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Shi W, Jia S, Guan X, Yao X, Pan R, Huang X, Ma Y, Wei J, Xu Y. A survey of jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) infection in sheep in the three northeastern provinces of China. Arch Virol 2021; 166:831-840. [PMID: 33486631 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04919-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Ovine pulmonary adenomatosis (OPA) is caused by jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) and is a chronic, progressive, and infectious neoplastic lung disease in sheep, which causes significant economic losses to the sheep industry. Neither a vaccine nor serological diagnostic methods to detect OPA are available. We performed a JSRV infection survey in sheep using blood samples (n = 1,372) collected in the three northeastern provinces of China (i.e., Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, and Jilin) to determine JSRV infection status in sheep herds using a real-time PCR assay targeting the gag gene of JSRV. The ovine endogenous retrovirus sequence was successfully amplified in all sheep samples tested (296 from the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 255 from Jilin province, and 821 from Heilongjiang province). Subsequently, we attempted to distinguish exogenous JSRV (exJSRV) and endogenous JSRV (enJSRV) infections in these JSRV-positive samples using a combination assay that identifies a ScaI restriction site in an amplified 229-bp fragment of the gag gene of JSRV and a "LHMKYXXM" motif in the cytoplasmic tail region of the JSRV envelope protein. The ScaI restriction site is present in all known oncogenic JSRVs but absent in ovine endogenous retroviruses, while the "LHMKYXXM" motif is in all known exJSRVs but not in enJSRVs. Interestingly, one JSRV strain (HH13) from Heilongjiang province contained the "LHMKYXXM" motif but not the ScaI enzyme site. Phylogenetic analysis showed that strain HH13 was closely related to strain enJSRV-21 reported in the USA, indicating that HH13 could be an exogenous virus. Our results provide valuable information for further research on the genetic evolution and pathogenesis of JSRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Shi
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Jia
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueting Guan
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Yao
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ronghui Pan
- Jilin Province Centre for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinning Huang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Ma
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wei
- Technology Center of Harbin Customs, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yigang Xu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China.
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dos Santos LF, Costa Polveiro R, Scatamburlo Moreira T, Pereira Vidigal PM, Chang YF, Scatamburlo Moreira MA. Polymorphism analysis of the apxIA gene of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovar 5 isolated in swine herds from Brazil. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208789. [PMID: 30562362 PMCID: PMC6298653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is the etiological agent of Contagious Porcine Pleuropneumonia, a disease responsible for economic losses in the swine industry worldwide. A. pleuropneumoniae is capable of producing proteinaceous exotoxins responsible for inducing hemorrhagic lesions, one of which is ApxI. Few studies have conducted an in-depth evaluation of polymorphisms of the nucleotides that make up the ApxI toxin gene. Here we analyze the polymorphisms of the apxIA gene region of A. pleuropneumoniae serovar 5 isolated from swine in different regions in Brazil and report the results of molecular sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Analysis of the apxIA gene in 60 isolates revealed the presence of genetic diversity and variability. The polymorphisms in the nucleotide sequences determined the grouping of the Brazilian sequences and five more sequences from the GenBank database into 14 different haplotypes, which formed three main groups and revealed the presence of mutations in the nucleotide sequences. The estimation of selection pressures suggests the occurrence of genetic variations by positive selective pressure on A. pleuropneumoniae in large groups of animals in relatively small spaces. These conditions presumably favor the horizontal dissemination of apxIA gene mutations within bacterial populations with host reservoirs. As a result, the same serovar can demonstrate different antigenic capacities due to mutations in the apxIA gene. These alterations in sequences of the apxIA gene could occur in other areas of countries with intense swine production, which could lead to differences in the pathogenicity and immunogenicity of each serovar and have implications for the clinical status or diagnosis of A. pleuropneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Fernando dos Santos
- Laboratory of Bacterial Diseases, Sector of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Veterinary Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Microbiologia Veterinária Especial LTDA (Microvet), Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Richard Costa Polveiro
- Laboratory of Bacterial Diseases, Sector of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Veterinary Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thalita Scatamburlo Moreira
- Laboratory of Bacterial Diseases, Sector of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Veterinary Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Pedro Marcus Pereira Vidigal
- Núcleo de Análise de Biomoléculas (NuBioMol), Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Maria Aparecida Scatamburlo Moreira
- Laboratory of Bacterial Diseases, Sector of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Veterinary Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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To H, Nagai S, Iwata A, Koyama T, Oshima A, Tsutsumi N. Genetic and antigenic characteristics of ApxIIA and ApxIIIA from Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovars 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 15. Microbiol Immunol 2017; 60:447-58. [PMID: 27211905 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Apx toxins produced by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae are essential components of new generation vaccines. In this study, apxIIA and apxIIIA genes of serovars 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 15 were cloned and sequenced. Amino acid sequences of ApxIIA proteins of serovars 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 15 were almost identical to those of serovars 1, 5, 7, 9 and 11-13. Immunoblot analysis showed that rApxIIA from serovars 2 and 15 reacts strongly with sera from animals infected with various serovars. Sequence analysis revealed that ApxIIIA proteins has two variants, one in strains of serovar 2 and the other in strains of serovars 3, 4, 6, 8 and 15. A mouse cross-protection study showed that mice actively immunized with rApxIIIA/2 or rApxIIIA/15 are protected against challenge with A. pleuropneumoniae strains of serovars 3, 4, 6, 8, 15, and 2 expressing ApxIII/15 and ApxIII/2, respectively. Similarly, mice passively immunized with rabbit anti-rApxIIIA/2 or anti-rApxIIIA/15 sera were found to be protected against challenge with strains of serovars 2 and 15. Our study revealed antigenic and sequence similarities within ApxIIA and ApxIIIA proteins, which may help in the development of effective vaccines against disease caused by A. pleuropneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho To
