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Lee HK, Jeong G, Kim HK, Kim BS, Yang JO, Koo HN, Kim GH. Fumigation Activity against Phosphine-Resistant Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Using Carbonyl Sulfide. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11110750. [PMID: 33142868 PMCID: PMC7692873 DOI: 10.3390/insects11110750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Phosphine is one of the most widely used fumigants for the control of stored grain pests in quarantine. However, PH3 resistance to many stored pests has been reported. In this study, the fumigation activity of carbonyl sulfide was researched as an alternative fumigant to control PH3-resistant pests. In PH3 treatment, there was a clear difference in the fumigation activity of domestic strain Tribolium castaneum and resistance strain T. castaneum, but both the d- and r-strains of T. castaneum showed similar results in the carbonyl sulfide (COS) treatment. Furthermore, both PH3 and COS showed no significant difference in fumigation activity in Oryzaephilus surinamensis. Abstract Phosphine resistance is occurring among stored-grain pests worldwide. This study investigated the fumigation activity of phosphine (PH3) and carbonyl sulfide (COS) against domestic strain (d-strain) Tribolium castaneum, resistance strain (r-strain) T. castaneum and Oryzaephilus surinamensis. All developmental stages of the pests were exposed to two fumigants (PH3 and COS), and the fumigation activity according to the dose and exposure time was evaluated in a 12-L desiccator and 0.5 m3 fumigation chamber. The rice sorption rate and quality following exposure to thetwofumigants were evaluated. The mortality was 2.9% in r-strain T. castaneum, 49.5% in d-strain T. castaneum and 99.2% in O. surinamensis when 2 mg/L PH3 was used in a 12-L desiccator for 4 h. However, all pest developmental stages showed 100% mortality after 24 h of exposure in the 0.5 m3 fumigation chamber, except for the r-strain T. castaneum. A mortalityof 100% was observed in all of the r-strain T. castaneum developmental stages at an exposure time of 192 h. For COS applied at 40.23 mg/L and 50 g/m3 in the 12-L desiccator and the 0.5 m3 fumigation chamber, respectively, 100% mortality was observed across all developmental stages regardless of species and strain. The sorption of COS was 10% higher than that of PH3, but there was no significant difference in rice quality compared to that in the control. Therefore, this study suggests that COS can be used for controlling T. castaneum resistant to PH3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Kyung Lee
- Department of Plant Medicine, College of Agriculture, Life and Environment Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (H.K.L.); (G.J.); (H.K.K.); (H.-N.K.)
| | - Geunho Jeong
- Department of Plant Medicine, College of Agriculture, Life and Environment Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (H.K.L.); (G.J.); (H.K.K.); (H.-N.K.)
| | - Hyun Kyung Kim
- Department of Plant Medicine, College of Agriculture, Life and Environment Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (H.K.L.); (G.J.); (H.K.K.); (H.-N.K.)
| | - Bong-Su Kim
- Plant Quarantine Technology Center, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea; (B.-S.K.); (J.-O.Y.)
| | - Jeong-Oh Yang
- Plant Quarantine Technology Center, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea; (B.-S.K.); (J.-O.Y.)
| | - Hyun-Na Koo
- Department of Plant Medicine, College of Agriculture, Life and Environment Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (H.K.L.); (G.J.); (H.K.K.); (H.-N.K.)
