measurements in the diffuse medium, it is shown that, although species such as H2C3 are present there, the product of the expected column densities and oscillator strength of the transitions will lead to only very weak DIBs. The significant conclusion is that carbon chains and their derivatives containing hydrogen or nitrogen comprising up to a dozen atoms cannot be responsible for stronger DIBs. However, chains with an odd-number of carbon atoms, C17, C19, ···, have very intense transitions in the region above 4400 Å and remain attractive candidates. An uncertainty is the excited electronic state lifetime; if this is less than 70 fs, then the resulting absorptions would be too broad to be astronomically relevant. The electronic absorptions of some of the species studied bear a striking resemblance to DIB data. The two peaked rotational contour of the origin band in the electronic transition of dicyanoacetylene cation is superimposable on a DIB absorption when shifted by 1 Å. The band profiles of cyclic C18 at 100 or 20 K are similar to DIBs but differ in wavelength. This suggests that another set of potential candidates are the carbon rings of sizes up to a hundred of atoms, including ions and heavy atoms, with the requirement of a large oscillator strength. Observations on the absorptions of propadienylidene C3H2 and C60+ are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Rice
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstr. 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Zhang Y, Ning P, Zhang J. Theoretical studies on structures and electronic spectra of linear free radicals CnH (n=5-12). SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 101:283-293. [PMID: 23123235 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2012.09.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The B3LYP, CAM-B3LYP, and coupled cluster CCSD(T) calculations have been utilized to determine the equilibrium structures of linear carbon radicals CnH (n=5-12) in their ground states, as well as the CASSCF method used to optimize the ground and selected low-lying excited states. DFT-calculations show that even-n radicals C2nH have polyacetylene-like structures with significant single-triple bond length alternation, whereas the odd-numbered analogues C2n+1H exhibit a trend from polyacetylene-like characters into cumulenic-like arrangement towards C ends along the carbon chains. The stabilities of the system under study have been evaluated by analyses of the vibrational frequencies and incremental binding energies. For the whole CnH (n=5-12) series, the vertical excitation energies and oscillator strengths have been calculated at the CASPT2/cc-pVTZ level of theory. At the B3LYP optimized geometries, the lowest 1(2)Δ←X2Π transitions for C5H and C7H occur at 2.36 and 2.14 eV, respectively, comparing well with the observed values of 2.33 and 2.09 eV. Moreover, the strongest 2(2)Π←X2Π transitions for C2nH (n=3-6) are predicted to be at 2.39, 2.00, 1.80, and 1.64 eV, respectively, which are in agreement with the experimental observations. Additionally, the possible dissociation channels and the fragmentation energies of CnH (n=5-12) series are discussed in the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxin Zhang
- Institute of Environmental and Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
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Walsh A, Zhao D, Ubachs W, Linnartz H. Optomechanical Shutter Modulated Broad-Band Cavity–Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy of Molecular Transients of Astrophysical Interest. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:9363-9. [PMID: 23240889 DOI: 10.1021/jp310392n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Walsh
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler
Laboratory for Astrophysics, Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden, P.O. Box 9513, NL 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dongfeng Zhao
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler
Laboratory for Astrophysics, Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden, P.O. Box 9513, NL 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Ubachs
- LaserLaB, Department
of Physics and Astronomy, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, NL 1081 HV Amsterdam,
The Netherlands
| | - Harold Linnartz
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler
Laboratory for Astrophysics, Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden, P.O. Box 9513, NL 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Haddad MA, Zhao DF, Linnartz H, Ubachs W. Spin-orbit Splitting and Lifetime Broadening in the A2Δ Electronic State of l-C5H. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1088/1674-0068/25/02/129-134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Zhao D, Haddad MA, Linnartz H, Ubachs W. Structure determination of the nonlinear hydrocarbon chains C9H3 and C11H3 by deuterium labeling. J Chem Phys 2011; 135:074201. [PMID: 21861563 DOI: 10.1063/1.3626151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A systematic deuterium labeling experiment is presented that aims at an unambiguous determination of the geometrical ground state structure of the C(9)H(3) and C(11)H(3) hydrocarbon chains. Cavity ring-down spectroscopy and special plasma expansions constituting C/H, C/D, and C/H/D are used to record optical transitions of both species and their (partially) deuterated equivalents in the 19,000 cm(-1) region. The number of observed bands, the quantitative determination of isotopic shifts, and supporting calculations show that the observed C(9)H(3) and C(11)H(3) spectra originate from HC(4)(CH)C(4)H and HC(4)[C(C(2)H)]C(4)H species with C(2v) symmetry. This result illustrates the potential of deuterium labeling as a useful approach to characterize the molecular structure of nonlinear hydrocarbon chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfeng Zhao
