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Murata K, Yoshikawa N, Yoshimoto K, Namera A, Takeshita H, Nagao M. BIMP affects tubulin structure and causes abnormalities in cell division. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2021; 53:101929. [PMID: 34225093 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2021.101929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Although organophosphorus agents are used worldwide as pesticides, there have been many reports of pesticide poisoning. Nerve agents are organophosphorus agents that interfere with neurotransmission and have been used as chemical weapons in wars. These agents mainly irreversibly inhibit the action of acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter, and are believed to cause acute symptoms of poisoning. However, in recent years, the presence of subacute, delayed toxicity independent of acetylcholinesterase inhibition has been reported for some organophosphorus agents. We analyzed the subacute and delayed toxicity of bis(isopropylmethyl)phosphonate (BIMP), which has the same phosphonate group as sarin. BIMP rounded out the morphology of the cells and reduced the proportion of cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle over time. No DNA damage was observed, suggesting that BIMP may affect cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Murata
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Naotaka Yoshikawa
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kanji Yoshimoto
- Department of Food Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Hiroshima Institute of Technology, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Akira Namera
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Haruo Takeshita
- Department of Legal Medicine, Shimane University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masataka Nagao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
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2
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Olivares-Bañuelos TN, Martínez-Hernández I, Hernández-Kelly LC, Chi-Castañeda D, Vega L, Ortega A. The neurotoxin diethyl dithiophosphate impairs glutamate transport in cultured Bergmann glia cells. Neurochem Int 2018; 123:77-84. [PMID: 29908254 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate, the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate Central Nervous System, is involved in almost every aspect of brain physiology, and its signaling properties are severely affected in most neurodegenerative diseases. This neurotransmitter has to be efficiently removed from the synaptic cleft in order to prevent an over-stimulation of glutamate receptors that leads to neuronal death. Specific sodium-dependent membrane transporters, highly enriched in glial cells, elicit the clearance of glutamate. Once internalized, it is metabolized to glutamine by the glia-enriched enzyme Glutamine synthetase. Accumulated glutamine is released into the extracellular space for its uptake into pre-synaptic neurons and its conversion to glutamate that is packed into synaptic vesicles completing the glutamate/glutamine cycle. Diverse chemical compounds, like organophosphates, directly affect brain chemistry by altering levels of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft. Organophosphate compounds are widely used as pesticides, and all living organisms are continuously exposed to these substances, either in a direct or indirect manner. Its metabolites, like the diethyl dithiophosphate, are capable of causing brain damage through diverse mechanisms including perturbation of neuronal-glial cell interactions and have been associated with attention-deficit disorders and other mental illness. In order to characterize the neurotoxic mechanisms of diethyl dithiophosphate, we took advantage of the well characterized model of chick cerebellar Bergmann glia cultures. A significant impairment of [3H] d-Aspartate transport was found upon exposure to the metabolite. These results indicate that glia cells are targets of neurotoxic substances such as pesticides and that these cells might be critically involved in the associated neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana N Olivares-Bañuelos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, 22860, Mexico
| | - Isabel Martínez-Hernández
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados Del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, 07000, Mexico
| | - Luisa C Hernández-Kelly
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados Del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, 07000, Mexico
| | - Donají Chi-Castañeda
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados Del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, 07000, Mexico; Soluciones para un México Verde S.A. de C.V, Ciudad de México, 01210, Mexico
| | - Libia Vega
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados Del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, 07000, Mexico
| | - Arturo Ortega
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados Del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, 07000, Mexico.