| | - Gil-Hah Kim
- Department of Plant Medicine, College of Agriculture, Life and Environment Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (H.K.L.); (G.J.); (H.K.K.); (H.-N.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-43-261-2555
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Pathological changes induced by phosphine poisoning: a study on 8 children. Int J Legal Med 2019; 134:217-228. [PMID: 31713064 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-019-02169-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum phosphide (ALP) has been extensively used as an economical and effective insecticide, rodenticide, and fumigant. The active ingredient of ALP is phosphine (PH3), the use of which can lead to accidental inhalation and mass poisoning with high mortality. Exposure to PH3 will give rise to global damage in the human body. This study reviewed 4 fatal accidents including 8 children with PH3 poisoning and aimed to determine the pathological changes that resulted from exposure to PH3 and, secondly, aimed to determine whether oxidative stress was involved in PH3-induced neurotoxicity using histopathological and immunohistochemistry (IHC) methods. After focusing on the pathological changes on the major organs, we found severe damage induced by PH3 in many systems, especially the neurological system, including neuronal, axonal, and vascular injuries as well as oxidative damage with increased expression of 4-hydroxy-2-trans-nonenal (4HNE), 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG), and 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) in the brain, which indicated that oxidative stress was a crucial mechanism for neuronal death in PH3 toxicity. Moreover, we observed severe myocardial and hepatocellular fatty degeneration in the tissues of the heart and liver. We considered that these characteristic changes are a suggestive sign of PH3 poisoning and partly explained the toxic mechanism of PH3 (inhibition of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation). We hope that this research could improve the understanding of the toxicity of PH3 in both forensic and clinical practice.
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Khisroon M, Khan A, Ullah U, Zaidi F, Ahmadullah. Bio-monitoring of DNA damage in matchstick industry workers from Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2018; 24:126-133. [PMID: 30247095 DOI: 10.1080/10773525.2018.1523860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Safety protocols are usually neglected in most of the matchstick industries rendering the laborer prone to various occupational hazards. OBJECTIVE The present study highlights DNA damage among matchstick factory workers (n = 92) against a control group (n = 48) of healthy individuals. METHODS Genotoxicity was measured in peripheral blood lymphocytes of the test subjects using a Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis assay (SCGE/comet assay). RESULTS Our results substantiate a high Total Comet Score (TCS) for factory workers (74.5 ± 47.0) when compared to the control group (53.0 ± 25.0) (P ≤ 0.001). Age and duration of occupational exposure had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on TCS value. As for job function, the TCS value was greatest in sweepers (91.0 ± 56.1) and lowest in box-making operators (26.0 ± 25.0) indicating that waste disposal poses the higher risk of DNA damage. CONCLUSIONS Our study corroborates that matchstick chemicals can potentially damage the DNA of exposed subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Khisroon
- a Department of Zoology , University of Peshawar , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan
| | - Ajmal Khan
- a Department of Zoology , University of Peshawar , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan
| | - Ubaid Ullah
- a Department of Zoology , University of Peshawar , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan
| | - Farrah Zaidi
- a Department of Zoology , University of Peshawar , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan
| | - Ahmadullah
- a Department of Zoology , University of Peshawar , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan
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Variant Linkage Analysis Using de Novo Transcriptome Sequencing Identifies a Conserved Phosphine Resistance Gene in Insects. Genetics 2018; 209:281-290. [PMID: 29496747 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.300688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing methods enable identification of the genetic basis of traits in species that have no prior genomic information available. The combination of next-generation sequencing, variant analysis, and linkage is a powerful way of identifying candidate genes for a trait of interest. Here, we used a comparative transcriptomics [RNA sequencing (RNAseq)] and genetic linkage analysis approach to identify the rph1 gene. rph1 variants are responsible for resistance to the fumigant phosphine (PH3) that is used to control insect pests of stored grain. In each of the four major species of pest insect of grain we have investigated, there are two major resistance genes, rph1 and rph2, which interact synergistically to produce strongly phosphine-resistant insects. Using RNAseq and genetic linkage analyses, we identified candidate resistance (rph1) genes in phosphine-resistant strains of three species: Rhyzopertha dominica (129 candidates), Sitophilus oryzae (206 candidates), and Cryptolestes ferrugineus (645 candidates). We then compared these candidate genes to 17 candidate resistance genes previously mapped in Tribolium castaneum and found only one orthologous gene, a cytochrome b5 fatty acid desaturase (Cyt-b5-r), to be associated with the rph1 locus in all four species. This gene had either missense amino acid substitutions and/or insertion/deletions/frameshift variants in each of 18 phosphine-resistant strains that were not observed in the susceptible strains of the four species. We propose a model of phosphine action and resistance in which phosphine induces lipid peroxidation through reactive oxygen species generated by dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase, whereas disruption of Cyt-b5-r in resistant insects decreases the polyunsaturated fatty acid content of membranes, thereby limiting the potential for lipid peroxidation.