- Institute for Lasers, Life, and Biophotonics, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, NL 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Zhao D, Haddad MA, Linnartz H, Ubachs W. C6H and C6D: electronic spectra and Renner-Teller analysis. J Chem Phys 2011; 135:044307. [PMID: 21806119 DOI: 10.1063/1.3609112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotationally resolved spectra of the B(2)Π - X(2)Π 0(0)(0) electronic origin bands and 11(1)(1) μ(2)Σ-μ(2)Σ vibronic hot band transitions of both C(6)H and C(6)D have been recorded in direct absorption by cavity ring-down spectroscopy through a supersonically expanding planar plasma. For both origin and hot bands accurate spectroscopic parameters are derived from a precise rotational analysis. The origin band measurements extend earlier work and the 11(1)(1) μ(2)Σ-μ(2)Σ vibronic hot bands are discussed here for the first time. The Renner-Teller effect for the lowest bending mode ν(11) is analyzed, yielding the Renner parameters ε(11), vibrational frequencies ω(11), and the true spin-orbit coupling constants A(SO) for both (2)Π electronic states. From the Renner-Teller analysis and spectral intensity measurements as a function of plasma jet temperature, the excitation energy of the lowest-lying 11(1) μ(2)Σ vibronic state of C(6)H is determined to be (11.0 ± 0.8) cm(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfeng Zhao
- Institute for Lasers, Life, and Biophotonics, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, NL 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Mazzotti FJ, Raghunandan R, Esmail AM, Tulej M, Maier JP. Characterization of C4H in the A2Π and X2Σ+ states by double resonance four-wave mixing. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:164303. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3578188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Wu YJ. Structure, stability, electron affinity, and electronic spectra of isomers of C6H. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2010.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Garand E, Yacovitch TI, Zhou J, Sheehan SM, Neumark DM. Slow photoelectron velocity-map imaging of the CnH− (n = 5–9) anions. Chem Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0sc00164c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Yoshikawa T, Sumiyoshi Y, Endo Y. Fourier-transform microwave spectroscopy of the CCCCl radical. J Chem Phys 2009; 130:094302. [PMID: 19275398 DOI: 10.1063/1.3084954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pure rotational spectra of the CCCCl radical in a supersonic jet have been observed for the first time by Fourier-transform microwave spectroscopy. The radical was produced by a pulsed electric discharge in a C(2)H(2) and CCl(4) mixture diluted to 0.3% and 0.2% with Ne, respectively. Transitions with spin and hyperfine splittings were observed for two isotopologs, CCC(35)Cl and CCC(37)Cl, in the region from 11.4 GHz for N=2-1 to 34.2 GHz for N=6-5. The molecular constants including the hyperfine coupling constants due to the Cl nucleus have been determined precisely. From the rotational analyses and high-level ab initio calculations, the molecular structure of the CCCCl radical is concluded to be bent in the ground electronic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yoshikawa
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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Sun BJ, Huang CH, Tsai MF, Sun HL, Gao LG, Wang YS, Yeh YY, Shih YH, Sia ZF, Chen PH, Kaiser RI, Chang AHH. Synthesis of interstellar 1,3,5-heptatriynylidyne, C[sub 7]H(X [sup 2]Π), via the neutral-neutral reaction of ground state carbon atom, C([sup 3]P), with triacetylene, HC[sub 6]H (X [sup 1]Σ[sub g][sup +]). J Chem Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3212625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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21
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Mazzotti FJ, Chauhan R, Jamshidi Z, Tulej M, Radi PP, Maier JP. The˜A2Π3/2−˜X2Π3/2electronic transition of HC4S isotopologues. Mol Phys 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00268970802656984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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22
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Sun BJ, Huang CY, Kuo HH, Chen KT, Sun HL, Huang CH, Tsai MF, Kao CH, Wang YS, Gao LG, Kaiser RI, Chang AHH. Formation of interstellar 2,4-pentadiynylidyne, HCCCCC(XΠ2), via the neutral-neutral reaction of ground state carbon atom, C(P3), with diacetylene, HCCCCH(XΣg+1). J Chem Phys 2008; 128:244303. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2918367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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24
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Sheehan SM, Parsons BF, Yen TA, Furlanetto MR, Neumark DM. Anion photoelectron spectroscopy of C5H−. J Chem Phys 2008; 128:174301. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2912056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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25
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Abstract
Investigators have recorded the electronic spectra of assorted carbon-chain systems in the gas phase using a variety of methods, ranging from direct cavity ringdown absorption spectroscopy to photofragmentation techniques that utilize the cooling capabilities of an ion trap. We summarize the results from these studies and compare them with astronomical measurements of the diffuse interstellar band (DIB) absorptions. Although carbon chains comprising up to a handful of carbon atoms cannot be the carrier species, we explore which chains remain viable. In particular, the 1Σu+–X1Σg+ transitions of the odd-numbered carbon chains (n = 17,19,…) possess large oscillator strengths and lie in the 400–900-nm DIB range. The origin bands of larger bare carbon rings, such as C18, have also been observed, with striking similarities to some DIB measurements at high resolution, although at other wavelengths. Finally, we consider recently obtained electronic spectra of metal-containing carbon chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan B. Jochnowitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland;,
| | - John P. Maier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland;,
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26
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Shi Y, Ervin KM. Hydrogen Atom Transfer Reactions of C2-, C4-, and C6-: Bond Dissociation Energies of Linear H−C2n- and H−C2n (n = 1, 2, 3). J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:1261-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp077181c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Physics Program, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada 89557-0216
