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Kundu S, Kamalakannan M, Kim AR, Hegde VD, Banerjee D, Jung WK, Kim YM, Kim HW. Morphology and Mitochondrial Lineage Investigations Corroborate the Systematic Status and Pliocene Colonization of Suncus niger (Mammalia: Eulipotyphla) in the Western Ghats Biodiversity Hotspot of India. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1493. [PMID: 37510398 PMCID: PMC10379166 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Indian highland shrew, Suncus niger (Horsfield, 1851), is the least studied soricid species from its original range distribution in Southern India, with several systematics conundrums. Following its discovery in 1851, the species was synonymized with Suncus montanus (Kelaart, 1850) (endemic to Sri Lanka) and subsequently identified as a separate Indian population. However, the systematic status of S. niger from topotype specimens in Southern India has yet to be determined through an integrated approach. Both taxonomy and mitochondrial genetic data (Cytochrome b and 16S ribosomal RNA) were used to re-examine the systematics of S. niger. The mtCytb gene clearly distinguished topotypic S. niger from other Suncus species, with high genetic divergences varying from 8.49% to 26.29%. Further, the Bayesian and maximum likelihood topologies clearly segregated S. niger from other congeners and corroborated the sister relationship with S. stoliczkanus with expected divergence in the late Pliocene (2.62 MYA). The TimeTree analysis also exhibits a strong matrilineal affinity of S. dayi (endemic to India) toward the African species. The current study hypothesizes that the ancestor of the soricids evolved in Africa and that genetic lineages were subsequently shifted by plate tectonic events that subsequently colonized different continents as distinct species during the late Miocene (Tortonian) to the Holocene era. In addition to the new range expansion and elevation records of S. niger in the Central Western Ghats, we propose that additional sampling across its distribution, as well as the use of multiple genetic markers, may be useful in determining the genetic diversity and population structure of this endemic species. The present study also recommends that more molecular data on the Soricomorphs lineages, and estimates of their divergence times, will shed light on the evolution of these small mammals on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Kundu
- Department of Marine Biology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Manokaran Kamalakannan
- Mammal and Osteology Section, Zoological Survey of India, M Block, New Alipore, Kolkata 700053, India
- Western Ghat Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Kozhikode 673006, India
| | - Ah Ran Kim
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Vishwanath D Hegde
- Mammal and Osteology Section, Zoological Survey of India, M Block, New Alipore, Kolkata 700053, India
| | - Dhriti Banerjee
- Mammal and Osteology Section, Zoological Survey of India, M Block, New Alipore, Kolkata 700053, India
- Western Ghat Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Kozhikode 673006, India
| | - Won-Kyo Jung
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Mog Kim
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Kim
- Department of Marine Biology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
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İbiş O, Koepfli KP, Özcan S, Tez C. Whole mitogenomes of Turkish white-toothed shrews, genus Crocidura (Eulipotyphla: Soricidae), with new insights into the phylogenetic positions of Crocidura leucodon and the Crocidura suaveolens group. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-022-00579-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Voyta LL, Abramov AV, Lavrenchenko LA, Nicolas V, Petrova EA, Kryuchkova LY. Dental polymorphisms in Crocidura (Soricomorpha: Soricidae) and evolutionary diversification of crocidurine shrew dentition. Zool J Linn Soc 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The upper dentition of Crocidura exhibits polymorphic characters that were revealed for the first time in this study via high-resolution X-ray computed microtomography. Our analyses of 11 Crocidura species and selected Diplomesodon, Suncus and Sylvisorex species from different geographical regions and size groups revealed the most complex character states of upper dentition in the Ethiopian endemic species Crocidura yaldeni. A three-dimensionally based geometric morphometric analysis revealed the dependence of variation in skull muzzle shape on alterations in general upper dentition, such as a reduction in the number of antemolars. Principal components analysis revealed highly significant shape alterations and morphological trajectories in C. yaldeni (and more moderate ones in Suncus murinus) toward the Sorex-like morphotype in the outgroup, and less significant shape alterations in Crocidura obscurior, Crocidura phanluongi and Crocidura sapaensis with double-rooted third antemolar. Cladistic analysis based on a new data matrix for 20 species and 46 characters allowed us to determine the directions of the morphological trajectories: the apomorphic state of the most complex antemolars of C. yaldeni is associated with deviating skull muzzle shape changes, which we determined to be attributable to neomorphosis, and the less significant alterations in the shape of other Crocidura with complex antemolars are attributable to regional adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid L Voyta
- Laboratory of Theriology, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexei V Abramov
- Laboratory of Theriology, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Leonid A Lavrenchenko
- Laboratory of Mammalian Microevolution, A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Violaine Nicolas
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP51, Paris, France
| | - Ekaterina A Petrova
- Laboratory of Theriology, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Lyudmila Yu Kryuchkova
- Research Centre for X-ray Diffraction Studies, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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Woods R, Turvey ST, Brace S, McCabe CV, Dalén L, Rayfield EJ, Brown MJF, Barnes I. Rapid size change associated with intra-island evolutionary radiation in extinct Caribbean "island-shrews". BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:106. [PMID: 32811443 PMCID: PMC7437022 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-01668-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Caribbean offers a unique opportunity to study evolutionary dynamics in insular mammals. However, the recent extinction of most Caribbean non-volant mammals has obstructed evolutionary studies, and poor DNA preservation associated with tropical environments means that very few ancient DNA sequences are available for extinct vertebrates known from the region's Holocene subfossil record. The endemic Caribbean eulipotyphlan family Nesophontidae ("island-shrews") became extinct ~ 500 years ago, and the taxonomic validity of many Nesophontes species and their wider evolutionary dynamics remain unclear. Here we use both morphometric and palaeogenomic methods to clarify the status and evolutionary history of Nesophontes species from Hispaniola, the second-largest Caribbean island. RESULTS Principal component analysis of 65 Nesophontes mandibles from late Quaternary fossil sites across Hispaniola identified three non-overlapping morphometric clusters, providing statistical support for the existence of three size-differentiated Hispaniolan Nesophontes species. We were also able to extract and sequence ancient DNA from a ~ 750-year-old specimen of Nesophontes zamicrus, the smallest non-volant Caribbean mammal, including a whole-mitochondrial genome and partial nuclear genes. Nesophontes paramicrus (39-47 g) and N. zamicrus (~ 10 g) diverged recently during the Middle Pleistocene (mean estimated divergence = 0.699 Ma), comparable to the youngest species splits in Eulipotyphla and other mammal groups. Pairwise genetic distance values for N. paramicrus and N. zamicrus based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes are low, but fall within the range of comparative pairwise data for extant eulipotyphlan species-pairs. CONCLUSIONS Our combined morphometric and palaeogenomic analyses provide evidence for multiple co-occurring species and rapid body size evolution in Hispaniolan Nesophontes, in contrast to patterns of genetic and morphometric differentiation seen in Hispaniola's extant non-volant land mammals. Different components of Hispaniola's mammal fauna have therefore exhibited drastically different rates of morphological evolution. Morphological evolution in Nesophontes is also rapid compared to patterns across the Eulipotyphla, and our study provides an important new example of rapid body size change in a small-bodied insular vertebrate lineage. The Caribbean was a hotspot for evolutionary diversification as well as preserving ancient biodiversity, and studying the surviving representatives of its mammal fauna is insufficient to reveal the evolutionary patterns and processes that generated regional diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roseina Woods
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Samuel T Turvey
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK.
