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Alf V, Tirrito F, Fischer A, Cappello R, Kiviranta AM, Steinberg TA, Poli F, Stotz F, Del Vecchio OV, Dörfelt S, Falzone C, Knittel A, Loderstedt S, Mercuriali E, Tabanez J, Zagarella P, Matiasek K, Rosati M. A multimodal approach to diagnosis of neuromuscular neosporosis in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2024. [PMID: 39016150 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early diagnosis of neosporosis in dogs is challenging. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the feasibility of a compound multimodal testing approach for diagnosing in dogs neuromuscular and combined forms of neosporosis. ANIMALS A total of 16 dogs diagnosed with solely neuromuscular neosporosis or with a combination of neuromuscular and central nervous system neosporosis. METHODS Retrospective review of clinical signs, laboratory findings, treatment, and outcome with focus on the diagnostic utility of different tests. Development of a chromogenic in situ hybridization (ISH) assay for the identification of Neospora caninum in paraffin-embedded muscle samples. RESULTS 13/16 dogs had only neuromuscular signs of neosporosis, 3/16 had disease signs with concomitant central nervous system (CNS) involvement. Serology was performed in 15/16, with 10/15 showing titers >1 : 160 at admission. PCR on muscle samples detected N. caninum DNA in 11/16. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) detected N. caninum in 9/16 and ISH in 9/16. Histopathology revealed inflammatory myopathy in 10/16, necrotizing myopathy in 5/16, borderline changes in 1/16 and tachyzoites in 9/16. In 4 cases, N. caninum infection was confirmed with all 5 diagnostic methods, 3 cases with 4, 2 with 3, 6 with 2, and 1 animal with 1. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Diagnosis of N. caninum infection should rely on a multimodal diagnostic approach and negativity of 1 single test should not allow for exclusion. Serology in combination with direct parasite identification via histopathology, DNA via PCR, or both modalities, appears a reliable diagnostic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Alf
- Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Federica Tirrito
- Clinica Neurologica Veterinaria NVA, Milano, Italy
- AniCura Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Novara, Italy
| | - Andrea Fischer
- Section of Neurology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Anna-Mariam Kiviranta
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Federica Poli
- Clinica Veterinaria Valdinievole, Monsummano Terme, Italy
| | - Felix Stotz
- EVIDENSIA Tierarztpraxen und -kliniken Nordrhein GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Stefanie Dörfelt
- Neurology Referral Service, AniCura Tierklinik Haar, Haar, Germany
| | - Cristian Falzone
- Clinica Veterinaria Pedrani Diagnostica Piccoli Animali, Zugliano, Italy
| | - André Knittel
- Klinik für Kleintiere - Chirurgie, Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Shenja Loderstedt
- Neurologie - Klinik für Kleintiere, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Paolo Zagarella
- Centro Traumatologico Ortopedico Veterinario, Arenzano, Italy
| | - Kaspar Matiasek
- Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Rosati
- Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
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Peterson TA, MacLean AG. Current and Future Therapeutic Strategies for Lentiviral Eradication from Macrophage Reservoirs. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2018; 14:68-93. [PMID: 30317409 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-018-9814-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages, one of the most abundant populations of leukocytes in the body, function as the first line of defense against pathogen invaders. Human Immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) remains to date one of the most extensively studied viral infections. Naturally occurring lentiviruses in domestic and primate species serve as valuable models to investigate lentiviral pathogenesis and novel therapeutics. Better understanding of the role macrophages play in HIV pathogenesis will aid in the advancement towards a cure. Even with current efficacy of first- and second-line Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) guidelines and future efficacy of Long Acting Slow Effective Release-ART (LASER-ART); ART alone does not lead to a cure. The major challenge of HIV eradication is viral latency. Latency Reversal Agents (LRAs) show promise as a possible means to eradicate HIV-1 from the body. It has become evident that complete eradication will need to include combinations of various effective therapeutic strategies such as LASER-ART, LRAs, and gene editing. Review of the current literature indicates the most promising HIV eradication strategy appears to be LASER-ART in conjunction with viral and receptor gene modifications via the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Graphical abstract A multimodal approach to HIV treatment including gene editing, LASER-ART, and latency reversal agents may provide a means to achieve HIV eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany A Peterson
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Andrew G MacLean
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane Brain Institute, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433, USA.