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shinmachi, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
| | - Shinya Nagai
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shinmachi, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
| | - Akira Iwata
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shinmachi, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Koyama
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shinmachi, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
| | - Atsushi Oshima
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shinmachi, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Tsutsumi
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shinmachi, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
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Lindler LE, Plano GV, Burland V, Mayhew GF, Blattner FR. Complete DNA sequence and detailed analysis of the Yersinia pestis KIM5 plasmid encoding murine toxin and capsular antigen. Infect Immun 1998; 66:5731-42. [PMID: 9826348 PMCID: PMC108724 DOI: 10.1128/iai.66.12.5731-5742.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, harbors at least three plasmids necessary for full virulence of the organism, two of which are species specific. One of the Y. pestis-specific plasmids, pMT1, is thought to promote deep tissue invasion, resulting in more acute onset of symptoms and death. We determined the entire nucleotide sequence of Y. pestis KIM5 pMT1 and identified potential open reading frames (ORFs) encoded by the 100,990-bp molecule. Based on codon usage for known yersinial genes, homology with known proteins in the databases, and potential ribosome binding sites, we determined that 115 of the potential ORFs which we considered could encode polypeptides in Y. pestis. Five of these ORFs were genes previously identified as being necessary for production of the classic virulence factors, murine toxin (MT), and the fraction 1 (F1) capsule antigen. The regions of pMT1 encoding MT and F1 were surrounded by remnants of multiple transposition events and bacteriophage, respectively, suggesting horizontal gene transfer of these virulence factors. We identified seven new potential virulence factors that might interact with the mammalian host or flea vector. Forty-three of the remaining 115 putative ORFs did not display any significant homology with proteins in the current databases. Furthermore, DNA sequence analysis allowed the determination of the putative replication and partitioning regions of pMT1. We identified a single 2,450-bp region within pMT1 that could function as the origin of replication, including a RepA-like protein similar to RepFIB, RepHI1B, and P1 and P7 replicons. Plasmid partitioning function was located ca. 36 kb from the putative origin of replication and was most similar to the parABS bacteriophage P1 and P7 system. Y. pestis pMT1 encoded potential genes with a high degree of similarity to a wide variety of organisms, plasmids, and bacteriophage. Accordingly, our analysis of the pMT1 DNA sequence emphasized the mosaic nature of this large bacterial virulence plasmid and provided implications as to its evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Lindler
- Department of Bacterial Diseases, Division of Communicable Diseases and Immunology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C. 20307-5100, USA.
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Frey J, Beck M, van den Bosch JF, Segers RP, Nicolet J. Development of an efficient PCR method for toxin typing of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae strains. Mol Cell Probes 1995; 9:277-82. [PMID: 7477024 DOI: 10.1016/s0890-8508(95)90158-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A method has been developed which allows the determination of the activator, the structural and the secretion genes of the three toxins ApxI, ApxII and ApxIII in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in only two PCR reactions. The oligonucleotide primers were designed to amplify a significant part of the activator and structural genes apxICA, apxIICA and apxIIICA together in a single PCR reaction giving amplification products which differ in length, in order to be clearly separated by agarose gel electrophoresis. Variations in the apxIA and apxIIIA genes which were found in different serotypes were taken into account in the design of the primers to give a uniform amplification product for both variants of the apxIA and the apxIIIA genes. The secretion genes apxIBD and apxIIIBD are also detected in a single PCR reaction containing two pairs of oligonucleotide primers which yield two differently sized fragments to differentiate between apxIBD and apxIIIBD genes. The reference strains of A. pleuropneumoniae serotypes 1-12 and 104 field strains representing all serotypes obtained from various laboratories worldwide were analysed for their content of apx genes. The two PCR reactions give toxin gene patterns which are characteristic for different groups of serotypes in A. pleuropneumoniae and allow the rapid differentiation of five toxin type groups, group 1 including serotypes 1, 5a, 5b, 9 and 11, group 2 including serotypes 2, 4, 6, 8, group 3 with serotype 3, group 4 with serotype 7 and 12 and group 5 with serotype 10. The method enhances and facilitates differentiation of A. pleuropneumoniae strains for diagnostics and epidemiology and allows the detection of serotypes with atypical toxin patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Frey
- University of Berne, Institute for Veterinary Bacteriology, Switzerland
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Abstract
RTX toxins are pore-forming, cytolytic protein toxins that occur widely among pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria. RTX toxins appear to play a direct role in the virulence of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, the etiological agent of porcine pleuropneumonia. This discovery has led to the development of new diagnostic and epidemiological tools, as well as vaccines, that are useful for a broad variety of serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Frey
- Institute for Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Berne, Switzerland
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