| | - Selina Brace
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Christopher V McCabe
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RL, UK
| | - Love Dalén
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, SE-10405, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Palaeogenetics, Svante Arrhenius väg 20C, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emily J Rayfield
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RL, UK
| | - Mark J F Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Ian Barnes
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
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Bugarski-Stanojević V, Stamenković G, Ćirović D, Ćirić D, Stojković O, Veličković J, Kataranovski D, Savić I. 16S rRNA gene polymorphism supports cryptic speciation within the lesser blind mole rat Nannospalax leucodon superspecies (Rodentia: Spalacidae). Mamm Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42991-020-00019-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Kundu S, Tyagi K, Kamalakannan M, Kumar V, Venkatraman C, Sivaperuman C, Chandra K. Molecular investigation of non-volant endemic mammals through mitochondrial cytochrome b gene from Andaman and Nicobar archipelago. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2020.1738282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Kundu
- Molecular Systematics Division, Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, India
| | - Kaomud Tyagi
- Molecular Systematics Division, Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Vikas Kumar
- Molecular Systematics Division, Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, India
| | | | | | - Kailash Chandra
- Molecular Systematics Division, Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, India
- Mammal and Osteology section, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, India
- Andaman and Nicobar Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Port Blair, India
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Van de Perre F, Leirs H, Cigar J, Gambalemoke Mbalitini S, Mukinzi Itoka JC, Verheyen E. Shrews (Soricidae) of the lowland forests around Kisangani (DR Congo). Biodivers Data J 2019; 7:e46948. [PMID: 31885462 PMCID: PMC6934628 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.7.e46948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Congo Basin rainforest is the second largest rainforest in the world and one of the most biodiverse regions on Earth. Nevertheless, the Congo Basin biodiversity remains to be fully mapped, with many species awaiting discovery or official description. In recent years, much effort has been put into research on shrews (Soricidae), particularly in the region around Kisangani (D.R. Congo). Shrews are opportunistic feeders that are able to forage on a large diversity of invertebrate prey and therefore play an important role in the forest ecosystem. Furthermore, as they largely depend on forest habitats and have limited dispersal capacities, shrews form an interesting model group to study biogeographic patterns in the Congo Basin. NEW INFORMATION This paper collates the efforts on shrew research from the wider region around Kisangani, in the centre of the Congo Basin. Apart from sampling information, the dataset includes morphological measures, DNA sequences and photographs. This dataset is therefore critical in the study of the taxonomy and ecology of Soricidae in the Congo Basin lowland rainforests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Van de Perre
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, BelgiumEvolutionary Ecology Group, University of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Herwig Leirs
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, BelgiumEvolutionary Ecology Group, University of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Julien Cigar
- Belgian Biodiversity Platform, Brussels, BelgiumBelgian Biodiversity PlatformBrusselsBelgium
| | - Sylvestre Gambalemoke Mbalitini
- Centre de Surveillance de la Biodiversité, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the CongoCentre de Surveillance de la BiodiversitéKisanganiDemocratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Jean-Claude Mukinzi Itoka
- Faculté des Sciences, UNIKIS, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the CongoFaculté des Sciences, UNIKISKisanganiDemocratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Erik Verheyen
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, BelgiumEvolutionary Ecology Group, University of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, BelgiumRoyal Belgian Institute of Natural SciencesBrusselsBelgium
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Molecular phylogenetics supports the origin of an endemic Balearic shrew lineage (Nesiotites) coincident with the Messinian Salinity Crisis. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 125:188-195. [PMID: 29608962 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The red-toothed shrews (Soricinae) are the most widespread subfamily of shrews, distributed from northern South America to North America and Eurasia. Within this subfamily, the tribe Nectogalini includes the fossil species Nesiotites hidalgo recorded from the Late Pleistocene to Holocene of the Balearic Islands (Western Mediterranean). Although there is a consensus about the close relationship between the extinct red-toothed shrew genera Nesiotites and Asoriculus based on morphology, molecular data are necessary to further evaluate the phylogenetic relationships of the Balearic fossils. We obtained a near complete mitochondrial genome of N. hidalgo, allowing the first molecular phylogenetic analysis of this species. Analyses based on 15,167 bp of the mitochondrial genome placed N. hidalgo as close relative to the extant Himalayan shrew (Soriculus nigrescens), and a combined analysis using molecular and morphological data confirm that N. hidalgo and Asoriculus gibberodon are sister-taxa with S. nigrescens as the immediate outgroup. Molecular clock and divergence estimates suggest that the split between N. hidalgo and its closest living relative occurred around 6.44 Ma, which is in agreement with the previously proposed colonisation of the Balearic Islands from mainland Europe by nectogaline shrews during the Messinian Salinity Crisis (5.97-5.33 My ago). Our results highlight that it is possible to retrieve genetic data from extinct small mammals from marginal environments for DNA preservation. Additional finds from the fossil record of Soricinae from the Eurasian Late Miocene/Early Pliocene are needed to shed further light on the still confusing taxonomy and paleobiogeography of this clade.