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3
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Bhatia S, Patil SS, Sood R. Bovine immunodeficiency virus: a lentiviral infection. INDIAN JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY : AN OFFICIAL ORGAN OF INDIAN VIROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2013; 24:332-41. [PMID: 24426295 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-013-0165-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) is a lentivirus which is known to infect cattle worldwide. Though serological and genomic evidence of BIV in cattle has been found throughout the world, isolation of the virus has been reported only from few places. Very little is known about its impact on animal health status, pathogenesis and mode of transmission. BIV is considered generally non-pathogenic and is not known to cause any serious disease in cattle. BIV is genetically and antigenically related to Jembrana disease virus (JDV), the cause of an acute disease in Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) and human immunodeficiency virus, the cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in human. Therefore, it is important to monitor the presence of BIV in cattle to keep vigil over its possible evolution in its natural host to emerge as pathogenic lentivirus like JDV. Differentiation of BIV infection in cattle from the acutely pathogenic JDV is important for diagnosis of the latter. Currently, BIV is considered as a safe model for understanding the complex genome of lentiviruses. Further research on BIV is indeed needed to elucidate its possible role in animal health as well as for insight into the molecular mechanisms adopted by related lentiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Bhatia
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory (HSADL), Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Bhopal, India
| | - S S Patil
- Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance (PD-ADMAS), Bengaluru, India
| | - R Sood
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory (HSADL), Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Bhopal, India
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4
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Yao X, Su Y, Liu C, Tan J, Liu L, Geng YQ, Qiao WT. Establishment of an indicator cell line for monitoring bovine immunodeficiency virus infection and inhibitor susceptibility. J Virol Methods 2010; 163:25-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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5
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McNab T, Desport M, Tenaya WM, Hartaningsih N, Wilcox GE. Bovine immunodeficiency virus produces a transient viraemic phase soon after infection in Bos javanicus. Vet Microbiol 2009; 141:216-23. [PMID: 19766411 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Infection of Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) in Indonesia with a non-pathogenic bovine lentivirus similar to Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) is suspected but efforts to detect the virus have been unsuccessful. To define the kinetics of BIV infection in Bali cattle, 13 were infected with the R-29 strain of BIV and monitored for 60 days. No clinical effects were detected. Proviral DNA was detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 4 to 60 days with peak titres 20 days post-infection (dpi). There was a transient viraemia from 4 to 14 dpi with a maximum titre of 1x10(4)genome copies/ml plasma. An antibody response to the transmembrane (TM) glycoprotein commenced 12 dpi but an antibody response to the capsid (CA) protein was detected in one animal only and not until 34 dpi. The results indicated that detection of BIV in infected Bali cattle would have a greater chance of success soon after infection and prior to the onset of a CA antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tegan McNab
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
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6
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St-Louis MC, Cojocariu M, Archambault D. The molecular biology of bovine immunodeficiency virus: a comparison with other lentiviruses. Anim Health Res Rev 2005; 5:125-43. [PMID: 15984320 DOI: 10.1079/ahr200496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) was first isolated in 1969 from a cow, R-29, with a wasting syndrome. The virus isolated induced the formation of syncytia in cell cultures and was structurally similar to maedi-visna virus. Twenty years later, it was demonstrated that the bovine R-29 isolate was indeed a lentivirus with striking similarity to the human immunodeficiency virus. Like other lentiviruses, BIV has a complex genomic structure characterized by the presence of several regulatory/accessory genes that encode proteins, some of which are involved in the regulation of virus gene expression. This manuscript aims to review biological and, more particularly, molecular aspects of BIV, with emphasis on regulatory/accessory viral genes/proteins, in comparison with those of other lentiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claude St-Louis
- University of Québec at Montréal, Department of Biological Sciences, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- N. F. Starodub
- Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
| | - V. M. Starodub
- Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
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8
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Snider TG, Hoyt PG, Coats KS, Graves KF, Cooper CR, Storts RW, Luther DG, Jenny BF. Natural bovine lentiviral type 1 infection in Holstein dairy cattle. I. Clinical, serological, and pathological observations. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2003; 26:89-101. [PMID: 12493490 PMCID: PMC7134018 DOI: 10.1016/s0147-9571(02)00021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Clinical, serological, and pathological abnormalities observed in Holstein cows naturally infected with bovine lentivirus 1 bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) and other infections were progressive and most commonly associated with weight loss, lymphoid system deficiency, and behavioral changes. Clinical evidence of meningoencephalitis was dullness, stupor, and occasional head or nose pressing postures. The polymerase chain reactions associated the BIV provirus with the lesions in the central nervous system and lymphoid tissues. Multiple concurrent infections developed in retrovirally infected cows undergoing normal stresses associated with parturition and lactation. A major functional correlate of the lymphoreticular alterations was the development of multiple secondary infections which failed to resolve after appropriate antibacterial therapy. The chronic disease syndrome in dairy cows associated with BIV may be useful as a model system for investigation of the pathogenesis of the nervous system lesions and lymphoid organ changes that occur in humans with lentiviral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Snider
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University and A & M College, Baton Rouge 70803, USA.