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Phosphine inhibits transcription of the catalase gene through the DRE/DREF system in Drosophila melanogaster. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12913. [PMID: 29018235 PMCID: PMC5635064 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13439-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphine (PH3) is a toxin commonly used for pest control. Its toxicity is attributed primarily to its ability to induce oxidative damage. Our previous work showed that phosphine could disrupt the cell antioxidant defence system by inhibiting expression of the catalase gene in Drosophila melanogaster (DmCAT). However, the exact mechanism of this inhibition remains unclear. Here, we implemented a luciferase reporter assay driven by the DmCAT promoter in D. melanogaster S2 cells and showed that this reporter could be inhibited by phosphine treatment. A minimal fragment of the promoter (−94 to 0 bp), which contained a DNA replication-related element (DRE) consensus motif (−78 to −85 bp), was sufficient for phosphine-mediated reporter inhibition, suggesting the involvement of the transcription factor DREF. Furthermore, phosphine treatment led to a reduction in DREF expression and consequent repression of DmCAT transcription. Our results provide new insights on the molecular mechanism of phosphine-mediated catalase inhibition. Phosphine treatment leads to reduced levels of the transcription factor DREF, a positive regulator of the DmCAT gene, thereby resulting in the repression of DmCAT at transcriptional level.
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Rashedinia M, Jamshidzadeh A, Mehrabadi AR, Niknahad H. Prevention of phosphine-induced cytotoxicity by nutrients in HepG2 cells. Indian J Med Res 2017; 144:560-565. [PMID: 28256464 PMCID: PMC5345302 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.200896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Phosphides used as an insecticide and rodenticide, produce phosphine (PH3) which causes accidental and intentional poisoning cases and deaths. There is no specific treatment or antidote available for PH3 poisoning. It is suggested that PH3-induced toxicity is associated with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion; therefore, in this study the effect of some nutrients was evaluated on PH3 cytotoxicity in a cell culture model. Methods: PH3 was generated from reaction of zinc phosphide (10 mM) with water in the closed culture medium of HepG2 cells, and cytotoxicity was measured after one and three hours of incubation. ATP, glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation were also assessed at one or three hours post-incubation. ATP suppliers including dihydroxyacetone, glyceraldehyde and fructose were added to the culture medium 10 min before PH3 generation to prevent or reduce phosphine-induced cytotoxicity. Results: Phosphine caused about 30 and 66 per cent cell death at one and three hours of incubation, respectively. ATP content of the cells was depleted to 14.7 per cent of control at one hour of incubation. ATP suppliers were able to prevent cytotoxicity and ATP depletion induced by PH3. Dihydroxyacetone, α-ketoglutarate, fructose and mannitol restored the ATP content of the cells from 14.7 per cent to about 40, 34, 32 and 30 per cent, respectively. Lipid peroxidation and GSH depletion were not significantly induced by zinc phosphide in this study. Interpretation & conclusions: The results supported the hypothesis that phosphine-induced cytotoxicity was due to decrease of ATP levels. ATP suppliers could prevent its toxicity by generating ATP through glycolysis. α-keto compounds such as dihydroxyacetone and α-ketoglutarate may bind to phosphine and restore mitochondrial respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Rashedinia
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Akram Jamshidzadeh
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abbas Rezaiean Mehrabadi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hossein Niknahad
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Outcome of patients supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for aluminum phosphide poisoning: An observational study. Indian Heart J 2016; 68:295-301. [PMID: 27316480 PMCID: PMC4912476 DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2016.