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Finlay S, Cooper N. Morphological diversity in tenrecs (Afrosoricida, Tenrecidae): comparing tenrec skull diversity to their closest relatives. PeerJ 2015; 3:e927. [PMID: 25945316 PMCID: PMC4419542 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is important to quantify patterns of morphological diversity to enhance our understanding of variation in ecological and evolutionary traits. Here, we present a quantitative analysis of morphological diversity in a family of small mammals, the tenrecs (Afrosoricida, Tenrecidae). Tenrecs are often cited as an example of an exceptionally morphologically diverse group. However, this assumption has not been tested quantitatively. We use geometric morphometric analyses of skull shape to test whether tenrecs are more morphologically diverse than their closest relatives, the golden moles (Afrosoricida, Chrysochloridae). Tenrecs occupy a wider range of ecological niches than golden moles so we predict that they will be more morphologically diverse. Contrary to our expectations, we find that tenrec skulls are only more morphologically diverse than golden moles when measured in lateral view. Furthermore, similarities among the species-rich Microgale tenrec genus appear to mask higher morphological diversity in the rest of the family. These results reveal new insights into the morphological diversity of tenrecs and highlight the importance of using quantitative methods to test qualitative assumptions about patterns of morphological diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sive Finlay
- School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Natalie Cooper
- School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
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Woodman N, Stabile FA. Variation in the myosoricine hand skeleton and its implications for locomotory behavior (Eulipotyphla: Soricidae). J Mammal 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyu017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Woodman N, Stabile FA. Functional skeletal morphology and its implications for locomotory behavior among three genera of myosoricine shrews (Mammalia: Eulipotyphla: Soricidae). J Morphol 2015; 276:550-63. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neal Woodman
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, National Museum of Natural History; Smithsonian Institution; Washington, DC 20013-7012
| | - Frank A. Stabile
- Department of Biology; The College of New Jersey; Ewing New Jersey 08628
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Ceríaco LM, Marques MP, Jacquet F, Nicolas V, Colyn M, Denys C, Sardinha PC, Bastos-Silveira C. Description of a new endemic species of shrew (Mammalia, Soricomorpha) from PrÍncipe Island (Gulf of Guinea). MAMMALIA 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2014-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AbstractSão Tomé and Príncipe are unique islands off the Gulf of Guinea on account of the high degree of endemism in these areas due to isolation. These islands are known to harbor, among others, two species of shrews of the genus
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Inoue E, Akomo-Okoue EF. Application of DNA barcoding techniques to mammal inventories in the African rain forest: droppings may inform us of the owners. TROPICS 2015. [DOI: 10.3759/tropics.23.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Inoue
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University
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Taylor PJ, Kearney TC, Kerbis Peterhans JC, Baxter RM, Willows-Munro S. Cryptic diversity in forest shrews of the genusMyosorexfrom southern Africa, with the description of a new species and comments onMyosorex tenuis. Zool J Linn Soc 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter John Taylor
- SARChI Chair on Biodiversity Value & Change in the Vhembe Biosphere Reserve & Core Member of Centre for Invasion Biology; School of Mathematical & Natural Sciences; University of Venda; P. Bag X5050 Thohoyandou 0950 South Africa
- School of Life Science; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Durban and Pietermaritzburg South Africa
| | - Teresa Catherine Kearney
- Department of Vertebrates; Small Mammals Section; Ditsong National Museum of Natural History; P.O. Box 413 Pretoria 0001 South Africa
| | - Julian C. Kerbis Peterhans
- University College; Roosevelt University; 430 South Michigan Avenue Chicago IL 60605 USA
- Department of Zoology; Field Museum of Natural History; 1400 Lake Shore Drive Chicago IL 60605 USA
| | - Roderick M. Baxter
- Department of Ecology & Resource Management; School of Environmental Sciences; University of Venda; P. Bag X5050 Thohoyandou 0950 South Africa
| | - Sandi Willows-Munro
- School of Life Science; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Durban and Pietermaritzburg South Africa
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Jacquet F, Nicolas V, Colyn M, Kadjo B, Hutterer R, Decher J, Akpatou B, Cruaud C, Denys C. Forest refugia and riverine barriers promote diversification in the West African pygmy shrew (Crocidura obscuriorcomplex, Soricomorpha). ZOOL SCR 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- François Jacquet
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Département Systématique et Evolution, UMR 7205, Laboratoire Mammifères et Oiseaux; 55 rue Buffon 75005 Paris France
| | - Violaine Nicolas
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Département Systématique et Evolution, UMR 7205, Laboratoire Mammifères et Oiseaux; 55 rue Buffon 75005 Paris France
| | - Marc Colyn
- Université de Rennes 1, CNRS, Ecobio UMR 6553, Station Biologique; 35380 Paimpont France
| | - Blaise Kadjo
- Université de Cocody-Abidjan-UFR Biosciences, Systématique, Biologie et Ecologie des Mammifères; 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22 Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Rainer Hutterer
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum A. Koenig, Section of Mammals; Adenauerallee 160 D-53113 Bonn Germany
| | - Jan Decher
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum A. Koenig, Section of Mammals; Adenauerallee 160 D-53113 Bonn Germany
| | - Bertin Akpatou
- Université de Cocody-Abidjan-UFR Biosciences, Systématique, Biologie et Ecologie des Mammifères; 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22 Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Corinne Cruaud
- Génoscope, Centre National de Séquençage; 2 rue Gaston Crémieux CP5706 91057 Evry Cedex France
| | - Christiane Denys
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Département Systématique et Evolution, UMR 7205, Laboratoire Mammifères et Oiseaux; 55 rue Buffon 75005 Paris France
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Stanley WT, Robbins LW, Malekani JM, Mbalitini SG, Migurimu DA, Mukinzi JC, Hulselmans J, Prévot V, Verheyen E, Hutterer R, Doty JB, Monroe BP, Nakazawa YJ, Braden Z, Carroll D, Peterhans JCK, Bates JM, Esselstyn JA. A new hero emerges: another exceptional mammalian spine and its potential adaptive significance. Biol Lett 2013; 9:20130486. [PMID: 23883579 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2013.0486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The hero shrew's (Scutisorex somereni) massive interlocking lumbar vertebrae represent the most extreme modification of the vertebral column known in mammals. No intermediate form of this remarkable morphology is known, nor is there any convincing theory to explain its functional significance. We document a new species in the heretofore monotypic genus Scutisorex; the new species possesses cranial and vertebral features representing intermediate character states between S. somereni and other shrews. Phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences support a sister relationship between the new species and S. somereni. While the function of the unusual spine in Scutisorex is unknown, it gives these small animals incredible vertebral strength. Based on field observations, we hypothesize that the unique vertebral column is an adaptation allowing these shrews to lever heavy or compressive objects to access concentrated food resources inaccessible to other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T Stanley
- Science and Education, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA.
