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Pramanik C, Bapat K, Patil P, Kotharkar S, More Y, Gotrane D, Chaskar SP, Mahajan U, Tripathy NK. Nitro-Aldol Approach for Commercial Manufacturing of Fenspiride Hydrochloride. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chinmoy Pramanik
- API R&D Centre, Emcure Pharmaceuticals Ltd., ITBT Park, Phase-II, MIDC, Hinjewadi, Pune 411057, India
| | - Kiran Bapat
- API R&D Centre, Emcure Pharmaceuticals Ltd., ITBT Park, Phase-II, MIDC, Hinjewadi, Pune 411057, India
- Department of Chemistry, Sabitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Pradip Patil
- API R&D Centre, Emcure Pharmaceuticals Ltd., ITBT Park, Phase-II, MIDC, Hinjewadi, Pune 411057, India
| | - Sandeep Kotharkar
- API R&D Centre, Emcure Pharmaceuticals Ltd., ITBT Park, Phase-II, MIDC, Hinjewadi, Pune 411057, India
| | - Yogesh More
- API R&D Centre, Emcure Pharmaceuticals Ltd., ITBT Park, Phase-II, MIDC, Hinjewadi, Pune 411057, India
| | - Dinkar Gotrane
- API R&D Centre, Emcure Pharmaceuticals Ltd., ITBT Park, Phase-II, MIDC, Hinjewadi, Pune 411057, India
| | - Sudhir P. Chaskar
- API R&D Centre, Emcure Pharmaceuticals Ltd., ITBT Park, Phase-II, MIDC, Hinjewadi, Pune 411057, India
- Department of Chemistry, Sabitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Ulhas Mahajan
- API R&D Centre, Emcure Pharmaceuticals Ltd., ITBT Park, Phase-II, MIDC, Hinjewadi, Pune 411057, India
| | - Narendra K. Tripathy
- API R&D Centre, Emcure Pharmaceuticals Ltd., ITBT Park, Phase-II, MIDC, Hinjewadi, Pune 411057, India
- Department of Chemistry, Sabitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
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Kuzubova NA, Lebedeva ES, Fedin AN, Dvorakovskaya IV, Preobrazhenskaya TN, Titova ON. Effect of fenspiride on bronchial smooth muscle of rats with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Smooth Muscle Res 2013; 49:46-54. [PMID: 24133694 PMCID: PMC5137255 DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.49.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is among the leading causes of morbidity and
mortality worldwide. Glucocorticoids are currently the most applicable anti-inflammatory
treatment for COPD. However, a subset of COPD subjects is relatively insensitive to this
treatment. Fenspiride, a non-corticosteroid anti-inflammatory drug, has been described to
have beneficial effects in patients with COPD, although the mechanism of its action is not
well known. The effect of fenspiride on contractile activity of bronchial smooth muscle
was studied in a rat model of COPD induced by long-term exposure of the animals to
nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Contractile activity of bronchial smooth muscle was
evaluated in vitro. Isometric contraction of bronchial preparations was
measured following electrical stimulation. Fenspiride administration to rats during the
acute stage of COPD (15 days of NO2 exposure) prevented the bronchial
constriction induced by NO2. The bronchodilator effect of a low-dose of
fenspiride (0.15 mg/kg) was mediated by interaction with the nerve endings of
capsaicin-sensitive C-fibers. Interaction of fenspiride with C-fibers was shown to prevent
initiation of neurogenic inflammation, as evidenced by lack of COPD-like structural
changes in the lungs. The bronchodilator effect of a high-dose of fenspiride (15 mg/kg)
was mediated not only by the afferent component, but also involved a direct relaxing
effect on smooth muscle cells. The anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator effects of a
low-dose of fenspiride may be used for prevention of COPD development in individuals from
high-risk cohorts exposed to aggressive environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya A. Kuzubova
- Research Institute of Pulmonology, I. P. Pavlov's
Saint-Petersburg State Medical University, Russia
| | - Elena S. Lebedeva
- Research Institute of Pulmonology, I. P. Pavlov's
Saint-Petersburg State Medical University, Russia
| | - Anatoliy N. Fedin
- I. M. Sechenov's Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and
Biochemistry, Russia
| | - Ivetta V. Dvorakovskaya
- Research Institute of Pulmonology, I. P. Pavlov's
Saint-Petersburg State Medical University, Russia
| | | | - Olga N. Titova
- Research Institute of Pulmonology, I. P. Pavlov's
Saint-Petersburg State Medical University, Russia
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Kuzubova NA, Lebedeva ES, Fedin AN, Dvorakovskaya IV, Titova ON. Protective effect of fenspiride on the bronchi in rats with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Bull Exp Biol Med 2013; 155:214-7. [PMID: 24130993 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-013-2116-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effect of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug fenspiride on contractive activity of bronchial smooth muscles on the model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease of rats induced by 60-day exposure to nitrogen dioxide. The administration of fenspiride during the acute stage of the disease (day 15) abolished the constricting effect of the pollutant on the bronchial smooth muscles. Dilatation effect of fenspiride in a low dose (0.15 mg/kg) was mediated by its interaction with nerve endings of bronchial capsaicin-sensitive nerve C-fibers. The interaction of drug with receptors of C-fibers prevented neurogenic inflammation, which was confirmed by the absence of structural changes in the lungs typical of this pathology. The broncholytic effect of fenspiride in a high dose (15 mg/kg) was mediated by not only afferent pathways, but also its direct relaxing action on smooth muscle cells. The observed anti-inflammatory and bronchodilatation effect of fenspiride in very low doses can be used for prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in risk-group patients contacting with aggressive environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Kuzubova
- Institute of Pulmonology, I. P. Pavlov St. Petersburg State Medical University; I. P. Pavlov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.