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Aluminum phosphide (AlP) poisoning has a high mortality rate despite intensive care management, primarily because it causes severe myocardial depression and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of the novel use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), a modified “heart-lung” machine, in a specific subset of AlP poisoning patients who had profound myocardial dysfunction along with either severe metabolic acidosis and/or refractory cardiogenic shock. Methods Between January 2011 and September 2014, 83 patients with AlP poisoning were enrolled in this study; 45 patients were classified as high risk. The outcome of the patients who received ECMO (n = 15) was compared with that of patients who received conventional treatment (n = 30). Results In the high-risk group (n = 45), the mortality rate was significantly (p < 0.001) lower in patients who received ECMO (33.3%) compared to those who received conventional treatment (86.7%). Compared with the conventional group, the average hospital stay was longer in the ECMO group (p < 0.0001). In the ECMO group, non-survivors had a significantly (p = 0.01) lower baseline LV ejection fraction (EF) and a significantly longer delay in presentation (p = 0.01). Conclusion Veno-arterial ECMO has been shown to improve the short-term survival of patients with AlP poisoning having severe LV myocardial dysfunction. A low baseline LVEF and longer delay in hospital presentation were found to be predictors of mortality even after ECMO usage. Large, adequately controlled and standardized trials with long-term follow-up must be performed to confirm these findings.
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McElroy CS, Day BJ. Antioxidants as potential medical countermeasures for chemical warfare agents and toxic industrial chemicals. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 100:1-11. [PMID: 26476351 PMCID: PMC4744107 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The continuing horrors of military conflicts and terrorism often involve the use of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) and toxic industrial chemicals (TICs). Many CWA and TIC exposures are difficult to treat due to the danger they pose to first responders and their rapid onset that can produce death shortly after exposure. While the specific mechanism(s) of toxicity of these agents are diverse, many are associated either directly or indirectly with increased oxidative stress in affected tissues. This has led to the exploration of various antioxidants as potential medical countermeasures for CWA/TIC exposures. Studies have been performed across a wide array of agents, model organisms, exposure systems, and antioxidants, looking at an almost equally diverse set of endpoints. Attempts at treating CWAs/TICs with antioxidants have met with mixed results, ranging from no effect to nearly complete protection. The aim of this commentary is to summarize the literature in each category for evidence of oxidative stress and antioxidant efficacy against CWAs and TICs. While there is great disparity in the data concerning methods, models, and remedies, the outlook on antioxidants as medical countermeasures for CWA/TIC management appears promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron S McElroy
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Brian J Day
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, United States; Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, United States; Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, United States.
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Türkez H, Toğar B. Aluminium phosphide-induced genetic and oxidative damages in vitro: attenuation by Laurus nobilis L. leaf extract. Indian J Pharmacol 2013; 45:71-5. [PMID: 23543905 PMCID: PMC3608299 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.106439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The present investigation was undertaken to assess the protective effect of Laurus nobilis leaf extract (LNE) against aluminum phosphide (AIP)-induced genotoxic and oxidative damages stress in cultured human blood cells in the presence of a metabolic activator (S9 mix). Materials and Methods: Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and chromosome aberration (CA) assays were used to assess AlP-induced genotoxicity and to establish the protective effects of LNE. In addition, we determined total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidative status (TOS) levels in AlP and LNE treated cultures for biomonitoring the oxidative alterations. Results: There was significant increases (P < 0.05) in both SCE and CA frequencies of cultures treated with AlP as compared to controls. Our results also showed that AlP (58 mg/l) caused oxidative stress by altering TAC and TOS levels. However, co-application of LNE (25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/l) and AlP resulted in decreases of SCE, CA rates and TOS level and increases of TAC level as compared to the group treated with AlP alone. Conclusion: The preventive role of LNE in alleviating AlP-induced DNA and oxidative damages was indicated for the first time in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Türkez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Jagadeesan