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JACQUET FRANÇOIS, NICOLAS VIOLAINE, BONILLO CELINE, CRUAUD CORINNE, DENYS CHRISTIANE. Barcoding, molecular taxonomy, and exploration of the diversity of shrews (Soricomorpha: Soricidae) on Mount Nimba (Guinea). Zool J Linn Soc 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00856.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Nicolas V, Schaeffer B, Missoup AD, Kennis J, Colyn M, Denys C, Tatard C, Cruaud C, Laredo C. Assessment of three mitochondrial genes (16S, Cytb, CO1) for identifying species in the Praomyini tribe (Rodentia: Muridae). PLoS One 2012; 7:e36586. [PMID: 22574186 PMCID: PMC3344912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Praomyini tribe is one of the most diverse and abundant groups of Old World rodents. Several species are known to be involved in crop damage and in the epidemiology of several human and cattle diseases. Due to the existence of sibling species their identification is often problematic. Thus an easy, fast and accurate species identification tool is needed for non-systematicians to correctly identify Praomyini species. In this study we compare the usefulness of three genes (16S, Cytb, CO1) for identifying species of this tribe. A total of 426 specimens representing 40 species (sampled across their geographical range) were sequenced for the three genes. Nearly all of the species included in our study are monophyletic in the neighbour joining trees. The degree of intra-specific variability tends to be lower than the divergence between species, but no barcoding gap is detected. The success rate of the statistical methods of species identification is excellent (up to 99% or 100% for statistical supervised classification methods as the k-Nearest Neighbour or Random Forest). The 16S gene is 2.5 less variable than the Cytb and CO1 genes. As a result its discriminatory power is smaller. To sum up, our results suggest that using DNA markers for identifying species in the Praomyini tribe is a largely valid approach, and that the CO1 and Cytb genes are better DNA markers than the 16S gene. Our results confirm the usefulness of statistical methods such as the Random Forest and the 1-NN methods to assign a sequence to a species, even when the number of species is relatively large. Based on our NJ trees and the distribution of all intraspecific and interspecific pairwise nucleotide distances, we highlight the presence of several potentially new species within the Praomyini tribe that should be subject to corroboration assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violaine Nicolas
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Département de Systématique et Evolution UMR CNRS 7205, Paris, France.
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19
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Missoup AD, Nicolas V, Wendelen W, Keming E, Bilong Bilong CF, Couloux A, Atanga E, Hutterer R, Denys C. Systematics and diversification of Praomys species (Rodentia: Muridae) endemic to the Cameroon Volcanic Line (West Central Africa). ZOOL SCR 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2012.00541.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Willows-Munro S, Matthee CA. Exploring the Diversity and Molecular Evolution of Shrews (Family Soricidae) using mtDNA CytochromebData. AFRICAN ZOOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.3377/004.046.0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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21
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Peterhans JCK, Hutterer R, Mwanga J, Ndara B, Davenport L, Karhagomba IB, Udelhoven J. African Shrews Endemic to the Albertine Rift: Two New Species ofMyosorex(Mammalia: Soricidae) from Burundi and the Democratic Republic of Congo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2982/028.099.0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Tryfonopoulos GA, Thanou EG, Fraguedakis-Tsolis SE, Chondropoulos BP. New data on the distribution and genetic structure of Greek moles of the genusTalpa(Mammalia, Talpidae). J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0469.2009.00533.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Meer MV, Kondrashov AS, Artzy-Randrup Y, Kondrashov FA. Compensatory evolution in mitochondrial tRNAs navigates valleys of low fitness. Nature 2010; 464:279-82. [PMID: 20182427 DOI: 10.1038/nature08691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A long-standing controversy in evolutionary biology is whether or not evolving lineages can cross valleys on the fitness landscape that correspond to low-fitness genotypes, which can eventually enable them to reach isolated fitness peaks. Here we study the fitness landscapes traversed by switches between different AU and GC Watson-Crick nucleotide pairs at complementary sites of mitochondrial transfer RNA stem regions in 83 mammalian species. We find that such Watson-Crick switches occur 30-40 times more slowly than pairs of neutral substitutions, and that alleles corresponding to GU and AC non-Watson-Crick intermediate states segregate within human populations at low frequencies, similar to those of non-synonymous alleles. Substitutions leading to a Watson-Crick switch are strongly correlated, especially in mitochondrial tRNAs encoded on the GT-nucleotide-rich strand of the mitochondrial genome. Using these data we estimate that a typical Watson-Crick switch involves crossing a fitness valley of a depth of about 10(-3) or even about 10(-2), with AC intermediates being slightly more deleterious than GU intermediates. This compensatory evolution must proceed through rare intermediate variants that never reach fixation. The ubiquitous nature of compensatory evolution in mammalian mitochondrial tRNAs and other molecules implies that simultaneous fixation of two alleles that are individually deleterious may be a common phenomenon at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita V Meer
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation, C/Dr Aiguader 88, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park Building, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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Willows-Munro S, Matthee CA. The evolution of the southern African members of the shrew genus Myosorex: understanding the origin and diversification of a morphologically cryptic group. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2009; 51:394-8. [PMID: 19248834 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2008] [Revised: 01/26/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandi Willows-Munro
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Private Bag X1, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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25
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Castiglia R, Annesi F, Sichilima AM, Hutterer R. A molecular and chromosomal study of the moonshine shrew, Crocidura luna Dollman, 1910 from Zambia with a description of a new remarkable karyotype. MAMMALIA 2009. [DOI: 10.1515/mamm.2009.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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26