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3
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Alam TM, Kinnan MK, Wilson BW, Wheeler DR. Sub-Equimolar Hydrolysis and Condensation of Organophosphates. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Todd M. Alam
- Department of Organic Materials Science; Sandia National Laboratories; Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA
| | - Mark K. Kinnan
- Department of Chemical & Biological Systems; Sandia National Laboratories; Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA
| | - Brendan W. Wilson
- Department of Organic Materials Science; Sandia National Laboratories; Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA
| | - David R. Wheeler
- Department of Special Systems; Sandia National Laboratories; Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA
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4
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Arima Y, Shiraishi H, Saito A, Yoshimoto K, Namera A, Makita R, Murata K, Imaizumi K, Nagao M. The sarin-like organophosphorus agent bis(isopropyl methyl)phosphonate induces ER stress in human astrocytoma cells. J Toxicol Sci 2016; 41:617-25. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.41.617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Arima
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Hiroaki Shiraishi
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Atsushi Saito
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Kanji Yoshimoto
- Department of Food Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Hiroshima Institute of Technology
| | - Akira Namera
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Ryosuke Makita
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hiroshima Cosmopolitan University
| | - Kazuhiro Murata
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Kazunori Imaizumi
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Masataka Nagao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
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5
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Modulation of immune response by organophosphorus pesticides: fishes as a potential model in immunotoxicology. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:213836. [PMID: 25973431 PMCID: PMC4417994 DOI: 10.1155/2015/213836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune response is modulated by different substances that are present in the environment. Nevertheless, some of these may cause an immunotoxic effect. In this paper, the effect of organophosphorus pesticides (frequent substances spilled in aquatic ecosystems) on the immune system of fishes and in immunotoxicology is reviewed. Furthermore, some cellular and molecular mechanisms that might be involved in immunoregulation mechanisms of organophosphorus pesticides are discussed.
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Watanabe Y, Itoh T, Shiraishi H, Maeno Y, Arima Y, Torikoshi A, Namera A, Makita R, Yoshizumi M, Nagao M. Acute effects of a sarin-like organophosphorus agent, bis(isopropyl methyl)phosphonate, on cardiovascular parameters in anaesthetized, artificially ventilated rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 272:61-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Li T, Zhao H, Hung GC, Han J, Tsai S, Li B, Zhang J, Puri RK, Lo SC. Differentially expressed genes and pathways induced by organophosphates in human neuroblastoma cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 237:1413-23. [PMID: 23354400 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2012.012178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphates (OPs) are toxic chemicals commonly used as pesticides and herbicides. Some OPs are highly toxic to humans and have been used in warfare and terrorist attacks. In order to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of injury caused by OPs, the differentially expressed genes were analyzed in human SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells induced by three OPs. The SK-N-SH cells were treated with one of the three OPs, chlorpyrifos, dichlorvos or methamidophos at LC20 (high-dose), the concentration causing 20% cell death, as well as 1/20 of LC20 (low-dose), a sub-lethal concentration with no detectable cell death, for 24 h. The genome-wide gene changes were identified by Agilent Microarray System, and analyzed by microarray analysis tools. The analysis revealed neuroblastoma cells treated with the high doses of all three OPs markedly activated cell apoptosis and inhibited cell growth and proliferation genes, which would most likely lead to the process of cell death. Interestingly, the analysis also revealed significant decrease in expressions of many genes in a specific spliceosome pathway in cells treated with the low doses of all three different OPs. The change of spliceosome pathway may represent an important mechanism of injury in neuronal cells exposed to low doses of various OPs. In addition to unraveling a potentially different form of OP pathogenesis, this finding could provide a new diagnostic marker in assessing OP-associated injury in cells or tissues. In addition, these results could also contribute to the development of new prevention and/or therapeutic regimens against OP toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwei Li
- Tissue Safety Laboratory Program, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, NIH Building 29B, 29 Lincoln Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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8
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Magnarelli G, Fonovich T. Protein phosphorylation pathways disruption by pesticides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/abc.2013.35050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Single dose exposure of sarin and physostigmine differentially regulates expression of choline acetyltransferase and vesicular acetylcholine transporter in rat brain. Chem Biol Interact 2012; 198:57-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Meek EC, Chambers HW, Coban A, Funck KE, Pringle RB, Ross MK, Chambers JE. Synthesis and In Vitro and In Vivo Inhibition Potencies of Highly Relevant Nerve Agent Surrogates. Toxicol Sci 2012; 126:525-33. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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11
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RamaRao G, Bhattacharya BK. Multiple signal transduction pathways alterations during nerve agent toxicity. Toxicol Lett 2011; 208:16-22. [PMID: 22001750 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nerve agent toxicity is primarily due to the synaptic build up of toxic levels of acetylcholine. The acute lethal effects of the nerve agents are generally attributed to respiratory failure caused by a combination of effects at both central and peripheral levels and are further complicated by copious secretions, muscle fasciculations, and convulsions. In addition to this, a range of non cholinergic effects have been observed. The development of effective treatment to block multiple effects resulting from nerve agent exposure is hampered by a limited understanding of the molecular changes responsible for their persistent effects. Excessive accumulation of acetylcholine leads to activation nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, these receptors activate diverse kind of cellular responses by distinct signaling pathways. Metabolism of cyclic nucleotides, membrane phospholipids, activation of a multitude of protein kinases and the induction of transcription factors are the key biochemical steps and pathways that have been investigated. This review will focus on the effects of nerve agents on signal transduction pathways; particularly, MAP kinases, protein kinase C isozymes, calcium calmodulin dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and on cytoskeletal proteins, calpain, and certain transcription factors and discusses how such changes may be involved in nerve agent induced neurotoxicity. Alterations in these key brain proteins could explain the neurological impairments following nerve agent exposure. A better understanding of the whole picture may lead to new pharmacological interventions aimed to improve or modulate those signal transduction pathways affected during nerve agent poisoning or associated pathologies that are responsible for neuronal disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- G RamaRao
- Biochemistry Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, M.P., India.
