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Szumik C, Pereyra VV, Casagranda MD. Areas of endemism: to overlap or not to overlap, that is the question. Cladistics 2019; 35:198-229. [PMID: 34622975 DOI: 10.1111/cla.12343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of "areas of endemism", and the assumption that these patterns are always a consequence of vicariant events, are reviewed. This assumption is related to the idea that areas of endemism have well-defined limits and never share any surface with other areas of endemism because they must represent sister areas supported by sister taxa. Based on this idea, overlapping areas have been considered rarely, or ignored completely. Using a data set of mammals of North America, we test here whether the overlapping areas are indeed sister areas supported by sister taxa, thus evaluating whether vicariant events are commonly the factor producing areas of endemism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Szumik
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo, CONICET - Fundación Miguel Lillo, Miguel Lillo 251, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Verónica V Pereyra
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo, CONICET - Fundación Miguel Lillo, Miguel Lillo 251, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - M Dolores Casagranda
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo, CONICET - Fundación Miguel Lillo, Miguel Lillo 251, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
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2
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Silva SM, Ruedas LA, Santos LH, e Silva JDS, Aleixo A. Illuminating the obscured phylogenetic radiation of South American SylvilagusGray, 1867 (Lagomorpha: Leporidae). J Mammal 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyy186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Marques Silva
- Coordenação de Zoologia, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Campus de Pesquisa, Avenida Perimetral, CEP, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Luis A Ruedas
- Coordenação de Zoologia, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Campus de Pesquisa, Avenida Perimetral, CEP, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Larissa Hasnah Santos
- Portland State University, Department of Biology and Museum of Natural History, SRTC-246, Portland, OR, USA
| | - José de Sousa e Silva
- Coordenação de Zoologia, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Campus de Pesquisa, Avenida Perimetral, CEP, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Aleixo
- Coordenação de Zoologia, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Campus de Pesquisa, Avenida Perimetral, CEP, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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3
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Berkman LK, Nielsen CK, Roy CL, Heist EJ. Comparative genetic structure of sympatric leporids in southern Illinois. J Mammal 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyv060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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4
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Riddle BR, Jezkova T, Hornsby AD, Matocq MD. Assembling the modern Great Basin mammal biota: insights from molecular biogeography and the fossil record. J Mammal 2014. [DOI: 10.1644/14-mamm-s-064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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5
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Richard F, Dutrillaux B. Low, complex and probably reticulated chromosome evolution of Sciuromorpha (Rodentia) and Lagomorpha. Cytogenet Genome Res 2012; 137:218-32. [PMID: 22846378 DOI: 10.1159/000341379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lagomorpha (rabbits and pikas) and Sciuromorpha (squirrels) are grouped in the Glires superorder. Their chromosome diversification, since their separation from the eutherian mammalian common ancestor, was characterized by a low rate of chromosome rearrangements. Consequently, the structure of some chromosomes was either conserved or only slightly modified, making their comparison easy at the genus, family and even order level. Interspecific in situ hybridization (Zoo-FISH) largely corroborates classical cytogenetic data but provides much more reliability in comparisons, especially for distant species. We reconstructed common ancestral karyotypes for Glires, Lagomorpha, Sciuromorpha, and Sciuridae species, and then, determined the chromosome changes separating these ancestors from their common eutherian ancestor. We propose that reticulated evolution occurred during the diversification of Glires, which implies that several pericentric inversions and Robertsonian translocations were conserved in the heterozygous status for an extensive period. Finally, among Lagomorpha and Sciuromorpha, we focused on Leporidae and Sciuridae chromosome evolution. In the various attempts to establish dichotomic evolutionary schemes, it was necessary to admit that multiple homoplasies (convergent and reverse rearrangements) occurred in Sciuridae and in a lesser degree, in Leporidae. In Leporidae, additional rearrangements were sufficient to propose a resolved phylogeny. However, a resolved phylogeny was not possible for Sciuridae because most of the rearrangements occurred in terminal branches. We conclude that a reticulated evolution took place early during the evolution of both families and lasted longer in Sciuridae than in Leporidae. In Sciuridae, most chromosome rearrangements were pericentric inversions involving short fragments. Such rearrangements have only mild meiotic consequences, which may explain the long persistence of the heterozygous status characterizing reticulated evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Richard
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Département de Systématique et Evolution, Origine Structure et Evolution de Biodiversité, Paris, France.