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Biogeographic origin and radiation of the Old World crocidurine shrews (Mammalia: Soricidae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2008; 48:953-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Revised: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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27
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Dubey S, Salamin N, Ohdachi SD, Barrière P, Vogel P. Molecular phylogenetics of shrews (Mammalia: Soricidae) reveal timing of transcontinental colonizations. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2007; 44:126-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2006.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2006] [Revised: 11/08/2006] [Accepted: 12/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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28
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Matthee CA, Eick G, Willows-Munro S, Montgelard C, Pardini AT, Robinson TJ. Indel evolution of mammalian introns and the utility of non-coding nuclear markers in eutherian phylogenetics. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2007; 42:827-37. [PMID: 17101283 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2006.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2006] [Revised: 09/19/2006] [Accepted: 10/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear DNA intron sequences are increasingly used to investigate evolutionary relationships among closely related organisms. The phylogenetic usefulness of intron sequences at higher taxonomic levels has, however, not been firmly established and very few studies have used these markers to address evolutionary questions above the family level. In addition, the mechanisms driving intron evolution are not well understood. We compared DNA sequence data derived from three presumably independently segregating introns (THY, PRKC I and MGF) across 158 mammalian species. All currently recognized extant eutherian mammalian orders were included with the exception of Cingulata, Dermoptera and Scandentia. The total aligned length of the data was 6366 base pairs (bp); after the exclusion of autapomorphic insertions, 1511 bp were analyzed. In many instances the Bayesian and parsimony analyses were complementary and gave significant posterior probability and bootstrap support (>80) for the monophyly of Afrotheria, Euarchontoglires, Laurasiatheria and Boreoeutheria. Apart from finding congruent support when using these methods, the intron data also provided several indels longer than 3 bp that support, among others, the monophyly of Afrotheria, Paenungulata, Ferae and Boreoeutheria. A quantitative analysis of insertions and deletions suggested that there was a 75% bias towards deletions. The average insertion size in the mammalian data set was 16.49 bp +/- 57.70 while the average deletion was much smaller (4.47 bp +/- 14.17). The tendency towards large insertions and small deletions is highlighted by the observation that out of a total of 17 indels larger than 100 bp, 15 were insertions. The majority of indels (>60% of all events) were 1 or 2 bp changes. Although the average overall indel substitution rate of 0.00559 per site is comparable to that previously reported for rodents and primates, individual analyses among different evolutionary lineages provide evidence for differences in the formation rate of indels among the different mammalian groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad A Matthee
- Evolutionary Genomics Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa.
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29
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Dubey S, Antonin M, Denys C, Vogel P. Use of phylogeny to resolve the taxonomy of the widespread and highly polymorphic African giant shrews (Crocidura olivieri group, Crocidurinae, Mammalia). ZOOLOGY 2007; 110:48-57. [PMID: 17169541 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2006.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2006] [Revised: 05/10/2006] [Accepted: 05/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to provide a better understanding of the genetic relationships within the widespread and highly polymorphic group of African giant shrews (Crocidura olivieri group). We sequenced 769 base pairs (bp) of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and 472 bp of the mitochondrial control region over the entire geographic range from South Africa to Morocco. The analyses reveal four main clades associated with different biomes. The largest clade occurs over a range covering Northwest and Central Africa and includes samples of C. fulvastra, C. olivieri, and C. viaria. The second clade is composed of C. goliath from Gabon, while South African C. flavescens, and C. hirta form two additional clades. On the basis of these results, the validity of some taxa in the C. olivieri group should be re-evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Dubey
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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30
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Colangelo P, Granjon L, Taylor PJ, Corti M. Evolutionary systematics in African gerbilline rodents of the genus Gerbilliscus: inference from mitochondrial genes. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2006; 42:797-806. [PMID: 17113792 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2006.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2006] [Revised: 07/13/2006] [Accepted: 10/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Gerbilliscus has recently been proposed as an endemic African rodent genus distinct from the Asian Tatera. A molecular phylogeny of the genus, including nine species from southern, western and eastern Africa, is presented here based on the analysis of the cytochrome b and 16S mitochondrial genes. With an adequate taxonomic sampling over a wide geographic range, we here provide a clear picture of the phylogenetic relationships between species and species groups in this genus. Three distinct clades were resolved, corresponding to major geographical subdivisions: an eastern clade that possibly diverged first, then a southern and a western clades which appeared later. We suggest two possible hypotheses concerning the dispersal of the genus across Africa, considering also the patterns of karyotypic variation. Finally, we discuss the taxonomic status of G. gambianus and the relationships between Gerbillurus and Gerbilliscus, as previous studies have suggested that the former should be included in the latter. Our data seem to support the synonymy of the two taxa and suggest that Gerbillurus and Gerbilliscus lineages diverged from a common ancestor appeared in eastern Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Colangelo
- Dipartimento di Biologia Animale e dell'Uomo, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Via Borelli 50, 00161 Roma, Italy.
