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Gao Y, Zhao Y, Yao Y, Chen S, Xu L, Wu N, Tu Y. Recent trends in design of healthier fat replacers: Type, replacement mechanism, sensory evaluation method and consumer acceptance. Food Chem 2024; 447:138982. [PMID: 38489876 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, with the increasing awareness of consumers about the relationship between excessive fat intake and chronic diseases, such as obesity, heart disease, diabetes, etc., the demand for low-fat foods has increased year by year. However, a simple reduction of fat content in food will cause changes in physical and chemical properties, physiological properties, and sensory properties of food. Therefore, developing high-quality fat replacers to replace natural fats has become an emerging trend, and it is still a technical challenge to completely simulate the special function of natural fat in low-fat foods. This review aims to provide an overview of development trends of fat replacers, and the different types of fat replacers, the potential fat replacement mechanisms, sensory evaluation methods, and their consumer acceptance are discussed and compared, which may provide a theoretical guidance to produce fat replacers and develop more healthy low-fat products favored by consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxue Gao
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Functional Food, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Agricultural Products Processing and Quality Control Engineering Laboratory of Jiangxi, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Jiangxi Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Agricultural Products Storage and Processing Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Nanchang Key Laboratory of Egg Safety Production and Processing Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Functional Food, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Agricultural Products Processing and Quality Control Engineering Laboratory of Jiangxi, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Jiangxi Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Agricultural Products Storage and Processing Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Nanchang Key Laboratory of Egg Safety Production and Processing Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Yao Yao
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Functional Food, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Agricultural Products Processing and Quality Control Engineering Laboratory of Jiangxi, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Jiangxi Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Agricultural Products Storage and Processing Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Nanchang Key Laboratory of Egg Safety Production and Processing Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Shuping Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Functional Food, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Agricultural Products Processing and Quality Control Engineering Laboratory of Jiangxi, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Jiangxi Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Agricultural Products Storage and Processing Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Nanchang Key Laboratory of Egg Safety Production and Processing Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Lilan Xu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Functional Food, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Agricultural Products Processing and Quality Control Engineering Laboratory of Jiangxi, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Jiangxi Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Agricultural Products Storage and Processing Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Nanchang Key Laboratory of Egg Safety Production and Processing Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Na Wu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Functional Food, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Agricultural Products Processing and Quality Control Engineering Laboratory of Jiangxi, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Jiangxi Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Agricultural Products Storage and Processing Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Nanchang Key Laboratory of Egg Safety Production and Processing Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
| | - Yonggang Tu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Functional Food, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Agricultural Products Processing and Quality Control Engineering Laboratory of Jiangxi, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Jiangxi Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Agricultural Products Storage and Processing Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Nanchang Key Laboratory of Egg Safety Production and Processing Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
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de Boer A, Krul L, Fehr M, Geurts L, Kramer N, Tabernero Urbieta M, van der Harst J, van de Water B, Venema K, Schütte K, Hepburn PA. Animal-free strategies in food safety & nutrition: What are we waiting for? Part I: Food safety. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Van Kleef E, Van Trijp JCM, Van Den Borne JJGC, Zondervan C. Successful development of satiety enhancing food products: towards a multidisciplinary agenda of research challenges. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2012; 52:611-28. [PMID: 22530713 PMCID: PMC3662086 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2010.504901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In the context of increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity in societies worldwide, enhancing the satiating capacity of foods may help people control their energy intake and weight. This requires an integrated approach between various food-related disciplines. By structuring this approach around the new product development process, this paper aims to present the contours of such an integrative approach by going through the current state of the art around satiety enhancing foods. It portrays actual food choice as the end result of a complex interaction between internal satiety signals, other food benefits, and environmental cues. Three interrelated routes to satiating enhancement are to change the food composition to develop stronger physiological satiation and satiety signals, anticipate and build on smart external stimuli at the moment of purchase and consumption, and improve palatability and acceptance of satiety enhanced foods. Key research challenges in achieving these routes in the field of nutrition, food technology, consumer, marketing, and communication are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Van Kleef
- Wageningen University, Marketing & Consumer Behaviour Group, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Nehir El S, Simsek S. Food Technological Applications for Optimal Nutrition: An Overview of Opportunities for the Food Industry. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2011.00167.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Forker A, Zahn S, Rohm H. A Combination of Fat Replacers Enables the Production of Fat-reduced Shortdough Biscuits with High-sensory quality. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-011-0536-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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de Jong N, Ros MM, Ocké MC, Verhagen H. A general postlaunch monitoring framework for functional foods tested with the phytosterol/-stanol case. Trends Food Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Hepburn P, Howlett J, Boeing H, Cockburn A, Constable A, Davi A, de Jong N, Moseley B, Oberdörfer R, Robertson C, Wal J, Samuels F. The application of post-market monitoring to novel foods. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:9-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2007] [Revised: 09/04/2007] [Accepted: 09/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Current regulations focus on the mandatory safety evaluation of functional foods before they come to market, but Nynke de Jongand colleagues argue that the effects of such foods should also be evaluated after they have been launched
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Affiliation(s)
- Nynke de Jong
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, Netherlands.