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6
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Nalls AV, Ammerman LK, Dowler RC. Genetic and Morphologic Variation in the Davis Mountains Cottontail (Sylvilagus robustus). SOUTHWEST NAT 2012. [DOI: 10.1894/0038-4909-57.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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7
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Falcón W, Goldberg CS, Waits LP, Estes-Zumpf WA, Rachlow JL. First Record of Multiple Paternity in the Pygmy Rabbit (Brachylagus idahoensis): Evidence from Analysis of 16 Microsatellite Loci. WEST N AM NATURALIST 2011. [DOI: 10.3398/064.071.0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Kriegs JO, Zemann A, Churakov G, Matzke A, Ohme M, Zischler H, Brosius J, Kryger U, Schmitz J. Retroposon insertions provide insights into deep lagomorph evolution. Mol Biol Evol 2010; 27:2678-81. [PMID: 20584773 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msq162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The homogenous mammalian order Lagomorpha comprises about 80 species in two families, Ochotonidae (pikas) and Leporidae (rabbits and hares). However, the phylogenetic relationships among leporids are controversial. Molecular data, particularly from mitochondrial sequences, give highly homoplasious signals. To resolve the controversy between mitochondrial and nuclear data, we analyzed genomic orthologous retroposon insertion sites, a virtually homoplasy-free marker system. From a differential screen of rabbit genomic data for intronic retroposon insertions of CSINE elements, we polymerase chain reaction-amplified and sequenced 11 retroposons in eight representative lagomorphs. We found three retroposons shared among all lagomorphs but absent in outgroups, four confirmed the monophyly of leporids, and three significantly supported Pronolagus as the sister group to all other leporids. One retroposon supported the monophyly of Lepus. The position of Pronolagus outside of the remaining leporids supports the sequence-based signals of nuclear genes and clearly refutes the misleading signals of mitochondrial genes.
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Berkman LK, Saltzgiver MJ, Heist EJ, Nielsen CK, Roy CL, Scharine PD. Hybridization and polymorphic microsatellite markers for two lagomorph species (Genus Sylvilagus): implications for conservation. CONSERV GENET RESOUR 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12686-009-9097-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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DAVIS CANDACEM, ROTH VLOUISE. The evolution of sexual size dimorphism in cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus, Leporidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.01035.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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VIRGÓS EMILIO, CABEZAS-DÍAZ SARA, BLANCO-AGUIAR JOSÉANTONIO. Evolution of life history traits in Leporidae: a test of nest predation and seasonality hypotheses. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00646.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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ROBINSON TJ, MATTHEE CA. Phylogeny and evolutionary origins of the Leporidae: a review of cytogenetics, molecular analyses and a supermatrix analysis. Mamm Rev 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2907.2005.00073.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Matthee CA, van Vuuren BJ, Bell D, Robinson TJ. A molecular supermatrix of the rabbits and hares (Leporidae) allows for the identification of five intercontinental exchanges during the Miocene. Syst Biol 2004; 53:433-47. [PMID: 15503672 DOI: 10.1080/10635150490445715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The hares and rabbits belonging to the family Leporidae have a nearly worldwide distribution and approximately 72% of the genera have geographically restricted distributions. Despite several attempts using morphological, cytogenetic, and mitochondrial DNA evidence, a robust phylogeny for the Leporidae remains elusive. To provide phylogenetic resolution within this group, a molecular supermatrix was constructed for 27 taxa representing all 11 leporid genera. Five nuclear (SPTBN1, PRKCI, THY, TG, and MGF) and two mitochondrial (cytochrome b and 12S rRNA) gene fragments were analyzed singly and in combination using parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference. The analysis of each gene fragment separately as well as the combined mtDNA data almost invariably failed to provide strong statistical support for intergeneric relationships. In contrast, the combined nuclear DNA topology based on 3601 characters greatly increased phylogenetic resolution among leporid genera, as was evidenced by the number of topologies in the 95% confidence interval and the number of significantly supported nodes. The final molecular supermatrix contained 5483 genetic