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31
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Ohdachi SD, Hasegawa M, Iwasa MA, Vogel P, Oshida T, Lin L, Abe H. Molecular phylogenetics of soricid shrews (Mammalia) based on mitochondrial cytochrome
b
gene sequences: with special reference to the Soricinae. J Zool (1987) 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. D. Ohdachi
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - M. Hasegawa
- Institute of Statistical Mathematics, Minato‐ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M. A. Iwasa
- Department of Wildlife Science, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - P. Vogel
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - T. Oshida
- Laboratory of Wildlife Ecology, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - L.‐K. Lin
- Laboratory of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
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32
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Nicolas V, Quérouil S, Verheyen E, Verheyen W, Mboumba JF, Dillen M, Colyn M. Mitochondrial phylogeny of African wood mice, genus Hylomyscus (Rodentia, Muridae): implications for their taxonomy and biogeography. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2006; 38:779-93. [PMID: 16414288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Revised: 09/12/2005] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper investigates the usefulness of two mitochondrial genes (16S rRNA and cytochrome b) to solve taxonomical difficulties within the genus Hylomyscus and to infer its evolutionary history. Both genes proved to be suitable molecular markers for diagnosis of Hylomyscus species. Nevertheless the resolving powers of these two genes differ, and with both markers (either analyzed singly or in combination), some nodes remain unresolved. This is probably related to the fact that the species emerged during a rapid diversification event that occurred 2-6 Myr ago (4-5 Myr ago for most divergence events). Our molecular data support the recognition of an "aeta" group, while the "alleni" and "parvus" groups are not fully supported. Based on tree topology and genetic divergence, two taxa generally recognized as subspecies should be elevated at the species level (H. simus and H. cf kaimosae). H. stella populations exhibit ancient haplotype segregation that may represent currently unrecognized allopatric species. The existence of cryptic species within H. parvus is questioned. Finally, three potentially new species may occur in West Central Africa. The Congo and Oubangui Rivers, as well as the Volta and Niger Rivers and/or the Dahomey gap could have formed effective barriers to Hylomyscus species dispersal, favoring their speciation in allopatry. The pronounced shifts in African climate during the late Pliocene and Miocene, which resulted in major changes in the distribution and composition of the vegetation, could have promoted speciation within the genus (refuge theory). Future reports should focus on the geographic distribution of Hylomyscus species in order to get a better understanding of the evolutionary history of the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Nicolas
- MNHN, Département de Systématique et Evolution, UMR 5202, Laboratoire Mammifères et Oiseaux, 55 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France.
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33
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Motokawa M, Yu HT, Harada M. Diversification of the white-toothed shrews of the genus Crocidura (Insectivora: Soricidae) in East and Southeast Asia. MAMMAL STUDY 2005. [DOI: 10.3106/1348-6160(2005)30[s53:dotwso]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Masters JC, Anthony NM, de Wit MJ, Mitchell A. Reconstructing the evolutionary history of the Lorisidae using morphological, molecular, and geological data. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2005; 127:465-80. [PMID: 15693029 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Major aspects of lorisid phylogeny and systematics remain unresolved, despite several studies (involving morphology, histology, karyology, immunology, and DNA sequencing) aimed at elucidating them. Our study is the first to investigate the evolution of this enigmatic group using molecular and morphological data for all four well-established genera: Arctocebus, Loris, Nycticebus, and Perodicticus. Data sets consisting of 386 bp of 12S rRNA, 535 bp of 16S rRNA, and 36 craniodental characters were analyzed separately and in combination, using maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. Outgroups, consisting of two galagid taxa (Otolemur and Galagoides) and a lemuroid (Microcebus), were also varied. The morphological data set yielded a paraphyletic lorisid clade with the robust Nycticebus and Perodicticus grouped as sister taxa, and the galagids allied with Arctocebus. All molecular analyses maximum parsimony (MP) or maximum likelihood (ML) which included Microcebus as an outgroup rendered a paraphyletic lorisid clade, with one exception: the 12S + 16S data set analyzed with ML. The position of the galagids in these paraphyletic topologies was inconsistent, however, and bootstrap values were low. Exclusion of Microcebus generated a monophyletic Lorisidae with Asian and African subclades; bootstrap values for all three clades in the total evidence tree were over 90%. We estimated mean genetic distances for lemuroids vs. lorisoids, lorisids vs. galagids, and Asian vs. African lorisids as a guide to relative divergence times. We present information regarding a temporary land bridge that linked the two now widely separated regions inhabited by lorisids that may explain their distribution. Finally, we make taxonomic recommendations based on our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Masters
- Natal Museum, Pietermaritzburg 3200, South Africa.
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35
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Phylogeny, phylogeography, and geographic variation of Sylvisorex howelli (Soricidae), an endemic shrew of the Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania. J Zool (1987) 2005. [DOI: 10.1017/s0952836905007016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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36
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YIGIT NURI, NEUMANN KARSTEN, OZKURT SAKIR, COLAK, ERCUMENT, COLAK REYHAN. BIOMETRIC AND GENETIC EVALUATION OF SPERMOPHILUS (MAMMALIA: RODENTIA) POPULATIONS IN WESTERN TURKEY. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1560/bq3n-h0f6-vaxh-mhuq] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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37
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Neumann K, Michaux JR, Maak S, Jansman HAH, Kayser A, Mundt G, Gattermann R. Genetic spatial structure of European common hamsters (Cricetus cricetus)--a result of repeated range expansion and demographic bottlenecks. Mol Ecol 2005; 14:1473-83. [PMID: 15813785 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2005.02519.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The spatial genetic structure of common hamsters (Cricetus cricetus) was investigated using three partial mitochondrial (mt) genes and 11 nuclear microsatellite loci. All marker systems revealed significant population differentiation across Europe. Hamsters in central and western Europe belong largely to two allopatric mitochondrial lineages south and northwest of the Carpathian and Sudetes. The southern group, 'Pannonia', comprises populations inside the Carpathian basin (Czech Republic, Hungary) while the second group, 'North', includes hamsters from Belgium, the Netherlands, France, and Germany. Isolation of the lineages is maintained by a combination of geographical and ecological barriers. Both main phylogeographical groups show signs of further subdivision. North is separated into highly polymorphic central German and less polymorphic western populations, which most likely split during late glacial expansion (15,000-10,000 bp). Clock estimates based on haplotype distributions predict a divergence of the two major lineages 85,000-147,000 bp. Expansion times fall during the last glaciation (115,000-10,000 bp) corroborating fossil data, which identify Cricetus cricetus as characteristic of colder climatic phases. Despite the allopatry of mt haplotypes, there is an overlap of nuclear microsatellite alleles between phylogeographical units. Although there are strong evidence that Pannonian hamsters have persisted inside the Carpathian basin over the last 50,000 years, genetic differentiation among European hamsters has mainly been caused by immigration from different eastern refugia. Possible source populations are likely to be found in the Ukrainian and the southern Russian plains--core areas of hamster distribution. From there, hamsters have repeatedly expanded during the Quaternary.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Neumann