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Németh J, Reglödi D, Pozsgai G, Szabó A, Elekes K, Pintér E, Szolcsányi J, Helyes Z. Effect of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide-38 on sensory neuropeptide release and neurogenic inflammation in rats and mice. Neuroscience 2006; 143:223-30. [PMID: 16938409 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2006] [Revised: 07/19/2006] [Accepted: 07/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), released from capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves induce local neurogenic inflammation, while somatostatin exerts systemic anti-inflammatory actions. The aim of the present study was to investigate the release of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide-38 (PACAP-38) and its effects on sensory neuropeptide release in vitro and acute neurogenic ear swelling in vivo. Capsaicin (10(-6) M) or electrical field stimulation (EFS; 40 V, 0.1 ms, 10 Hz, 120 s; 1200 impulses)-induced release of PACAP-38, SP, CGRP and somatostatin from isolated rat tracheae was measured with radioimmunoassay. Mustard oil-induced neurogenic inflammation in the mouse ear was determined with a micrometer and in the rat hind paw skin by the Evans Blue leakage technique. Capsaicin and EFS evoked 27% and more than twofold elevation of PACAP-38 release respectively, compared with the prestimulated basal values from isolated trachea preparation. Exogenously administered PACAP-38 (20-2000 nM) diminished both capsaicin- and EFS-evoked sensory neuropeptide release in a concentration-dependent manner. The maximal inhibitory effects of PACAP on capsaicin-induced substance P, CGRP and somatostatin release amounted to 75.4%, 73.3% and 90.0%, while EFS-evoked release of these peptides was 80.03%, 87.7% and 67.7%. In case of capsaicin stimulation the EC50 values for substance P, CGRP and somatostatin were 82.9 nM, 60.1 nM and 66.9 nM, respectively. When EFS was performed, these corresponding EC50 data were 92.1 nM, 67.8 nM and 20.9 nM. PACAP-38 (10, 100 and 1000 microg/kg i.p. in 200 microl volume) inhibited neurogenic ear swelling in the mouse. Furthermore, 100 microg/kg i.p. PACAP also significantly diminished mustard oil-evoked plasma protein extravasation in the rat skin. These results suggest that PACAP-38 is released from the stimulated peripheral terminals of capsaicin-sensitive afferents and it is able to inhibit the outflow of sensory neuropeptides. Based on this mechanism of action PACAP is also able to effectively diminish/abolish neurogenic inflammatory response in vivo after systemic administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Németh
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, H-7643, Szigeti u. 12, Pécs, Hungary
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Wakefield ID, Pollard C, Redfern WS, Hammond TG, Valentin JP. The application of in vitro methods to safety pharmacology. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2002; 16:209-18. [PMID: 12165068 DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-8206.2002.00099.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The ICH S7A guideline defines safety pharmacology (SP) studies as those that investigate 'the potential undesirable pharmacodynamic effects of a substance on physiological functions in relation to exposure in the therapeutic range and above', and permits both in vivo and in vitro techniques, as appropriate. The implementation of these ICH guidelines by the pharmaceutical industry--whilst providing a welcome and long overdue clarity into the scientific rationale, timing and regulatory requirements for SP studies--has also generated new challenges, both logistical and scientific, which have a major impact on drug development. These factors have motivated us to consider the introduction of in vitro techniques at an early stage of SP evaluation. Amongst these factors are: the expanded range of study types and physiological parameters to be assessed, the increased 'front-loading' of SP at earlier stages of the drug discovery process; the greater number of new chemical entities (NCEs) to be tested, together with limited compound supply; the condensed time frames for drug development, the higher and quicker throughput of in vitro vs. in vivo tests; the increasing predictability of in vitro tests and application of the '3Rs' rule of animal welfare (reduction, replacement and refinement). Also, there is the failure of traditional in vivo safety evaluation to predict certain clinical side-effects. The use of molecular (e.g. fluorescence and cloned ion channel), cellular (e.g. patch clamp and isolated cardiac cells) and tissue-based (e.g. microelectrodes and Purkinje fibres) methods offers a wide portfolio of novel techniques for SP evaluation of NCEs at a pre-in vivo stage. Thus, innovative in vitro techniques will contribute significantly to the early SP evaluation of NCEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D Wakefield
- Safety Assessment UK, AstraZeneca R & D, Aldereley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK, SK10 4TG.
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Abstract
Activation of nerves increases airway mucus secretion. The mucus derives from submucosal glands and epithelial goblet cells. Depending upon species and airway level, innervation comprises parasympathetic (cholinergic), sympathetic (adrenergic) and 'sensory-efferent' pathways. In all species studied, cholinergic mechanisms predominate, particularly in human airways. Muscarinic M3 receptors on the secretory cells mediate the cholinergic response. Tachykinins (substance P and neurokinin A) mediate the sensory-efferent response, acting via tachykinin NK1 receptors. Endogenous mechanisms regulate the magnitude of neurogenic secretion, including enzymes (degrade neurotransmitters), nitric oxide (NO) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) (regulate stimulated secretion), and muscarinic M2 autoreceptors (inhibit acetylcholine release). Exogenous opioids also inhibit neurogenic secretion prejunctionally. Both VIP and opioids act by opening large conductance, calcium-activated potassium (BK(Ca)) channels. Present understanding of neural control of mucus secretion in animal airways requires translation into human data. This information should lead to rational development of drugs for bronchial diseases in which neurogenic mucus hypersecretion contributes to pathophysiology, including chronic bronchitis and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Rogers
- Thoracic Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, Dovehouse Street, SW3 6LY, London, UK.
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