characters and analysis thereof consistently recovered the same topology across a range of six arbitrarily chosen model specifications. Twelve unique insertion-deletions were scored and all could be mapped to the tree to provide additional support without introducing any homoplasy. Dispersal-vicariance analyses suggest that the most parsimonious solution explaining the current geographic distribution of the group involves an Asian or North American origin for the Leporids followed by at least nine dispersals and five vicariance events. Of these dispersals, at least three intercontinental exchanges occurred between North America and Asia via the Bering Strait and an additional three independent dispersals into Africa could be identified. A relaxed Bayesian molecular clock applied to the seven loci used in this study indicated that most of the intercontinental exchanges occurred between 14 and 9 million years ago and this period is broadly coincidental with the onset of major Antarctic expansions causing land bridges to be exposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad A Matthee
- Evolutionary Genomics Group, Department of Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa.
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14
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Lovegrove BG. Locomotor Mode, Maximum Running Speed, and Basal Metabolic Rate in Placental Mammals. Physiol Biochem Zool 2004; 77:916-28. [PMID: 15674766 DOI: 10.1086/425189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The locomotor performance (absolute maximum running speed [MRS]) of 120 mammals was analyzed for four different locomotor modes (plantigrade, digitigrade, unguligrade, and lagomorph-like) in terms of body size and basal metabolic rate (BMR). Analyses of conventional species data showed that the MRS of plantigrade and digitigrade mammals and lagomorphs increases with body mass, whereas that of unguligrade mammals decreases with body mass. These trends were confirmed in plantigrade mammals and lagomorphs using phylogenetically independent contrasts. Multiple regression analyses of MRS contrasts (dependent variable) as a function of body mass and BMR contrasts (predictor variables) revealed that BMR was a significant predictor of MRS in the complete data set, as well as in plantigrade and nonplantigrade mammals. However, there was severe multicollinearity in the nonplantigrade model that may influence the interpretation of these models. Although these data show mass-independent correlation between BMR and MRS, they are not necessarily indicative of a cause-effect relationship. However, the analyses do identify a negligible role of body size associated with MRS once phylogenetic and BMR effects are controlled, suggesting that the body size increase in large mammals over time (i.e., Cope's rule) can probably rule out MRS as a driving variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry G Lovegrove
- School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa.
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15
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CROUCHER PJP, OXFORD GS, SEARLE JB. Mitochondrial differentiation, introgression and phylogeny of species in the Tegenaria atrica group (Araneae: Agelenidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2004.00280.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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STONER CHANTALJ, BININDA-EMONDS OLAFRP, CARO TIM. The adaptive significance of coloration in lagomorphs. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00190.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Alves PC, Ferrand N, Suchentrunk F, Harris DJ. Ancient introgression of Lepus timidus mtDNA into L. granatensis and L. europaeus in the Iberian Peninsula. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2003; 27:70-80. [PMID: 12679072 DOI: 10.1016/s1055-7903(02)00417-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A 587 bp fragment of cytochrome b sequences from 90 individuals of 15 hare (Lepus) species and two outgroups were phylogenetically analysed and compared to an analysis derived from 474 bp sequences of the nuclear transferrin gene. Mountain hare (Lepus timidus) type mtDNA was observed in L. granatensis and L. europaeus from the Iberian Peninsula, far away from the extant distributional range of L. timidus. In addition to these two hare species, other hare species may also contain mtDNA from L. timidus. This species may have introgressed with other species of Lepus that occur within its present range, or where fossils indicate its historical presence during glacial periods. L. timidus mtDNA is common in the northern part of the L. granatensis range. Finally, we reassessed the phylogenetic relationships of the five European hare species based on both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Alves
- Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos (CIBIO/UP), Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal.
