1
|
Park J, Choi SW, Cha BG, Kim J, Kang SJ. Alternative Activation of Macrophages through Interleukin-13-Loaded Extra-Large-Pore Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Suppresses Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:4446-4453. [PMID: 34435775 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) treatment via cytokine-mediated immunomodulation has been hampered by the difficulty with which cytokines can be stably and noninvasively delivered to the central nervous system. Here, we show that interleukin (IL)-13 packaged in extra-large-pore mesoporous silica nanoparticles (XL-MSNs) is protected from degradation and directs the alternative activation of macrophages both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the noninvasive intranasal delivery of IL-13-loaded XL-MSNs ameliorated the symptoms of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a murine model of MS, accompanied by the induction of chemokines orchestrating immune cell infiltration. These results demonstrate the therapeutic potential of IL-13-loaded XL-MSNs for MS patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Woo Choi
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Seoul 06355, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Geun Cha
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyun Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Seoul 06355, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.,Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Quantum Biophysics (IQB), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Jo Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tremblay R, Wang D, Jevnikar AM, Ma S. Tobacco, a highly efficient green bioreactor for production of therapeutic proteins. Biotechnol Adv 2010; 28:214-21. [PMID: 19961918 PMCID: PMC7132750 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Revised: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Molecular farming of pharmaceuticals in plants has the potential to provide almost unlimited amounts of recombinant proteins for use in disease diagnosis, prevention or treatment. Tobacco has been and will continue to be a major crop for molecular farming and offers several practical advantages over other crops. It produces significant leaf biomass, has high soluble protein content and is a non-food crop, minimizing the risk of food-chain contamination. This, combined with its flexibility and highly-efficient genetic transformation/regeneration, has made tobacco particularly well suited for plant-based production of biopharmaceutical products. The goal of this review is to provide an update on the use of tobacco for molecular farming of biopharmaceuticals as well the technologies developed to enhance protein production/purification/efficacy. We show that tobacco is a robust biological reactor with a multitude of applications and may hold the key to success in plant molecular farming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reynald Tremblay
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - David Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-1014, USA
| | - Anthony M. Jevnikar
- Transplantation Immunology Group, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4G5
| | - Shengwu Ma
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
- Transplantation Immunology Group, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4G5
- Plantigen Inc., 700 Collip Circle, London, Ontario, Canada N6G 4X8
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang DJ, Brandsma M, Yin Z, Wang A, Jevnikar AM, Ma S. A novel platform for biologically active recombinant human interleukin-13 production. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2008; 6:504-15. [PMID: 18393948 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2008.00337.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-13 (IL-13) is a pleiotropic regulatory cytokine with the potential for treating several human diseases, including type-1 diabetes. Thus far, conventional expression systems for recombinant IL-13 production have proven difficult and are limited by efficiency. In this study, transgenic plants were used as a novel expression platform for the production of human IL-13 (hIL-13). DNA constructs containing hIL-13 cDNA were introduced into tobacco plants. Transcriptional expression of the hIL-13 gene in transgenic plants was confirmed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Northern blotting. Western blot analysis showed that the hIL-13 protein was efficiently accumulated in transgenic plants and present in multiple molecular forms, with an expression level as high as 0.15% of total soluble protein in leaves. The multiple forms of plant-derived recombinant hIL-13 (rhIL-13) are a result of differential N-linked glycosylation, as revealed by enzymatic and chemical deglycosylation, but not of disulphide-linked oligomerization. In vitro trypsin digestion indicated that plant rhIL-13 was more resistant than unglycosylated control rhIL-13 to proteolysis. The stability of plant rhIL-13 to digestion was further supported with simulated gastric and intestinal fluid digestion. In vitro bioassays using a factor-dependent human erythroleukaemic cell line (TF-1 cells) showed that plant rhIL-13 retained the biological functions of the authentic hIL-13 protein. These results demonstrate that transgenic plants are superior to conventional cell-based expression systems for the production of rhIL-13. Moreover, transgenic plants synthesizing high levels of rhIL-13 may prove to be an attractive delivery system for direct oral administration of IL-13 in the treatment of clinical diseases such as type-1 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Wang