- Institute of Zoology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Domplatz 4, D-06108 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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38
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Bedford JM, Mock OB, Goodman SM. Novelties of conception in insectivorous mammals (Lipotyphla), particularly shrews. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2005; 79:891-909. [PMID: 15682875 DOI: 10.1017/s1464793104006529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In the order Lipotyphla (Insectivora), certain reproductive features differ quite distinctly from the eutherian norms, and are of interest with regard to the evolution of mammalian gamete function and perhaps for questions of lipotyphlan phylogeny. As seen in one or more members of five lipotyphlan families (shrews, moles, hedgehogs, golden moles, tenrecs), these features can involve the configuration of the male tract including the penis, the morphology of the sperm head, the anatomy of the oviduct and the patterns of sperm transport within it, the character of the cumulus oophorus, and the way in which fertilising spermatozoa interact with the eggs. However, the picture is by no means uniform within the order. Reproductive idiosyncrasies occur variously in the different lipotyphlan families, and appear consistently and strikingly in shrews--the group studied most extensively. Compared to the patterns in most Eutheria, the most interesting anomalies in soricids include (a) the regulation of sperm transport to the site of fertilisation by oviduct crypts, whose arrangement can vary even according to species, (b) a circumscribed matrix-free cumulus oophorus that appears essential for fertilisation as the inducer of the acrosome reaction, (c) barbs on the acrosome-reacted sperm head by which it may attach to the zona pellucida. With regard to the bearing such reproductive traits might have on lipotyphlan systematics, the African mouse shrew (Myosorex varius) displays a mix of traits that characterize either crocidurine or soricine shrews, consistent with the proposal that it belongs in a more primitive tribe, Myosoricinae, or subfamily, the Crocidosoricinae, from which the crocidurine and soricine lines probably evolved. Moreover, although elephant shrews are assigned now to a separate order (Macroscelidea), they display several of the unusual reproductive features seen in lipotyphlans, particularly in chrysochlorids and tenrecs. On the other hand, if used as a phylogenetic yardstick, none of the reproductive features described serves to define the Lipotyphla as classically constituted within one order, nor necessarily all the relationships suggested by recent sequencing studies of nuclear and mitochondrial genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Bedford
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Infertility, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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39
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Symonds MRE. Phylogeny and life histories of the 'Insectivora': controversies and consequences. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2005; 80:93-128. [PMID: 15727040 DOI: 10.1017/s1464793104006566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary relationships of the eutherian order Insectivora (Lipotyphla sensu stricto) are the subject of considerable debate. The difficulties in establishing insectivore phylogeny stem from their lack of many shared derived characteristics. The grouping is therefore something of a 'wastebasket' taxon. Most of the older estimates of phylogeny, based on morphological evidence, assumed insectivore monophyly. More recently, molecular phylogenies argue strongly against monophyly, although they differ in the extent of polyphyly inferred for the order. I review the history of insectivore phylogenetics and systematics, focussing on the relationships between the six extant families (Erinaceidae--hedgehogs and moonrats, Talpidae - moles and desmans, Soricidae - shrews, Solenodontidae--solenodons, Tenrecidae--tenrecs and otter-shrews and Chrysochloridae--golden moles). I then examine how these various phylogenetic hypotheses influence the results of comparative analyses and our interpretation of insectivore life-history evolution. I assess which particular controversies have the greatest effect on results, and discuss the implications for comparative analyses where the phylogeny is controversial. I also explore and suggest explanations for certain insectivore life-history trends: increased gestation length and litter size in tenrecs, increased encephalization in moles, and the mixed fast and slow life-history strategies in solenodons. Finally, I consider the implications for comparative analyses of the recent strongly supported phylogenetic hypothesis of an endemic African clade of mammals that includes the insectivore families of tenrecs and golden moles.
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Colangelo P, Corti M, Verheyen E, Annesi F, Oguge N, Makundi RH, Verheyen W. Mitochondrial phylogeny reveals differential modes of chromosomal evolution in the genus Tatera (Rodentia: Gerbillinae) in Africa. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2005; 35:556-68. [PMID: 15878125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2004] [Revised: 02/16/2005] [Accepted: 02/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The African gerbils of the genus Tatera are widespread and abundant throughout sub-Saharan Africa. There is still today a certain controversy concerning the taxonomy of these rodents and very few attempts have been made to assess their systematic relationships. The present paper introduces findings based on the partial sequences of cytochrome b (495 bp) and the 16S rRNA (469 bp) mitochondrial genes of six (T. robusta, T. nigricauda, T. vicina, T. leucogaster, T. valida, and T. kempi) species together with two additional taxa. We also report the karyotypes of T. vicina and T. leucogaster. We propose that T. vicina should be considered as a valid species and show the monophyly of the robusta species group, with the exclusion of T. leucogaster. Our results show there is a different chromosomal evolutionary pattern within the two major lineages, which is recognizable through molecular phylogenetics. One is characterized by karyotype stability and the other by a considerable number of chromosomal rearrangements. The lineage divergence coincides with the formation of the East African Rift. The processes that led to the origin of the East African species seem to be related to the subsequent climatic changes, which caused cyclic contraction and expansion of the savannah biomes. Furthermore, geological activities that characterized East Africa during Plio-Pleistocene may also have contributed to lineage divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Colangelo
- Dipartimento di Biologia Animale e dell'Uomo, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Via Borelli 50, 00161 Roma, Italy.