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18
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Lovegrove BG. The influence of climate on the basal metabolic rate of small mammals: a slow-fast metabolic continuum. J Comp Physiol B 2003; 173:87-112. [PMID: 12624648 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-002-0309-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2002] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The influence of climate (mean annual rainfall, rainfall variability, ambient temperature, T(a)) on the basal metabolic rate (BMR) of 267 small mammals (<1 kg) from six zoogeographical zones was investigated using conventional and phylogenetically independent data (linear contrasts). All climate variables varied between zones, as did BMR and body temperature ( T(b)), but not thermal conductance. Holarctic zones were more seasonal and colder, but rainfall was less variable, than non-Holarctic zones. In general, the BMR was most strongly influenced by body mass, followed by T(a) and the rainfall variables. However, there was significant variation in the strength of these relationships between zones. BMR and T(b) increased with latitude, and mass-independent BMR and T(b) were positively correlated. The latter relationship offers evidence of a slow-fast metabolic continuum in small mammals. The fast end of the continuum (high BMR) is associated with the highest latitudes where BMR is most strongly influenced by T(a) and mean annual rainfall (i.e. mean productivity). The slow end of the continuum (low BMR) is associated with the semi-tropics, low productivity zones, and climatically unpredictable zones, such as deserts. Here rainfall variability has the strongest influence on BMR after body size. The implications of a slow-fast metabolic continuum are discussed in terms of various models associated with the evolution of BMR, such as the aerobic capacity models and the "energetic definition of fitness" models.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Lovegrove
- School of Botany and Zoology, University of Natal, Private Bag X01, 3209 Scottsville, South Africa.
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19
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Abstract
Predictions associated with opposing selection generating minimum variance in basal metabolic rate (BMR) in mammals at a constrained body mass (CBM; 358 g) were tested. The CBM is presumed to be associated with energetic constraints linked to predation and variable resources at intermediate sizes on a logarithmic mass scale. Opposing selection is thought to occur in response to energetic constraints associated with predation and unpredictable resources. As body size approaches and exceeds the CBM, mammals face increasing risks of predation and daily energy requirements. Fast running speeds may require high BMRs, but unpredictable and low resources may select for low BMRs, which also reduce foraging time and distances and thus predation risks. If these two selection forces oppose each other persistently, minimum BMR variance may result. However, extreme BMR outliers at and close to the CBM should be indicative of unbalanced selection and predator avoidance alternatives (escapers vs. defenders), and may therefore provide indirect support for opposing selection. It was confirmed that body armor in defenders evolves at and above the CBM, and armored mammals had significantly lower BMRs than their nonarmored counterparts. However, analyses comparing the BMR of escapers--the fastest nonarmored runners (Lagomorpha)--with similar-sized counterparts were inconclusive and were confounded by limb morphology associated with speed optimization. These analyses suggest that the risks and costs of predation and the speed limitations of the plantigrade foot may constrain the evolution of large body sizes in plantigrade mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Lovegrove
- School of Botany and Zoology, University of Natal, Scottsville, South Africa.
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21
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Ruedas LA, Salazar-Bravo J, Dragoo JW, Yates TL. The importance of being earnest: what, if anything, constitutes a "specimen examined?". Mol Phylogenet Evol 2000; 17:129-32. [PMID: 11020311 DOI: 10.1006/mpev.2000.0737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L A Ruedas
- Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-1091, USA.