- A.B. Lucas Secondary School, 656 Tennent Avenue, London, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mumm JB, Ekmekcioglu S, Poindexter NJ, Chada S, Grimm EA. Soluble Human MDA-7/IL-24: Characterization of the Molecular Form(s) Inhibiting Tumor Growth and Stimulating Monocytes. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2006; 26:877-86. [PMID: 17238830 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2006.26.877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-24 (IL-24), also known as melanoma differentiation-associated gene-7 (mda-7), is a member of the IL-10 family that exhibits both tumor suppressor and proinflammatory properties. We describe the purification of this novel dual-function tumor suppressor/cytokine from the supernatant of IL-24 gene-transfected HEK 293 cells and define the biochemical and functional properties of the soluble human IL-24 protein. Size exclusion chromatography demonstrates that an IL-24 macromolecular complex fractionates in a broad peak with a median of 110 kDa and comprises several IL-24 isoforms, identified by immunoblotting with anti-IL-24 polyclonal antibody after reducing SDS-PAGE analysis. IL-24 was found to associate with two serum components, albumin and C1q. Cation exchange purification results in the isolation of at least two N-linked glycosylated IL-24 dimers covalently associated via intermolecular disulfide bonds. These molecularly defined N-glycosylated IL-24 dimers elicited dose-dependent secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and IL-6 from human monocytes, as well as cytotoxicity to human melanoma cell lines. Thus, we demonstrated that the secreted, glycosylated, dimeric, human IL-24 is immunomodulatory to monocytes and exhibits tumor cell growth inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John B Mumm
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Arima K, Umeshita-Suyama R, Sakata Y, Akaiwa M, Mao XQ, Enomoto T, Dake Y, Shimazu SI, Yamashita T, Sugawara N, Brodeur S, Geha R, Puri RK, Sayegh MH, Adra CN, Hamasaki N, Hopkin JM, Shirakawa T, Izuhara K. Upregulation of IL-13 concentration in vivo by the IL13 variant associated with bronchial asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 109:980-7. [PMID: 12063528 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2002.124656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A substantial body of evidence exists to support the pivotal role of IL-13 in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. We recently found that a variant of the IL13 gene (Arg110Gln) is genetically associated with bronchial asthma, which is concordant with animal experiments using IL-13 in the development of asthma. OBJECTIVE To address whether the Gln110 variant of IL13 influences IL-13 function, contributing to the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma, we studied the functional properties of the variant. METHODS We generated 2 types of recombinant IL-13 proteins, the amino acids of which at 110 were arginine or glutamine, and analyzed the binding affinities with the IL-13 receptors, as well as the stability of the proteins. We further compared the relationship between the genotype and serum levels of IL-13. RESULTS The variant showed a lower affinity with the IL-13 receptor alpha2 chain, a decoy receptor, causing less clearance. The variant also demonstrated an enhanced stability in both human and mouse plasma. We further identified that asthmatic patients homozygous for the Gln110 variant have higher serum levels of IL-13 than those without the variant. CONCLUSION These results suggested that the variant might act as a functional genetic factor of bronchial asthma with a unique mechanism to upregulate local and systemic IL-13 concentration in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Arima
- Department of Biochemistry, Saga Medical School, Saga, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Eisenmesser EZ, Horita DA, Altieri AS, Byrd RA. Solution structure of interleukin-13 and insights into receptor engagement. J Mol Biol 2001; 310:231-41. [PMID: 11419949 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2001.4765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The complex and interrelated function of the interleukin cytokines relies on a range of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory immune responses mediated by an array of receptors, and there is considerable cross-reactivity for related cytokines. Recent findings continue to elucidate the expression patterns of interleukin receptors associated with a range of diseases, including cancer. We report here the first experimentally determined high-resolution structure of human interleukin-13 (IL-13). The experimental structure is significantly different from an earlier homology model, which could have led to improper estimation of receptor interaction surfaces and design of mutational experiments. Similarities between the presented IL-13 structure and the homologous interleukin-4 (IL-4) are discussed. Additionally, mutation data for IL-4 and IL-13 are analyzed and combined with a detailed structural analysis of the IL-4/IL4Ralpha interface that leads us to postulate interactions at the IL-13/receptor interface. The structural comparison is used to interpret the different affinities for various receptors and establishes the basis for further mutational experiments and antagonist design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Z Eisenmesser