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Post Launch Monitoring of food products: what can be learned from pharmacovigilance. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2007; 47:213-20. [PMID: 17204356 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2006.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Post Launch Monitoring (PLM) is one of the new approaches that are used in assessing the safety of novel foods or ingredients. It shares a close resemblance with procedures applied in the field of medicines, where Post Marketing Surveillance (PMS) has been carried out since the beginning of the 1960s. For this reason, Unilever and the Netherlands Pharmacovigilance Centre Lareb, maintaining the national reporting scheme in the Netherlands for adverse drug reactions, have been working together to optimize the Unilever's Post Launch Monitoring service. As a result of this cooperation a practical model for conducting PLM for food products has been developed. This model is also applicable for consumer products in general. The system allows for coding and assessing reports and the early detection of 'signals' of unintended health reactions. The methodological issues surrounding reporting of possible health reactions and practical issues surrounding coding and assessment of the reports that were encountered in the first period of this partnership are discussed. In addition, similarities and differences concerning PMS and PLM are described.
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Lea LJ, Hepburn PA. Safety evaluation of phytosterol-esters. Part 9: Results of a European post-launch monitoring programme. Food Chem Toxicol 2006; 44:1213-22. [PMID: 16542769 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2005] [Revised: 11/28/2005] [Accepted: 01/30/2006] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Phytosterol-esters were developed by Unilever as a cholesterol lowering novel food ingredient for use initially in vegetable oil spreads. In addition to an extensive package of safety studies and clinical studies a programme of post-launch monitoring (PLM) was developed. PLM was used to address the following questions: (a) Is the product use as predicted/recommended? (b) Are the known effects as predicted? (c) Does the product cause unexpected health effects? The overall conclusions from the PLM programme were: the product is being bought by the target population but intakes are less than the original assumptions made in the risk assessment; long-term use of phytosterol-ester enriched spreads results in a reduction in the serum levels of the most lipophilic carotenoids but at current levels of intake this is unlikely to result in reductions in carotenoids that are of biological significance; evaluation of health related consumer complaints have not indicated any unexpected health effects associated with the use of the product in the marketplace. As part of the European approval under Regulation (EC) No. 258/97 on Novel Foods and Food Ingredients the results of the PLM programme had to be submitted to the European Commission (EC) and reviewed by the Scientific Committee on Food (SCF). They concluded that the study provided valuable information, which complemented the pre-market safety evaluation studies, and that the EC mandatory requirement had been met.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Lea
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever Colworth, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, UK.
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Nutritional and Safety Assessments of Foods and Feeds Nutritionally Improved through Biotechnology: An Executive Summary A Task Force Report by the International Life Sciences Institute, Washington, D.C. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2004; 3:35-104. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2004.tb00059.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Fouad FM, Mamer O, Sauriol F, Khayyal M, Lesimple A, Ruhenstroth-Bauer G. Cardiac heart disease in the era of sucrose polyester, Helicobacter pylori and Chlamydia pneumoniae. Med Hypotheses 2004; 62:257-67. [PMID: 14962637 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-9877(03)00301-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2003] [Accepted: 10/24/2003] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence associates inflammatory mediators with coronary heart disease. Elevation of acute-phase reaction (APR) proteins such as serum amyloid A, fibrinogen, CRP and haptoglobin in response to Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection was shown to initiate gastritis and ischemic heart disease. Positive Chlamydia pneumoniae (C. pneumoniae) serology is associated with increased levels of inflammatory cytokines and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), which stimulates endothelial cell activation, procoagulant activity and angiogenesis in patients with coronary heart disease. As a final example, interleukin-6 (IL-6) has been proposed to mediate cardiovascular disorders. Public awareness of risks of excessive body weight and high levels of serum cholesterol propelled the development of synthetic dietary components such as sucrose polyester (SPE) to substitute for natural lipids. SPE is a synthetic lipid whose physical properties are similar to a natural triacylglycerol with a similar assortment of fatty acids and is resistant to lipolysis by gastric and pancreatic enzymes. Intake of SPE in lieu of natural lipids is expected to decrease absorption of essential fatty acids (EFA) and fat-soluble vitamins among other essentials. Deficiency of EFA leads to the formation of faulty cellular membranes, which is manifested as skin lesions, growth failure, erythrocyte fragility, impairment of fertility and uncoupling of oxidation and phosphorylation. Possibilities of absorption of these synthetic lipids into the circulation may represent an unexpected health hazard. We have shown that subcutaneous (sc) administration to rabbits of a range of lipolysis-resistant lipid-like sorbitol, mannitol and arabitol esters of palmitic (P) and lauric (L) acids was found to evoke a mild APR, which in humans could contribute to CHD incidence. We suggest a reversal in the commonly accepted role of SPE as a sequestor of dietary lipid: SPE may be the lipophilic solute contained within the dietary lipid solvent micelle. An alternative conclusion regarding the biological effects of excessive dose of SPE in human and pig for a short time span should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Fouad
- The Biomedical Mass Spectrometry Unit, 1130 Pine Avenue West, McGill University, Montreal, Que, Canada H3A 1A3.