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12
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RamaRao G, Waghmare C, Kumar Gupta A, Bhattacharya BK. Soman-induced alterations of protein kinase C isozymes expression in five discrete areas of the rat brain. Drug Chem Toxicol 2011; 34:221-32. [DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2010.511647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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13
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RamaRao G, Waghmare CK, Srivastava N, Bhattacharya BK. Regional alterations of JNK3 and CaMKIIα subunit expression in the rat brain after soman poisoning. Hum Exp Toxicol 2010; 30:448-59. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327110386814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) exert numerous and diverse functions in the brain. However, their role in nerve agent poisoning is poorly understood. In the present study, rats were exposed to soman (80 µg/kg) subcutaneously to study the changes in the protein levels of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II alpha subunit (CaMKIIα) and JNK3 and activities of acetylcholinestarase (AChE) and CaMKII in the rat brain. Western blot analysis revealed that significant changes were found in both the protein kinases expression. Immunoreactivity levels of neural specific JNK3 isoform increased from 2.5 hours to 30 days after soman exposure in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, striatum and thalamus regions and decreased in the case of cerebellum. CaMKIIα expression levels were also increased from 2.5 hours to 30 days after soman exposure in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, thalamus and down regulated in cerebellum. AChE activity remained inhibited in plasma and brain up to 3 days post exposure. CaMKII activity was increased in cerebrum and decreased in cerebellum. Results suggest that altered expression of both the protein kinases play a role in nerve agent-induced long-term neurotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. RamaRao
- Division of Biochemistry, Defense Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India,
| | - CK Waghmare
- Division of Biochemistry, Defense Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Nalini Srivastava
- Division of Biochemistry, Defense Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - BK Bhattacharya
- Division of Biochemistry, Defense Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
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14
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Sadri S, Bahrami F, Khazaei M, Hashemi M, Asgari A. Cannabinoid Receptor Agonist WIN-55,212-2 Protects Differentiated PC12 Cells From Organophosphorus- Induced Apoptosis. Int J Toxicol 2010; 29:201-8. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581809359708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoid neuroprotection is usually greater in vivo than in neuronal cell culture systems. To the authors' knowledge, a good in vitro culture model for the neuroprotective effects of cannabinoids does not exist. Therefore, a 3-dimensional (3D) culture system was developed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of the cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN-55,212-2 on apoptosis of differentiated PC12 cells, caused by the organophosphorus compounds paraoxon and diazinon. Cells pretreated with WIN-55,212-2 were exposed to a proapoptotic concentration of paraoxon and diazinon. TUNEL was used to detect apoptosis, and neurite length was assessed by morphometry. Both paraoxon and diazinon induced apoptosis, although the latter was more potent. WIN-55,212-2 also protected cells from neurite retraction and DNA fragmentation induced by the OPs. The results suggest that WIN-55,212-2 protects PC12 cells cultured under 3D conditions from organophosphorus-induced apoptosis. This 3D culture system may prove to be a useful tool for investigating the neuroprotective effects of cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheil Sadri
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Stem Cells Division, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Applied Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farideh Bahrami
- Applied Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mozafar Khazaei
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Stem Cells Division, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mansoureh Hashemi
- Applied Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Asgari
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Pachiappan A, Thwin MM, Weng Keong L, Lee FK, Manikandan J, Sivakumar V, Gopalakrishnakone P. ETS2 Regulating Neurodegenerative Signaling Pathway of Human Neuronal (SH-SY5Y) Cells Exposed to Single and Repeated Low-Dose Sarin (GB). Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 22:990-6. [DOI: 10.1021/tx8003467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arjunan Pachiappan
- Departments of Anatomy and Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore 118230, and Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Maung Maung Thwin
- Departments of Anatomy and Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore 118230, and Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Loke Weng Keong
- Departments of Anatomy and Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore 118230, and Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Fook Kay Lee
