Human papillomavirus type 2c is identical to human papillomavirus type 27

Candidate human papillomavirus (HPV) type 27b: Nucleotide sequence and heterogeneity with HPV 27

More than 100 human papillomavirus (HPV) types have been reported as tumorigenic agents. HPV types 2 and 27 were identified in benign tumors and classified closely according to the sequence homology. An HPV type 2 related sequence was identified previously in an oral papilloma. However, the correct typing and sequencing was impossible at that time. A candidate HPV was cloned by the long-PCR technique from an oral papilloma and characterized by nucleotide sequence. This virus was basically HPV type 27, but there was some heterogeneity in comparison with the prototype. Most differences were nucleotide-sequence variations. Two of four-nucleotide insertions were frame shift, resulting in longer L1 protein than that of HPV 27.

Childhood indicators of susceptibility to subsequent cervical cancer

Common warts could indicate cervical cancer susceptibility, as both are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). Eczema was also investigated, as atopic eczema has been negatively associated with warts, but non-atopic eczema may be associated with compromised host defences, as observed in patients with HIV, suggesting increased susceptibility to HPV infection and cervical cancer. 'Cervical cancer' was self-reported during an interview by 87 of 7594 women members of two longitudinal British birth cohorts. The accuracy of the diagnoses is limited by lack of confirmation using medical records. Odds ratios are adjusted for common warts and eczema in childhood; and cigarette smoking, number of cohabiting partners and social class in early adult life. The odds ratios of warts and eczema with cervical cancer are 2.50 (95% confidence interval 1.14-5.47) and 3.27 (1.95-5.49), respectively. The association of eczema with cervical cancer is independent of hay fever as a marker of atopy, suggesting the importance of non-atopic eczema. Both heavier smoking compared with non-smoking and four or more cohabiting partners compared with one/none have odds ratios for cervical cancer of 8.26 (4.25-15.10) and 4.89 (1.39-17.18), respectively. Common warts in childhood may indicate cervical cancer susceptibility; this and the relationship with eczema deserves investigation.

Phylogenetic analysis of the human papillomavirus type 2 (HPV-2), HPV-27, and HPV-57 group, which is associated with common warts

Human papillomavirus types 2 (HPV-2), HPV-27, and HPV-57, are three closely related viruses within the phylogenetic supergroup formed by the remotely related genital papillomaviruses. In contrast to this phylogenetic association, these three viruses are most often found in common warts at nongenital sites, but also occasionally in genital warts and mucosal lesions of the nasopharyngeal cavity. We studied the genomic diversity of HPV sequences in skin warts presumably caused by these viruses. These biopsies were sampled from 75 patients living in Germany, Japan, or Singapore. Among 27 warts with HPV-2, we found seven new genomic variants and among 32 with HPV-57, eight new variants. In both cases, we did not detect the original prototype genomes. In contrast, 13 of 16 warts with HPV-27 contained the prototype genome, and only one new variant was found in three patients. We did not find variants clearly intermediate between any two types, although HPV-2 and HPV-27 are among the most closely related of the extent HPV types. We also did not detect novel HPV types, although the samples were examined with polymerase chain reaction protocols that would have detected remotely related HPVs. So we propose that the phylogenetic group formed by HPV-2, HPV-27, and HPV-57 has no or only very are additional members. One of the HPV-57 variants found, HPV-57-G44, was most likely identical to the subtype HPV-57b, previously proposed to be associated with nasal neoplasia, but found here frequently in common skin warts. Our publication establishes a foundation for pathological and phylogenetic comparisons of HPV types in skin warts.