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22
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Shank TM, Black MB, Halanych KM, Lutz RA, Vrijenhoek RC. Miocene radiation of deep-sea hydrothermal vent shrimp (Caridea: Bresiliidae): evidence from mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I. Mol Phylogenet Evol 1999; 13:244-54. [PMID: 10603254 DOI: 10.1006/mpev.1999.0642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary history of deep-sea shrimp (Caridea: Bresiliidae) inhabiting deep-sea hydrothermal vent and hydrocarbon seep environments was assessed using the mitochondrial Cytochrome c Oxidase subunit I (COI) gene (600 bp). Phylogenetic analyses (parsimony, likelihood, and neighbor-joining) recovered three distinct clades (A, Rimicaris/Chorocaris/Opaepele; B, Alvinocaris; and C, Mirocaris) consistent with higher level taxonomy based on morphology. However, robust phylogenetic results suggested that Chorocaris is paraphyletic and that Mirocaris fortunata and M. keldyshi may not be genetically distinct. A Kishino-Hasegawa likelihood approach was used to test alternative phylogenetic hypotheses based on biogeography and morphology. Evolutionary relationships of vent-endemic shrimp species did not appear to be correlated either with their extant biogeographic distribution or with the history of sea floor spreading. Additionally, COI data suggested that these vent-endemic organisms are not remnants of a Mesozoic vent assemblage; instead, they radiated in the Miocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Shank
- Center for Theoretical and Applied Genetics, Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0231, USA.
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23
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Halanych KM, Demboski JR, van Vuuren BJ, Klein DR, Cook JA. Cytochrome b phylogeny of North American hares and jackrabbits (Lepus, lagomorpha) and the effects of saturation in outgroup taxa. Mol Phylogenet Evol 1999; 11:213-21. [PMID: 10191066 DOI: 10.1006/mpev.1998.0581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Jackrabbits and hares, members of the genus Lepus, comprise over half of the species within the family Leporidae (Lagomorpha). Despite their ecological importance, potential economic impact, and worldwide distribution, the evolution of hares and jackrabbits has been poorly studied. We provide an initial phylogenetic framework for jackrabbits and hares so that explicit hypotheses about their evolution can be developed and tested. To this end, we have collected DNA sequence data from a 702-bp region of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and reconstructed the evolutionary history (via parsimony, neighbor joining, and maximum likelihood) of 11 species of Lepus, focusing on North American taxa. Due to problems of saturation, induced by multiple substitutions, at synonymous coding positions between the ingroup taxa and the outgroups (Oryctolagus and Sylvilagus), both rooted and unrooted trees were examined. Variation in tree topologies generated by different reconstruction methods was observed in analyses including the outgroups, but not in the analyses of unrooted ingroup networks. Apparently, substitutional saturation hindered the analyses when outgroups were considered. The trees based on the cytochrome b data indicate that the taxonomic status of some species needs to be reassessed and that species of Lepus within North America do not form a monophyletic entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Halanych
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
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Bloomer P, Crowe TM. Francolin phylogenetics: molecular, morphobehavioral, and combined evidence. Mol Phylogenet Evol 1998; 9:236-54. [PMID: 9562983 DOI: 10.1006/mpev.1997.0469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The phylogenetics of francolins (Francolinus species) were reassessed by obtaining 660 bp of sequence of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome b gene from 20 species, the Common Quail Coturnix coturnix africana, and the Madagascar Partridge Margaroperdix madagarensis. Published sequences of the Japanese Quail C. c. japonica, Alectoris partridges, and the Junglefowl Gallus gallus were also included. Separate analysis of the 200 phylogenetically informative cytochrome b characters and the 25 informative morphobehavioral characters, as well as a combined analysis of molecular and morphobehavioral data, do not support francolin monophyly but provide strong evidence for two previously suggested clades--the quail-francolins (or partridges) and the partridge-francolins (pheasants/francolins). The quail-francolin clade comprises three groups of African francolins and three Asian species that were previously considered more closely related to the partridge-francolins. The partridge-francolin clade, which includes four groups of African francolins, forms a sister group to the Coturnix quails, the Madagascar Partridge, and the Alectoris partridges. The molecular data suggest that the two francolin clades diverged approximately 3-6 MYA. Climatic fluctuations of the past 2.5 MYA may have led to the diversification of the ecologically different francolin species groups and speciation within them.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bloomer
- Percy FitzPatrick Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
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