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9
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Bingen A, Nonnenmacher H, Bastien-Valle M, Martin JP. Tissues rich in macrophagic cells are the major sites of feline immunodeficiency virus uptake after intravenous inoculation into cats. Microbes Infect 2002; 4:795-803. [PMID: 12270726 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(02)01599-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To track the sites of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) clearance in cats and follow viral localization from 30 min until 48 h post-intravenous inoculation, several kinds of cells (PBMC, splenocytes, thymocytes, Kupffer cells (KC), lymph nodes, bone marrow and alveolar cells) were collected. After co-culture with uninfected PBMC, p24 antigen was detected. Reverse transcription (RT)-nested PCR and PCR were performed on all these cells and in situ RT-PCR on liver, spleen and isolated KC. Biochemical determinations showed that viral RNA was predominantly found during the first hour post-infection (p.i.) in PBMC, splenocytes and KC and later on (24-48 h) in thymocytes and lymph node cells. In addition, viral DNA was detected as early as 24 h post-inoculation in splenocytes and KC, whereas PBMC were positive at 48 h. Microscopic studies confirmed the presence of viral RNA in hepatic KC and also in the splenic red pulp rich in macrophages and dendritic cells. Our results enabled the early identification of the cell population infected and highlight the role played by macrophagic cells in the uptake of FIV and in viral dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annick Bingen
- Unité Inserm 544, Institut de Virologie, Faculté de Médecine, 3 Rue Koeberlé, Université Louis Pasteur, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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10
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Lamara A, Fieni F, Mselli-Lakhal L, Tainturier D, Chebloune Y. Epithelial cells from goat oviduct are highly permissive for productive infection with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV). Virus Res 2002; 87:69-77. [PMID: 12135791 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(02)00082-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Caprine oviduct epithelial cells (COEC) are commonly used in in vitro goat embryo production protocols to stimulate early embryonic development. These feeder cells are usually collected from slaughterhouses from unknown serological status animals for caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) infection which is frequent in many regions of the world. Tissues derived from this source may be contaminated with CAEV and the use of such material in in vitro fertilisation systems may contribute to transmission of this pathogen to the cultured embryos and dissemination via embryo transfer (ET). The aim of this study was to determine the permissiveness of COEC to CAEV replication in vitro. Cells were isolated from goats from certified CAEV-free herds and then were inoculated with two CAEV strains: the molecularly-cloned isolate of CAEV (CAEV-pBSCA) and the French field isolate (CAEV-3112). Cytopathic effects (CPE) were observed on cell culture monolayers inoculated with both CAEV strains. Expression of CAEV proteins was shown both by immunocytochemistry using anti-p24 gag specific antibodies and by immunoprecipitation using a hyperimmune serum. The CAEV proteins were correctly and properly processed by artificially-infected COEC and the titers of virus released into the supernatant reached 10(6) TCID(50)/ml 6 days post-inoculation. Although the macrophage lineage cells are the main centre of infection in the virus-positive animal, these findings suggest that epithelial cells may be important in the viral life cycle probably as a reservoir allowing the viral persistence, dissemination and pathogenesis. These results suggest also that the use in in vitro fertilisation systems of co-culture feeder cells that support efficient replication of CAEV to high titers could represent a serious risk for permanent transmission of virus to the cultured embryos and to the surrogate dam involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lamara
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Risques Sanitaires liés aux Biotechnologies de la Reproduction, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes, Atlanpole-La Chantrerie, Nantes, France.
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11
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Troyer DL, Cash WC, Provo-Klimek J, Kennedy GA. A novel method for preparing histology slides without a microtome. Anat Histol Embryol 2002; 31:129-31. [PMID: 12479353 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0264.2002.00370.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A study was undertaken to determine if it might be possible to prepare tissue sections on slides without the use of paraffin embedding, microtome sectioning, or cryostat sectioning which involve equipment and training not always available to scholars or professionals wishing to examine tissue microscopically. After evaluating many different reagents, cutting instruments and solid supports, we developed a method involving application of super glue to a slide, adhering a section of tissue to it, cutting the tissue with a disposable microtome blade, staining the tissue and removing the superglue with a commercially available product. The sections are similar to those sectioned on a microtome, but do not at this time equal their quality. However, histoarchitecture is preserved and individual cell morphology is usually good. We conclude that this is a viable method for preparing histology sections without the use of a microtome or cryostat, something long thought impossible. We have dubbed the method 'RAMP' (Rapid Adhesive-Mediated Procedure).