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A new species of Congosorex from the Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania, with significant biogeographical implications. J Zool (1987) 2005. [DOI: 10.1017/s0952836904006314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Phylogenetic relationships between Afrotropical and Palaearctic Crocidura species inferred from Inter-SINE-PCR. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2004.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Prochel J, Vogel P, Sánchez-Villagra MR. Hand development and sequence of ossification in the forelimb of the European shrew Crocidura russula (Soricidae) and comparisons across therian mammals. J Anat 2004; 205:99-111. [PMID: 15291793 PMCID: PMC1571333 DOI: 10.1111/j.0021-8782.2004.00321.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand development in the European shrew Crocidura russula is described, based on the examination of a cleared and double-stained ontogenetic series and histological sections of a c. 20-day-old embryo and a neonate. In the embryo all carpal elements are still mesenchymal condensations, and there are three more elements than in the adult stage: the 'lunatum', which fuses with the scaphoid around birth; a centrale, which either fuses with another carpal element or just disappears later in ontogeny; and the anlage of an element that later fuses with the radius. Carpal arrangement in the neonate and the adult is the same. In order to compare the relative timing of the onset of ossification in forelimb bones in C. russula with that of other therians, we built up two matrices of events based on two sets of data and used the event-pair method. In the first analysis, ossification of forelimb elements in general was examined, including that of the humerus, radius, ulna, the first carpal and metacarpal to ossify, and the phalanges of the third digit. The second analysis included each carpal, humerus, radius, ulna, the first metacarpal and the first phalanx to ossify. Some characters (= event-pairs) provide synapomorphies for some clades examined. There have been some shifts in the timing of ossification apparently not caused by ecological and/or environmental influences. In two species (Oryctolagus and Myotis), there is a tendency to start the ossification of the carpals relatively earlier than in all other species examined, the sauropsid outgroups included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Prochel
- Zoologisches Institut, Universität Tübingen, Germany
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Lovegrove BG, Haines L. The evolution of placental mammal body sizes: evolutionary history, form, and function. Oecologia 2003; 138:13-27. [PMID: 14586689 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-003-1376-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2003] [Accepted: 08/13/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The unimodal, right-skewed distribution, most frequently identified in contemporary descriptions of placental mammal body size distributions, masks an underlying multidistribution structure; a long-term evolutionary process that has generated a concatenation of two or three frequency distributions specific to locomotory modes (plantigrade, digitigrade and unguligrade). The Afrotropical assemblages are bimodal, with a tendency towards trimodality, whereas the Nearctic assemblage is unimodal. However, mixtures of two and three normal distributions fitted the Nearctic data well, suggesting a multidistribution structure masked by disproportionate species numbers within locomotory modes. Differences in proportional species numbers within modes between assemblages may reflect the evolutionary history of form and function. However, common interassemblage predictions of such proportions in contemporary distributions may be disguised by the relative severity of the Pleistocene megafaunal extinction (patterns supported by the fossil record), geographical scale, and taxonomic composition. A species gap occurs at body sizes around 1 kg at the interface between the largest plantigrade mammals and the smallest digitigrade mammals, coincident with the minimum interspecific variance of basal metabolic rate. In terms of the evolution of the optimal body size in the trade-off between mortality and production, there may be good historical and evolutionary reasons why we should not expect optimization to produce the same results in different zoogeographical assemblages. Moreover, the evolution of diverse mammalian forms and functions, especially with respect to predator-prey interactions and diet, render a single body size optimum untenable in the search for an energetic definition of fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry G Lovegrove
- School of Botany and Zoology, University of Natal, P/Bag X01, 3209 Scottsville, South Africa.
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Quérouil S, Verheyen E, Dillen M, Colyn M. Patterns of diversification in two African forest shrews: Sylvisorex johnstoni and Sylvisorex ollula (Soricidae, Insectivora) in relation to paleo-environmental changes. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2003; 28:24-37. [PMID: 12801469 DOI: 10.1016/s1055-7903(03)00027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We analysed the phylogeographic patterns of two congeneric and syntopic species of forest shrews and compared them with biogeographical scenarios proposed for the Central African tropical forest. Our results, based on 82 partial 16s rRNA mitochondrial sequences, suggest that both species must have originated in the Plio-Pleistocene and that their haplotype distributions could reflect the effect of forest fragmentation and expansion associated with paleoclimatic fluctuations during the Pleistocene. However, it seems that the two species responded very differently to environmental changes. While Sylvisorex johnstoni populations exhibit ancient haplotype segregation that may even represent currently unrecognised allopatric species, Sylvisorex ollula haplotypes are much less differentiated and suggest that this taxon has undergone a recent range expansion. The observed differences between these taxa may be explained by their presumably different ecological requirements and colonisation abilities, which in turn may be the result of a significant difference in body size between the two species. In conclusion, our results suggest that it is necessary to incorporate several ecologically well-documented species in studies that attempt to infer evolutionary processes from phylogeographic patterns
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Quérouil
- Laboratoire Ethologie-Evolution-Ecologie, Station Biologique, CNRS-U.M.R. 6552, Université de Rennes 1, F-35380, Paimpont, France.
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Wildman DE, Uddin M, Liu G, Grossman LI, Goodman M. Implications of natural selection in shaping 99.4% nonsynonymous DNA identity between humans and chimpanzees: enlarging genus Homo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:7181-8. [PMID: 12766228 PMCID: PMC165850 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1232172100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
What do functionally important DNA sites, those scrutinized and shaped by natural selection, tell us about the place of humans in evolution? Here we compare approximately 90 kb of coding DNA nucleotide sequence from 97 human genes to their sequenced chimpanzee counterparts and to available sequenced gorilla, orangutan, and Old World monkey counterparts, and, on a more limited basis, to mouse. The nonsynonymous changes (functionally important), like synonymous changes (functionally much less important), show chimpanzees and humans to be most closely related, sharing 99.4% identity at nonsynonymous sites and 98.4% at synonymous sites. On a time scale, the coding DNA divergencies separate the human-chimpanzee clade from the gorilla clade at between 6 and 7 million years ago and place the most recent common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees at between 5 and 6 million years ago. The evolutionary rate of coding DNA in the catarrhine clade (Old World monkey and ape, including human) is much slower than in the lineage to mouse. Among the genes examined, 30 show evidence of positive selection during descent of catarrhines. Nonsynonymous substitutions by themselves, in this subset of positively selected genes, group humans and chimpanzees closest to each other and have chimpanzees diverge about as much from the common human-chimpanzee ancestor as humans do. This functional DNA evidence supports two previously offered taxonomic proposals: family Hominidae should include all extant apes; and genus Homo should include three extant species and two subgenera, Homo (Homo) sapiens (humankind), Homo (Pan) troglodytes (common chimpanzee), and Homo (Pan) paniscus (bonobo chimpanzee).
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek E Wildman
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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A composite species-level phylogeny of the Insectivora (Mammalia: Order Lipotyphla Haeckel, 1866). J Zool (1987) 2003. [DOI: 10.1017/s0952836903003716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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