A risk assessment for exposure to glass wool

Assessment of health implications related to processing and use of natural wool insulation products

This paper discusses possible health implications related to dust particles released during the manufacture of sheep's wool-based non-woven insulation material. Such insulation may replace traditional synthetic insulation products used in roofs, wall cavities, etc. A review of the literature concerning organic dusts in general and sheep's wool fiber summarizes dust exposure patterns, toxicological pathways and the hazards imposed by inhalation and explosion risk. This paper highlights a need for more research in order to refrain from overgeneralizing potential pulmonary and carcinogenic risks across the industries. Variables existing between industries such as the use of different wool types, processes, and additives are shown to have varying health effects. Within the final section of the paper, the health issues raised are compared with those that have been extensively documented for the rock and glass wool industries.

Research needs to improve risk assessment of fiber toxicity

Risk characterization of exposure to toxic compounds requires information on the intrinsic toxic properties, including toxic mechanism and toxicokinetics, on dose response at the most critical targets for identification of the NOEL or for extrapolation from high to low dose, and on human exposure. Abundant information is available on the intrinsic properties of MMMF, on the three D's (dose, dimension, durability) and on the toxic mechanisms. However, only a few of these studies provide information on the dose response of the effects or of the mechanisms investigated. Moreover, in many cases single high doses exceeding the MTD have been applied and are difficult to interpret for lower exposure scenarios. Risk characterization is further hampered by the still open question whether MMMF are directly genotoxic or induce secondary genotoxicity via inflammation. Finally, there is disagreement about the relevance of animal studies on MMMF for humans and thus about the most rational extrapolation of the dose response of toxic effects observed in animals to man. These deficits are briefly described and discussed from a toxicological point of view.

Using carcinogenic potency ranking to assign air contaminants to emission classes

Carcinogenic air contaminants are assigned to emission classes with different emission limits on the basis of their inhalation carcinogenic potency within the revised form of the German First General Administrative Regulation Pertaining to the Federal Emission Control Law (Technical Instructions on Air Quality Control-TA Luft). Accordingly, compounds with high carcinogenic potency are regulated more strictly than less potent substances. The data on carcinogenic properties are heterogeneous. Twenty-five substances or substance groups have been scrutinized and a procedure has been developed to rank these chemicals according to their carcinogenic potency. For 14 substances well-founded unit risk estimates were available to allow assignment of these air contaminants to emission classes. Unit risk estimates for bromoethane, 2-butanone oxime, and o-toluidine were derived using the ED(10)/LED(10) method based on animal studies. For several substances no qualified unit risk estimates or carcinogenicity studies were available to estimate carcinogenic potency after inhalation. Carcinogenic potency of these substances was approximated using two simple methods, T25 and CELmin.

Respiratory cancer and exposure to man-made vitreous fibers: a systematic review

BACKGROUND

Man-made vitreous fibers (MMVF's) have some structural features similar to those found in asbestos. This has lead to concern that exposure to MMVF's could increase the risk of respiratory cancer.

METHODS

Bibliographic resources were used to identify 10 case-control and 10 cohort studies, which analyzed the relationship between exposure to MMVF's and cancer of the respiratory system. Standardized mortality ratio's (SMR's) were extracted from the cohort studies for a meta-analysis.

RESULTS

A significant increase in SMR was observed for workers exposed to rock and glass wool, but not in workers exposed to glass filament. Meta-analysis of SMR's after stratification by fiber type resulted in aggregate estimates of risk of 1.23 (95% CI = 1.10-1.38), 1.08 (95% CI = 0.93-1.26), and 1.32 (95% CI = 1.15-1.52) for exposure to glass wool, glass filament, and rock wool, respectively. Some or all of the increased mortality could be attributed to tobacco use.

CONCLUSIONS

The results highlight the difficulty of assessing small increases in risk of respiratory cancer potentially caused by occupational exposure in populations with high prevalence of tobacco use.