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Troyer
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
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12
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Lamara A, Fieni F, Mselli-Lakhal L, Tainturier D, Chebloune Y. Efficient replication of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus in goat granulosa cells. Virus Res 2001; 79:165-72. [PMID: 11551657 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(01)00347-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports demonstrated the susceptibility of epithelial cells from different organs to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) both in vitro and in vivo. Since granulosa cells (GC) are of epithelial origin and currently used for in vitro oocyte maturation, we addressed the question whether these cells are susceptible or resistant to CAEV infection. GC were isolated from goats from certified CAEV-free herds. PCR analysis on GC DNA using CAEV specific primers confirmed the absence of CAEV infection and immunocytochemistry using specific K813 anti-cytokeratin monoclonal antibodies confirmed the epithelial nature of GC. These cells were then inoculated with CAEV using two strains: the CAEV-pBSCA molecular clone and the CAEV-3112 French field isolate. Cytopathic effects (CPE) were observed on cell culture monolayers inoculated with both CAEV strains. Expression of CAEV proteins was shown both by immunocytochemistry using anti-p24 gag specific antibodies and by immunoprecipitation using an hyperimmune serum. Supernatant of infected cells were shown to contain high titers (ranging 10(5) tissue culture infectious doses 50 per ml: TCID(50) per ml) of infectious cytopathic viruses when assayed onto the indicator goat synovial membrane (GSM) cells. Our findings demonstrate the large cell tropism of CAEV and suggest that GC could serve as a reservoir for the virus during the sub-clinical phase of infection. Furthermore, given the high seroprevalence of CAEV in the all industrialised countries and the large number of ovaries derived from unknown serological status animals used for in vitro goat embryo production, one can conclude that these feeder cell cultures might be a potential source of early transmission of CAEV to goat embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lamara
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Risques Sanitaires liés aux Biotechnologies de la Reproduction, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes, Atlanpole-La Chantrerie, B.P. 40706 44307, Cedex, Nantes, France.
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Evermann JF, Howard TH, Dubovi EJ, Knowles DP, Miller LD, Pearson JE, Snider TG, Suarez DL. Controversies and clarifications regarding bovine lentivirus infections. Subcommittee for the Bovine Retrovirus Committee, US Animal Health Association. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000; 217:1318-24. [PMID: 11061383 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2000.217.1318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J F Evermann
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6610, USA
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Zheng L, Swanson M, Liao J, Wood C, Kapil S, Snider R, Loughin TA, Minocha HC. Cloning of the bovine immunodeficiency virus gag gene and development of a recombinant-protein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2000; 7:557-62. [PMID: 10882651 PMCID: PMC95913 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.7.4.557-562.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was established for the rapid detection of specific bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) antibodies in cattle, using recombinant Gag protein as an antigen. The gag coding region from BIV was cloned into an expression vector, pQE32, which expressed high levels of recombinant protein from Escherichia coli. The ELISA was standardized by a checkerboard titration against known BIV-positive and -negative sera from cattle and a monoclonal antibody to the Gag protein. A total of 139 cattle serum samples, from the diagnostic laboratory at Kansas State University, Manhattan, and from the Dairy Station, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, were compared by ELISA and immunoblot assays for the detection of BIV-specific antibodies. Of 26 cattle sera samples which tested positive using the immunoblot assay, 23 were positive by ELISA, thus establishing a strong correlation between the two tests. The sensitivity and specificity of ELISA relative to immunoblotting were 0.88 and 0.93, respectively. ELISA proved to be as specific as immunoblotting but was much less time-consuming and easier to perform.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zheng
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
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15
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Carpenter S, Vaughn EM, Yang J, Baccam P, Roth JA, Wannemuehler Y. Antigenic and genetic stability of bovine immunodeficiency virus during long-term persistence in cattle experimentally infected with the BIV(R29) isolate. J Gen Virol 2000; 81:1463-72. [PMID: 10811930 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-81-6-1463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental infection of cattle with bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) is characterized by persistent, low levels of virus replication in the absence of clinical disease. A virus neutralization (VN) assay was developed to examine the role of VN antibodies in controlling virus replication in cattle experimentally infected with the BIV(R29) isolate of BIV. All animals developed VN antibody, but there was no correlation between VN titres and restriction of virus replication in vivo. BIV infection did not induce high-titred, cross-neutralizing antibody and there was no evidence for antigenic variation through more than 4 years in vivo. Genetic comparisons among the BIV(R29) inoculum virus and viruses isolated from infected animals identified only limited genetic variation during 4 years in vivo. Moreover, there was no evidence that the observed variation was due to selection. Analyses of genetic diversity in the virus stock used for inoculation indicated a fairly homogeneous population. In the absence of high levels of virus replication and overt clinical disease, there appeared to be little selection of virus variants, resulting in antigenic and genetic stability of BIV(R29) during long-term, persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Carpenter