R, Fotheringham A, Ebert PR, Schlipalius DI. Rapid genome wide mapping of phosphine resistance loci by a simple regional averaging analysis in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:650. [PMID: 24059691 PMCID: PMC3849015 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Next-generation sequencing technology is an important tool for the rapid, genome-wide identification of genetic variations. However, it is difficult to resolve the ‘signal’ of variations of interest and the ‘noise’ of stochastic sequencing and bioinformatic errors in the large datasets that are generated. We report a simple approach to identify regional linkage to a trait that requires only two pools of DNA to be sequenced from progeny of a defined genetic cross (i.e. bulk segregant analysis) at low coverage (<10×) and without parentage assignment of individual SNPs. The analysis relies on regional averaging of pooled SNP frequencies to rapidly scan polymorphisms across the genome for differential regional homozygosity, which is then displayed graphically. Results Progeny from defined genetic crosses of Tribolium castaneum (F4 and F19) segregating for the phosphine resistance trait were exposed to phosphine to select for the resistance trait while the remainders were left unexposed. Next generation sequencing was then carried out on the genomic DNA from each pool of selected and unselected insects from each generation. The reads were mapped against the annotated T. castaneum genome from NCBI (v3.0) and analysed for SNP variations. Since it is difficult to accurately call individual SNP frequencies when the depth of sequence coverage is low, variant frequencies were averaged across larger regions. Results from regional SNP frequency averaging identified two loci, tc_rph1 on chromosome 8 and tc_rph2 on chromosome 9, which together are responsible for high level resistance. Identification of the two loci was possible with only 5-7× average coverage of the genome per dataset. These loci were subsequently confirmed by direct SNP marker analysis and fine-scale mapping. Individually, homozygosity of tc_rph1 or tc_rph2 results in only weak resistance to phosphine (estimated at up to 1.5-2.5× and 3-5× respectively), whereas in combination they interact synergistically to provide a high-level resistance >200×. The tc_rph2 resistance allele resulted in a significant fitness cost relative to the wild type allele in unselected beetles over eighteen generations. Conclusion We have validated the technique of linkage mapping by low-coverage sequencing of progeny from a simple genetic cross. The approach relied on regional averaging of SNP frequencies and was used to successfully identify candidate gene loci for phosphine resistance in T. castaneum. This is a relatively simple and rapid approach to identifying genomic regions associated with traits in defined genetic crosses that does not require any specialised statistical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeswaran Jagadeesan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St, Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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Moghadamnia AA. An update on toxicology of aluminum phosphide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 20:25. [PMID: 23351193 PMCID: PMC3555759 DOI: 10.1186/2008-2231-20-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum phosphide (AlP) is a cheap solid fumigant and a highly toxic pesticide which is commonly used for grain preservation. In Iran it is known as the “rice tablet”. AlP has currently aroused interest with increasing number of cases in the past four decades due to increased use in agricultural and non-agricultural purposesand also its easy availability in the markets has increased its misuse to commit suicide. Upon contact with moisture in the environment, AlP undergoes a chemical reaction yielding phosphine gas, which is the active pesticidal component. Phosphine inhibits cellular oxygen utilization and can induce lipid peroxidation. It was reported that AlP has a mortality rate more than 50% of intoxication cases. Poisoning with AlP has usually occurred in attempts to suicide. It is a more common case in adults rather than teen agers. In some eastern countries it is a very common agent with rapid action for suicide. Up to date, there is no effective antidote or treatment for its intoxication. Also, some experimental results suggest that magnesium sulfate, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), glutathione, vitamin C and E, beta-carotenes, coconut oil and melatonin may play an important role in reducing the oxidative outcomes of phosphine. This article reviews the experimental and clinical features of AlP intoxication and tries to suggest a way to encounter its poisoning.