- Departments of Anatomy and Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore 118230, and Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Jayapal Manikandan
- Departments of Anatomy and Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore 118230, and Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Viswanathan Sivakumar
- Departments of Anatomy and Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore 118230, and Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Ponnampalam Gopalakrishnakone
- Departments of Anatomy and Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore 118230, and Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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16
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Damodaran TV, Patel AG, Greenfield ST, Dressman HK, Lin SM, Abou-Donia MB. Gene expression profiles of the rat brain both immediately and 3 months following acute sarin exposure. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 71:497-520. [PMID: 16376859 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2005] [Revised: 10/07/2005] [Accepted: 10/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We have studied sarin-induced global gene expression patterns at an early time point (15 min; 0.5xLD50) and a later time point (3 months; 1xLD50) using Affymetrix: Rat Neurobiology U34 chips in male, Sprague-Dawley rats and have identified a total of 65 (early) and 38 (late) genes showing statistically significant alterations from control levels at 15 min and 3 months, respectively. At the early time point, those that are classified as ion channel, cytoskeletal and cell adhesion molecules, in addition to neuropeptides and their receptors predominated over all other groups. The other groups included: cholinergic signaling, calcium channel and binding proteins, transporters, chemokines, GABAnergic, glutamatergic, aspartate, catecholaminergic, nitric oxide synthase, purinergic, and serotonergic signaling molecules. At the late time point, genes that are classified as calcium channel and binding proteins, cytoskeletal and cell adhesion molecules and GABAnergic signaling molecules were most prominent. Seven molecules (Ania-9, Arrb-1, CX-3C, Gabab-1d, Nos-2a, Nrxn-1b, PDE2) were identified that showed altered persistent expression in both time points. Selected genes from each of these time points were further validated using semi quantitative RT-PCR approaches. Some of the genes that were identified in the present study have been shown to be involved in organophosphate-induced neurotoxicity by both other groups as well as ours. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the expression data from both time points was used for comparative analysis of the gene expression, which indicated that the changes in gene expression were a function of dose and time of euthanasia after the treatment. Our model also predicts that besides dose and duration of post-treatment period, age and possibly other factors may be playing important roles in the regulation of pathways, leading to the neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirupapuliyur V Damodaran
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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17
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Isobe I, Maeno Y, Nagao M, Iwasa M, Koyama H, Seko-Nakamura Y, Monma-Ohtaki J. Cytoplasmic vacuolation in cultured rat astrocytes induced by an organophosphorus agent requires extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 193:383-92. [PMID: 14678747 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2003.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
There are various toxic chemicals that cause cell death. However, in certain cases deleterious agents elicit various cellular responses prior to cell death. To determine the cellular mechanisms by which such cellular responses are induced is important, but sufficient attention has not been paid to this issue to date. In this study, we showed the characteristic effects of an organophosphorus (OP) agent, bis(pinacolyl methyl)phosphonate (BPMP), which we synthesized for the study of OP nerve agents, on cultured rat astrocytes. Morphologically, BPMP induced cytoplasmic vacuolation and stellation in the rat astrocytes. Cytoplasmic vacuolation is a cell pathological change observed, for example, in vacuolar degeneration, and stellation has been reported in astrocytic reactions against various stimuli. By pretreatment with cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor, stellation was inhibited, although vacuolation was not. Cell staining with a mitochondrion-selective dye indicated that the vacuolation probably occurs in the mitochondria that are swollen and vacuolatred in the center. Interestingly, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) cascade inhibitor inhibited vacuolation and, to some extent, stellation. These results suggest that the ERK signaling cascade is important for the induction of mitochondrial vacuolation. We expect that a detailed study of these astrocytic reactions will provide us new perspectives regarding the variation and pathological significance of cell morphological changes, such as vacuolar degeneration, and also the mechanisms underlying various neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Isobe
- Department of Forensic Medical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan.