| | - Kent M. Ervin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Physics Program, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada 89557-0216
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Zhou J, Garand E, Neumark DM. Slow electron velocity-map imaging spectroscopy of the C4H− and C4D− anions. J Chem Phys 2007; 127:154320. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2795723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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28
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Shnitko I, Fulara J, Batalov A, Gillery C, Masso H, Rosmus P, Maier JP. 3Σ-−X 3Σ- Electronic Transition of Linear C6H+ and C8H+ in Neon Matrixes. J Phys Chem A 2005; 110:2885-9. [PMID: 16509609 DOI: 10.1021/jp054331f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The electronic absorption spectra of linear C6H+ and C8H+ were recorded in 6 K neon matrixes following mass selective deposition. The (1) 3Sigma- -X 3Sigma- electronic transition is identified with the origin band at 515.8 and 628.4 nm for l-C6H+ and l-C8H+, respectively. One strong (near 267 nm) and several weaker electronic transitions of l-C8H+ have also been observed in the UV. The results of ab initio calculations carried out for linear and cyclic C6H+ are consistent with the assignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Shnitko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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29
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McCarthy MC, Thaddeus P. Rotational spectrum and carbon-13 hyperfine structure of the C3H, C5H, C6H, and C7H radicals. J Chem Phys 2005; 122:174308. [PMID: 15910033 DOI: 10.1063/1.1867356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
By means of Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy of a supersonic molecular beam, we have detected the singly substituted carbon-13 isotopic species of C(5)H, C(6)H, and C(7)H. Hyperfine structure in the rotational transitions of the lowest-energy fine structure component ((2)Pi(12) for C(5)H and C(7)H, and (2)Pi(32) for C(6)H) of each species was measured between 6 and 22 GHz, and precise rotational, centrifugal distortion, Lambda-doubling, and (13)C hyperfine coupling constants were determined. In addition, resolved hyperfine structure in the lowest rotational transition (J = 32-->12) of the three (13)C isotopic species of C(3)H was measured by the same technique. By combining the centimeter-wave measurements here with previous millimeter-wave data, a complete set of (13)C hyperfine coupling constants were derived to high precision for each isotopic species. Experimental structures (r(0)) have been determined for C(5)H and the two longer carbon-chain radicals, and these are found to be in good agreement with the predictions of high-level coupled-cluster calculations. C(3)H, C(5)H, and C(7)H exhibit a clear alternation in the magnitude and sign of the (13)C hyperfine coupling constants along the carbon-chain backbone. Because the electron spin density is nominally zero at the central carbon atom of C(3)H, C(5)H, and C(7)H, and at alternating sets of carbon atoms of C(5)H and C(7)H, owing to spin polarization, almost all of the (13)C coupling constants at these atoms are small in magnitude and negative in sign. Spin-polarization effects are known to be important for the Fermi-contact (b(F)) term, but prior to the work here they have generally been neglected for the hyperfine terms a, c, and d.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C McCarthy
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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30
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Birza P, Khoroshev D, Chirokolava A, Motylewski T, Maier JP. Lifetime broadening in the gas phase B̃2Π←X̃2Π electronic spectrum of C8H. Chem Phys Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2003.10.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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Cias P, Vaizert O, Denisov A, Mes J, Linnartz H, Maier JP. Electronic Gas-Phase Spectrum of the Pentaacetylene Cation. J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp020558o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Cias
- Department of Chemistry, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - O. Vaizert
- Department of Chemistry, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - A. Denisov
- Department of Chemistry, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - J. Mes
- Department of Chemistry, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - H. Linnartz
- Department of Chemistry, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - J. P. Maier
- Department of Chemistry, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Linnartz H, Pfluger D, Vaizert O, Cias P, Birza P, Khoroshev D, Maier JP. Rotationally resolved A2Πu←X 2Πg electronic transition of NC6N+. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1427710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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34
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McCarthy MC, Apponi AJ, Gottlieb CA, Thaddeus P. Rotational spectra of SiCN, SiNC, and the SiCnH (n=2, 4–6) radicals. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1370068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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35
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Lakin NM, Pachkov M, Tulej M, Maier JP, Chambaud G, Rosmus P. Theoretical and experimental study of the A2Πu–X2Πg band system of C7−. J Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1321768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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36
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Kirkwood DA, Tulej M, Pachkov MV, Schnaiter M, Güthe F, Grutter M, Wyss M, Maier JP, Fischer G. Electronic spectra of carbon chain anions: C2nH− (n=5–12). J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.479842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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37
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Motylewski T, Vaizert O, Giesen TF, Linnartz H, Maier JP. The 1Πu← X 1Σg+ electronic spectrum of C5 in the gas phase. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.479918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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