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Interdepartmental Genetics Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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16
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Gradil CM, Watson RE, Renshaw RW, Gilbert RO, Dubovi EJ. Detection of bovine immunodeficiency virus DNA in the blood and semen of experimentally infected bulls. Vet Microbiol 1999; 70:21-31. [PMID: 10591494 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(99)00130-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Five 18- to 24-month-old bulls were inoculated with either a cell suspension containing bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV-FL112; 3 bulls) or a BIV-free cell suspension (2 bulls). Blood and semen specimens were collected once a week for 14 weeks, and seroconversion was confirmed by indirect immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) testing. The presence of BIV in blood and semen was determined by virus isolation and/or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Antibodies to BIV were detected in the 3 experimentally infected bulls as early as day post inoculation (DPI) 17, and levels peaked at DPI 37-58. BIV was isolated from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNCs) of the infected bulls at DPI 9 (2 bulls) and DPI 23 (1 bull), and could be isolated from one animal up to DPI 65. PCR analysis of MNC DNA, using BIV pol gene primers, detected virus in all three of the experimentally infected bulls from DPI 9 until the termination of the experiment at DPI 98. Efforts to isolate a significant number of non-spermatozoal cells (NSC) by gradient separation from the semen of the experimentally infected bulls were unsuccessful. Two methods for the extraction of total NSC DNA from up to 2 ml of non-extended semen were employed; however, no BIV pol fragment was amplified from these DNA preparations. Additionally, 30 bulls from artificial insemination (AI) centers were evaluated for BIV infection by PCR. No amplification products were obtained from MNC DNA from the AI submissions using primer sets for both the BIV pol and env genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Gradil
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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Sanna E, Sanna MP, Vitali CG, Renzoni G, Sanna L, Spano S, Rossi G, Leoni A. Proviral DNA in the brains of goats infected with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus. J Comp Pathol 1999; 121:271-6. [PMID: 10486163 DOI: 10.1053/jcpa.1999.0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Archive paraffin wax-embedded sections of brain from goats and kids naturally infected with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) were examined. Severe leucoencephalitis was present, with infiltration of lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages into the white matter, meninges and choroid plexus. On both CAEV-positive and negative (control) tissues, in-situ polymerase chain reactions were used to amplify a DNA sequence specific to the proviral Pol region. In the infected tissues, strong hybridization signals were observed, mainly located in macrophages, microglial cells, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, and in the ependymal epithelium and choroid plexus. Positive areas were also found in the spinal cord in endothelial cells of small blood vessels. Some neurons showed a positive reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sanna
- Istituto di Patologia Generale, Anatomia Patologica e Clinica Ostetrico-Chirurgica Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna n. 2, Sassari, 07100, Italy
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Abed Y, St-Laurent G, Zhang H, Jacobs RM, Archambault D. Development of a Western blot assay for detection of bovine immunodeficiency-like virus using capsid and transmembrane envelope proteins expressed from recombinant baculovirus. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 1999; 6:168-72. [PMID: 10066648 PMCID: PMC95681 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.6.2.168-172.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A 120-amino-acid polypeptide selected from the transmembrane protein region (tTM) and the major capsid protein p26 of bovine immunodeficiency-like virus (BIV) were expressed as fusion proteins from recombinant baculoviruses. The antigenic reactivity of both recombinant fusion proteins was confirmed by Western blot with bovine and rabbit antisera to BIV. BIV-negative bovine sera and animal sera positive for bovine syncytial virus and bovine leukemia virus failed to recognize the recombinant fusion proteins, thereby showing the specificity of the BIV Western blot. One hundred and five bovine serum samples were tested for the presence of anti-BIV antibodies by the recombinant protein-based Western blot and a reference Western blot assay using cell culture-derived virions as test antigens. There was a 100% concordance when the p26 fusion protein was used in the Western blot. However, the Western blot using the tTM fusion protein as its test antigen identified four BIV-positive bovine sera which had tested negative in both the p26 recombinant-protein-based and the reference Western blot assays. This resulted in the lower concordance of 96.2% between the tTM-protein-based and reference Western blot assays. The results of this study showed that the recombinant p26 and tTM proteins can be used as test antigens for the serodetection of BIV-infection in animals.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral