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18
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Harrison PK, Bueters TJH, Ijzerman AP, van Helden HPM, Tattersall JEH. Partial adenosine A(1) receptor agonists inhibit sarin-induced epileptiform activity in the hippocampal slice. Eur J Pharmacol 2003; 471:97-104. [PMID: 12818696 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(03)01783-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphate poisoning can result in seizures and subsequent neuropathology. One possible therapeutic approach would be to employ adenosine A(1) receptor agonists, which have already been shown to have protective effects against organophosphate poisoning. Using an in vitro model of organophosphate-induced seizures, we have investigated the ability of several adenosine A(1) receptor agonists to inhibit epileptiform activity induced by the organophosphate sarin, in the CA1 stratum pyramidale of the guinea pig hippocampal slice. Application of the adenosine A(1) receptor agonist N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA) or the partial adenosine A(1) receptor agonists 2-deoxy-N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine (2-deoxy-CPA) and 8-butylamino-N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine (8-butylamino-CPA) abolished epileptiform activity in a concentration-related manner. The rank order of potency was CPA (IC(50) 4-5 nM) >2-deoxy-CPA (IC(50) 113-119 nM)=8-butylamino-CPA (IC(50) 90-115 nM). These data suggest that partial adenosine A(1) receptor agonists, which have fewer cardiovascular effects, should be further evaluated in vivo as potential treatments for organophosphate poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick K Harrison
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dstl Chemical and Biological Sciences, Wiltshire, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK.
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Abstract
Sarin (O-isopropylmethylphosphonofluoridate) is a highly toxic nerve agent produced for chemical warfare. Sarin is an extremely potent acetylcholinesterase (AchE) inhibitor with high specificity and affinity for the enzyme. Death by sarin is due to anoxia resulting from airway obstruction, weakness of the muscles of respiration, convulsions and respiratory failure. The main clinical symptoms of acute toxicity of sarin are seizures, tremors and hypothermia. Exposure to sarin during incidents in Japan in 1994, 1995 and 1998, and possible exposure to low levels of sarin during the Gulf War, resulted in the deaths and injury of many people in Japan and caused possible long-term health effects on Gulf War veterans. Symptoms related to sarin poisoning in Japan still exist 1-3 years after the incident and include fatigue, asthenia, shoulder stiffness and blurred vision. Sarin produced seizures in rats and pigs. Recent studies showed that long-term exposure to low levels of sarin caused neurophysiological and behavioral alterations. Toxicity from sarin significantly increased following concurrent exposure to other chemicals such as pyridostigmine bromide. Further research to examine effects of sarin on the cellular and the molecular levels, gene transcription, endocrine system as well as its long-term impact is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Abu-Qare
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Abstract
Clinical features on the first unexpected nerve gas terrorism using sarin (isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate) on citizens in the city of Matsumoto is described. The nerve gas terrorism occurred at midnight on 27 June, 1994. About 600 people including residents and rescue staff were exposed to sarin gas. Fifty-eight victims were admitted to hospitals and seven died. Theoretically, sarin inhibits systemic acetylcholinesterase and damages all the autonomic transmission at the muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Miosis was the most common finding in the affected people. In cases with severe poisoning, organophosphate may affect the central nervous system and cause cardiomyopathy. A few of the victims complained of arrhythmia and showed a decreased cardiac contraction. Abnormal electroencephalograms were recorded in two patients. The clinical features and follow-up studies are discussed with reference to the Tokyo subway terrorism and related articles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Okudera
- Department of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.
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Niijima H, Nagao M, Nakajima M, Takatori T, Iwasa M, Maeno Y, Koyama H, Isobe I. The effects of sarin-like and soman-like organophosphorus agents on MAPK and JNK in rat brains. Forensic Sci Int 2000; 112:171-8. [PMID: 10940602 DOI: 10.1016/s0379-0738(00)00274-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
One sarin-like and one soman-like organophosphorus agent [bis(isopropyl methyl)phosphonate, BIMP and bis(pinacolyl methyl)phosphonate, BPMP] were injected intravenously (iv) in rats. An increase in the tyrosine phosphorylation of several proteins in the cytosol fraction of the brain was observed. Activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and slight activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in the cytosol were also observed. The activation of these enzymes may be related to the high toxicity of these nerve agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Niijima
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, 113-0033, Tokyo, Japan
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