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Schilter B, Andersson C, Anton R, Constable A, Kleiner J, O'Brien J, Renwick AG, Korver O, Smit F, Walker R. Guidance for the safety assessment of botanicals and botanical preparations for use in food and food supplements. Food Chem Toxicol 2003; 41:1625-49. [PMID: 14563389 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(03)00221-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing interest by both consumers and industry for the development of food products with 'functional' properties, or health benefits. These products may take the form of dietary supplements or of foods. The health benefits are given by particular ingredients, and in many cases these are derived from botanicals. The variety of plants providing these functions is large, ranging from staple food sources such as cereals, fruits and vegetables, to herbals as used in traditional medicine. The food or ingredient conferring health properties may consist of the plants themselves, extracts thereof, or more purified components. The scientific literature is abundant with articles not only on the beneficial properties, but also on possible adverse health effects of plants and their components. The present report discusses the data required to determine the safe use of these types of ingredients, and provides advice on the development of risk assessment strategies consistent with due diligence under existing food regulations. Product specifications, composition and characterisation of standardised and authentic materials, documented history of use and comparison to existing products (taking into account the effect of industrial processing), description of the intended use and consequent exposure are highlighted as key background information on which to base a risk evaluation. The extent of experimental investigation required, such as in vitro, animal, and/or human studies, depends on the adequacy of this information. A decision tree is presented as an aid to determine the extent of data requirements based on product comparison. The ultimate safety in use depends on the establishment of an adequate safety margin between expected exposure and identified potential hazards. Health hazards may arise from inherent toxicities or contaminants of the plant materials, including the mechanism of the intended beneficial effect. A lower safety margin may therefore be expected than for food ingredients or additives where no physiological effects are intended. In rare cases, post launch monitoring programmes may be envisaged to confirm expected exposures and adequacy of the safety margin. This guidance document was elaborated by an expert group of the Natural Toxin Task Force of the European Branch of the International Life Sciences Institute--ILSI Europe and discussed with a wider audience of scientists at a workshop held on 13-15 May 2002 in Marseille, France.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Schilter
- Nestlé, Nestlé Research Centre, PO Box 44, Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
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Hlywka JJ, Reid JE, Munro IC. The use of consumption data to assess exposure to biotechnology-derived foods and the feasibility of identifying effects on human health through post-market monitoring. Food Chem Toxicol 2003; 41:1273-82. [PMID: 12909259 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(03)00116-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The pre-market safety assessment of foods derived through biotechnology provides a scientific basis for concluding reasonable certainty of no harm and ensuring safety. At a minimum, the outcome of such an assessment provides sufficient information to estimate the likelihood of adverse effects on consumers, generally precluding the need for post-market monitoring. Post-market monitoring (PMM) may be appropriate under certain conditions where a better estimate of dietary exposure and/or nutritional consequence of a biotechnology-derived food is required, when a potential safety issue, such as allergenicity, cannot be adequately addressed through pre-market studies, or to corroborate dietary intakes of a nutritionally improved food with beneficial effects on human health. Monitoring programs must be hypothesis-driven, and are dependent upon the availability of accurate consumption data. Exposure assessment methods include both deterministic and probabilistic estimates of intakes using food supply data, individual dietary surveys, household surveys, or total diet studies. In the development of a monitoring approach, resource allocation should be dependent upon both the desired level of conservatism and the endpoint of interest. However, the cost of monitoring varies substantially, and the potential to determine causation may be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Hlywka
- Cantox Health Sciences International, Suite 308, 2233 Argentia Road, ON L5N 2X7 Mississauga, Canada.
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Burks AW, Christie L, Althage KA, Kesler JM, Allgood GS. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, food allergy challenge to olestra snacks. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2001; 34:178-81. [PMID: 11603960 DOI: 10.1006/rtph.2001.1488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Following approval of the fat replacer olestra for use in preparing savory snacks, Procter & Gamble implemented a postmarketing surveillance program to monitor marketplace introduction. Three and one-half percent of all health effects reported by consumers to the surveillance toll-free number were allergy-type symptoms (e.g., rash, itching, edema, hives, dyspnea). Because of these reports, we investigated whether olestra or some component of olestra snacks was a likely allergen in some subset of the population. A single center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject crossover food challenge study was conducted to confirm or refute the allergenicity of olestra snacks. Of the 65 subjects who reported symptoms consistent with immediate hypersensitivity to olestra's postmarketing surveillance program, 14 men and women traveled to the Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute to participate in this study. Each subject underwent a standard skin prick test at the beginning of the study, to help determine what component, if any, of the olestra product was allergenic. Following the skin prick test, subjects ate in random order, olestra-containing potato chips and regular fat-containing potato chips. The dose of potato chips consumed at each challenge was at least the amount alleged to have caused the symptoms that prompted the consumer to phone the postmarketing surveillance toll-free number. No subject experienced an allergic reaction after consuming the olestra-containing chips. Nor did any subject elicit a positive response to olestra following the skin prick testing. Two subjects had positive reactions consistent with immediate hypersensitivity after consuming the regular-fat, placebo potato chips. The results of this study confirm that olestra is unlikely to have an allergenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Burks
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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