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Kariman H, Heydari K, Fakhri M, Shahrami A, Dolatabadi AA, Mohammadi HA, Gharibi M. Aluminium phosphide poisoning and oxidative stress: serum biomarker assessment. J Med Toxicol 2012; 8:281-4. [PMID: 22407514 PMCID: PMC3550173 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-012-0219-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
According to previous animal studies, aluminium phosphides (AlPs) may induce oxidative stress leading to generation of free radicals and alteration in antioxidant defense system. This study was conducted to evaluate the existence and degree of oxidative stress in patients with acute AlP ingestion. A total of 44 acute AlP ingested patients as well as 44 age- and sex-matched controls were included. All patients had acute poisoning symptoms with AlP at the time of presentation and had blood samples analyzed for lipid peroxidation, total antioxidant capacity and total thiol. Our findings showed that there is a significant increase in lipid peroxidation in AlP ingested group along with a reduction in total antioxidant capacity and total thiols groups. These clinical data confirm previous experimental models that showed AlP exposure might significantly augment lipoperoxidative damage with simultaneous alterations in the antioxidant defense system. Hence, our findings might justify use of antioxidants in treatment of acute AlP poisoning which needs to be clarified by additional clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Kariman
- />Emergency Department, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamran Heydari
- />Emergency Department, Shohada-e-Haftom Tir Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Fakhri
- />Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Chamran Highway, Evein, Tehran, 4739 Iran
| | - Ali Shahrami
- />Emergency Department, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Arhami Dolatabadi
- />Emergency Department, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Ali Mohammadi
- />Emergency Department, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Gharibi
- />Emergency Department, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
Fumigation with phosphine gas is by far the most widely used treatment for the protection of stored grain against insect pests. The development of high-level resistance in insects now threatens its continued use. As there is no suitable chemical to replace phosphine, it is essential to understand the mechanisms of phosphine toxicity to increase the effectiveness of resistance management. Because phosphine is such a simple molecule (PH3), the chemistry of phosphorus is central to its toxicity. The elements above and below phosphorus in the periodic table are nitrogen (N) and arsenic (As), which also produce toxic hydrides, namely, NH3 and AsH3. The three hydrides cause related symptoms and similar changes to cellular and organismal physiology, including disruption of the sympathetic nervous system, suppressed energy metabolism and toxic changes to the redox state of the cell. We propose that these three effects are interdependent contributors to phosphine toxicity.
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Valmas N, Ebert PR. Comparative toxicity of fumigants and a phosphine synergist using a novel containment chamber for the safe generation of concentrated phosphine gas. PLoS One 2006; 1:e130. [PMID: 17205134 PMCID: PMC1762414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2006] [Accepted: 11/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With the phasing out of ozone-depleting substances in accordance with the United Nations Montreal Protocol, phosphine remains as the only economically viable fumigant for widespread use. However the development of high-level resistance in several pest insects threatens the future usage of phosphine; yet research into phosphine resistance mechanisms has been limited due to the potential for human poisoning in enclosed laboratory environments. Principal Findings Here we describe a custom-designed chamber for safely containing phosphine gas generated from aluminium phosphide tablets. In an improvement on previous generation systems, this chamber can be completely sealed to control the escape of phosphine. The device has been utilised in a screening program with C. elegans that has identified a phosphine synergist, and quantified the efficacy of a new fumigant against that of phosphine. The phosphine-induced mortality at 20°C has been determined with an LC50 of 732 ppm. This result was contrasted with the efficacy of a potential new botanical pesticide dimethyl disulphide, which for a 24 hour exposure at 20°C is 600 times more potent than phosphine (LC50 1.24 ppm). We also found that co-administration of the glutathione depletor diethyl maleate (DEM) with a sublethal dose of phosphine (70 ppm, <LC5), results in a doubling of mortality in C. elegans relative to DEM alone. Conclusions The prohibitive danger associated with the generation, containment, and use of phosphine in a laboratory environment has now been substantially reduced by the implementation of our novel gas generation chamber. We have also identified a novel phosphine synergist, the glutathione depletor DEM, suggesting an effective pathway to be targeted in future synergist research; as well as quantifying the efficacy of a potential alternative to phosphine, dimethyl disulphide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Valmas
- School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul R. Ebert
- School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- School of Integrative Biology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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