- Macromolecular NMR Section Structural Biophysics Laboratory, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Eisenmesser EZ, Kapust RB, Nawrocki JP, Mazzulla MJ, Pannell LK, Waugh DS, Byrd RA. Expression, purification, refolding, and characterization of recombinant human interleukin-13: utilization of intracellular processing. Protein Expr Purif 2000; 20:186-95. [PMID: 11049743 DOI: 10.1006/prep.2000.1283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-13 (IL-13) is a pleiotropic cytokine that elicits both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory immune responses. Recent studies underscore its role in several diseases, including asthma and cancer. Solution studies of IL-13 and its soluble receptors may facilitate the design of antagonists/agonists which would require milligram quantities of specifically labeled protein. A synthetic gene encoding human IL-13 (hIL-13) was inserted into the pMAL-c2 vector with a cleavage site for the tobacco etch virus (TEV) protease. Coexpression of the fusion protein and TEV protease led to in vivo cleavage, resulting in high levels of hIL-13 production. hIL-13, localized to inclusion bodies, was purified and refolded to yield approximately 2 mg per liter of bacteria grown in minimal media. Subsequent biochemical and biophysical analysis of both the unlabeled and (15)N-labeled protein revealed a bioactive helical monomer. In addition, the two disulfide bonds were unambiguously demonstrated to be Cys29-Cys57 and Cys45-Cys71 by a combined proteolytic digestion and mass spectrometric analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Z Eisenmesser
- Macromolecular NMR Section, National Cancer Institute-FCRDC, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tsarbopoulos A, Varnerin J, Cannon-Carlson S, Wylie D, Pramanik B, Tang J, Nagabhushan TL. Mass spectrometric mapping of disulfide bonds in recombinant human interleukin-13. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2000; 35:446-453. [PMID: 10767776 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9888(200003)35:3<446::aid-jms956>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin 13 (IL-13), a member of the a-helical family of cytokines, has approximately 30% primary sequence homology with IL-4 and shares a common receptor component. The biologically active rhIL-13 is monomeric and non-glycosylated, and contains two disulfide bonds as determined by comparative electrospray mass spectrometric (MS) analysis of the protein before and after reduction with dithiothreitol-dithioerythritol. A trypsin-resistant core peptide of rhIL-13 was isolated and analyzed by plasma desorption (PD) MS, identifying a disulfide-linked core peptide. Subsequent digestion of this core peptide by pepsin, followed by PDMS analysis of the resulting cystine-containing peptic fragments, provided rapid determination of the existing disulfide bonds between cysteine residues 28-56 and 44-70. This disulfide arrangement is similar to that observed for the analogous four internal cysteine residues in hIL-4. The conservation of disulfide bond arrangements between hIL-13 and hIL-4, coupled with their alpha-helical structure and sequence homologies, confirms that IL-13 and IL-4 are structural homologues. It is also consistent with their reported similarities in biological function and receptor binding kinetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Tsarbopoulos
- Department of Bioisolation Process Development, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Union, New Jersey 07083, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Barnes LM, Bentley CM, Dickson AJ. Advances in animal cell recombinant protein production: GS-NS0 expression system. Cytotechnology 2000; 32:109-23. [PMID: 19002973 PMCID: PMC3449689 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008170710003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of recombinant proteins using mammalian cell expression systems is of growing importance within biotechnology, largely due to the ability of specific mammalian cells to carry out post-translational modifications of the correct fidelity. The Glutamine Synthetase-NS0 system is now one such industrially important expression system.Glutamine synthetase catalyses the formation ofglutamine from glutamate and ammonia. NS0 cellscontain extremely low levels of endogenous glutaminesynthetase activity, therefore exogenous glutaminesynthetase can be used efficiently as a selectablemarker to identify successful transfectants in theabsence of glutamine in the media. In addition, theinclusion of methionine sulphoximine, an inhibitor ofglutamine synthetase activity, enables furtherselection of those clones producing relatively highlevels of transfected glutamine synthetase and henceany heterologous gene which is coupled to it. Theglutamine synthetase system technology has been usedfor research and development purposes during thisdecade and its importance is clearly demonstrated nowthat two therapeutic products produced using thissystem have reached the market place.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L M Barnes
- 2.205 School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT (Author for correspondence)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|