- Antibody Specificity
- Antigens, Viral/analysis
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Baculoviridae/genetics
- Blotting, Western/methods
- Blotting, Western/standards
- Capsid/analysis
- Capsid/genetics
- Capsid/immunology
- Cattle
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Bovine/genetics
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Bovine/immunology
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Bovine/isolation & purification
- Plasmids
- Rabbits
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Viral Envelope Proteins/analysis
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Abed
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Pamba R, Jeronimo C, Archambault D. Detection of bovine retrospumavirus by the polymerase chain reaction. J Virol Methods 1999; 78:199-208. [PMID: 10204710 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(98)00179-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed for detection of bovine retrospumavirus (bovine syncytial virus; BSV) provirus DNA. Two different sets of oligonucleotide primers complementary to sequences located in the gag and the pol/env gene regions were used and compared for their ability to amplify the targeted BSV sequences by PCR. The results obtained from this study have shown that it is possible to amplify the BSV provirus DNA sequences not only from total DNA of BSV-infected cell cultures, but also from total DNA of various tissues and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) that were collected from two rabbits experimentally infected with BSV. Sensitivities of the PCR for amplification of BSV gag and pol/env nucleic acid sequences from cell culture total DNA were 10 ng and 10 pg of DNA, respectively, as determined by the analysis of the amplified PCR products on ethidium bromide-stained agarose gels. The specificity of the PCR for both primer sets tested was confirmed when the amplified cDNA products of the expected size reacted positively with the corresponding virus-specific digoxigenin-labeled cDNA probes in Southern blot chemiluminescent hybridization assays. No amplification was obtained when the BSV-specific primers were used in the PCR with DNA material specific to either bovine leukemia virus (BLV) or bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) provirus genomic DNA. No cross-hybridization was obtained when the BSV-specific cDNA probes were allowed to react with BLV or BIV provirus DNA. The PCR targeting the gag and pol/env gene regions of the BSV provirus genome may be an alternative to conventional methods for the confirmation of the presence of BSV in cell cultures used for virus isolation, and for the diagnosis of BSV infection from bovine peripheral blood leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pamba
- University of Québec at Montréal, Department of Biological Sciences, Canada
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Abstract
Retrograde tract tracing studies have indicated that dorsal root ganglion cells from T8 to L2 innervate the rat's left kidney. Electrophysiology studies have indicated that putative second-order sympathetic afferents are found in the dorsal horn at spinal segments T10 to L1 in laminae V-VII. Here, the spread of pseudorabies virus through renal sensory pathways was examined following 2-5 days post-infection (PI) and the virus was located immunocytochemically using a rabbit polyclonal antibody. Two days PI, dorsal root ganglion neurons (first-order sympathetic afferents) were infected with PRV. An average of 1.2, 0.8, 2.1 and 4.4% of the infected dorsal root ganglion neurons were contralateral to the injected kidney at spinal segments T10, T11, T12 and T13, respectively. Four days PI, infected neurons were detected within laminae I and II of the dorsal horn of the caudal thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord segments. The labeling patterns in the spinal cord are consistent with previous work indicating the location of renal sympathetic sensory pathways. The nodose ganglia were labeled starting 4 days PI, suggesting the involvement of parasympathetic sensory pathways. Five days PI, infected neurons were found in the nucleus tractus solitarius. In the present study, it was unclear whether the infected neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius are part of sympathetic or parasympathetic afferent pathways or represent a convergence of sensory information. Renal denervation prevented the spread of the virus into the dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord. Sectioning the dorsal roots from T10-L3 blocked viral spread into the spinal cord dorsal horn, but did not prevent infection of neurons in dorsal root ganglion nor did it prevent infection of putative preganglionic neurons in the intermediolateral cell column. The present results indicated that renal afferent pathways can be identified after pseudorabies virus infection of the kidney. Our results suggest that renal afferents travel in sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves and that this information may converge at the NTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Weiss
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-5602, USA.
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