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Hao B, Liu L, Liu N, Sun L, Fan F, Huang J. The Bombyx mori Nucleopolyhedrovirus GP64 Retains the Transmembrane Helix of Signal Peptide to Contribute to Secretion across the Cytomembrane. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0191322. [PMID: 35938817 PMCID: PMC9430547 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01913-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) is the primary pathogen of silkworms that causes severe economic losses in sericulture. GP64 is the key membrane fusion protein that mediates budded virus (BV) fusion with the host cell membrane. Previously, we found that the n-region of the GP64 signal peptide (SP) is required for protein secretion and viral pathogenicity; however, our understanding of BmNPV GP64 remains limited. Here, we first reported that BmNPV GP64 retained its SP in the mature protein and virion in only host cells but did not retain in nonhost cells. Uncleaved SP mediates protein targeting to the cytomembrane or secretion in Bombyx mori cells. The exitance of the n-region extended the transmembrane helix length, which resulted in the cleavage site to be located in the helix structure and thus blocked cleavage from signal peptidase (SPase). Without the n-region, the protein fails to be transported to the cytomembrane, but this failure can be rescued by the cleavage site mutation of SP. Helix-breaking mutations in SP abolished protein targeting to the cytomembrane and secretion. Our results revealed a previously unrecognized mechanism by which SP of membrane fusion not only determines protein localization but also determines viral pathogenicity, which highlights the escape mechanism of SP from the cleavage by SPase. IMPORTANCE BmNPV is the primary pathogen of silkworms, which causes severe economic losses in sericulture. BmNPV and Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) are closely related group I alphabaculoviruses, but they exhibit nonoverlapping host specificity. Recent studies suppose that GP64 is a determinant of host range, while knowledge remains limited. In this study, we revealed that BmNPV GP64 retained its SP in host cells but not in nonhost cells, and the SP retention is required for GP64 secretion across the cytomembrane. This is the first report that a type I membrane fusion protein retained its SP in mature proteins and virions. Our results unveil the mechanism by which SP GP64 escapes cleavage and the role of SP in protein targeting. This study will help elucidate an important mechanistic understanding of BmNPV infection and host range specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bifang Hao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Sericulture in the Ministry of Agriculture, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Na Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Luping Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengxiu Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinshan Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Sericulture in the Ministry of Agriculture, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
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Sun L, Yao C, Amanze C, Yin B, Huang J, Hao B. The cytoplasmic tail substitution increases the assembly efficiency of Ebola virus glycoprotein on the budded virus of Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus. Protein Expr Purif 2022; 200:106156. [PMID: 35987323 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2022.106156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Glycoprotein (GP1,2) of the Ebola virus (EBOV) is the key membrane fusion protein, which is a key candidate protein for vaccine preparations. Previously, GP1,2 was expressed by Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) expression vector system; however, few GP1,2 was incorporated into budded virus (BV) of BmNPV. To improve the incorporation efficiency of GP1,2 into the virion, the GP1,2 fusion with the cytoplasmic tail of GP64 of BmNPV was expressed in BmN cells by the BmNPV expression system. The BV was purified by ultracentrifugation, and GP1,2 expression in BV was detected by the antibody. The result indicated that a 532% increase in the relative GP1,2 densitometry signal was observed in constructs utilizing the GP64 C-terminal domain; moreover, the substitution of GP1,2 native signal peptide with GP64 signal peptide increased the incorporation efficiency by 34.6% in the relative GP1,2 densitometry signal. We revealed that the application of the cytoplasmic tail of BmNPV GP64 significantly increased the incorporation rate of GP1,2 into the BV envelope. This study lays a foundation for GP1,2 vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luping Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China
| | - Congyue Yao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China
| | - Charles Amanze
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Bo Yin
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinshan Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China
| | - Bifang Hao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China.
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The Membrane-Anchoring Region of the AcMNPV P74 Protein Is Expendable or Interchangeable with Homologs from Other Species. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122416. [PMID: 34960685 PMCID: PMC8704774 DOI: 10.3390/v13122416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Baculoviruses are insect pathogens that are characterized by assembling the viral dsDNA into two different enveloped virions during an infective cycle: occluded virions (ODVs; immersed in a protein matrix known as occlusion body) and budded virions (BVs). ODVs are responsible for the primary infection in midgut cells of susceptible larvae thanks to the per os infectivity factor (PIF) complex, composed of at least nine essential viral proteins. Among them, P74 is a crucial factor whose activity has been identified as virus-specific. In this work, the p74 gene from AcMNPV was pseudogenized using CRISPR/Cas9 technology and then complemented with wild-type alleles from SeMNPV and HearSNPV species, as well as chimeras combining the P74 amino and carboxyl domains. The results on Spodoptera exigua and Rachiplusia nu larvae showed that an amino terminal sector of P74 (lacking two potential transmembrane regions but possessing a putative nuclear export signal) is sufficient to restore the virus infectivity whether alone or fused to the P74 transmembrane regions of the other evaluated viral species. These results provide novel information about the functional role of P74 and delimit the region on which mutagenesis could be applied to enhance viral activity and, thus, produce better biopesticides.
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4
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Diversity of large DNA viruses of invertebrates. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 147:4-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus orf132 encodes a nucleocapsid-associated protein required for budded-virus and multiply enveloped occlusion-derived virus production. J Virol 2014; 88:12586-98. [PMID: 25142609 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01313-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus orf132 (named ac132) has homologs in all genome-sequenced group I nucleopolyhedroviruses. Its role in the viral replication cycle is unknown. In this study, ac132 was shown to express a protein of around 28 kDa, which was determined to be associated with the nucleocapsids of both occlusion-derived virus and budded virus. Confocal microscopy showed that AC132 protein appeared in central region of the nucleus as early as 12 h postinfection with the virus. It formed a ring zone at the periphery of the nucleus by 24 h postinfection. To investigate its role in virus replication, ac132 was deleted from the viral genome by using a bacmid system. In the Sf9 cell culture transfected by the ac132 knockout bacmid, infection was restricted to single cells, and the titer of infectious budded virus was reduced to an undetectable level. However, viral DNA replication and the expression of late genes vp39 and odv-e25 and a reporter gene under the control of the very late gene p10 promoter were unaffected. Electron microscopy showed that nucleocapsids, virions, and occlusion bodies were synthesized in the cells transfected by an ac132 knockout bacmid, but the formation of the virogenic stroma and occlusion bodies was delayed, the numbers of enveloped nucleocapsids were reduced, and the occlusion bodies contained mainly singly enveloped nucleocapsids. AC132 was found to interact with envelope protein ODV-E18 and the viral DNA-binding protein P6.9. The data from this study suggest that ac132 possibly plays an important role in the assembly and envelopment of nucleocapsids. IMPORTANCE To our knowledge, this is the first report on a functional analysis of ac132. The data presented here demonstrate that ac132 is required for production of the budded virus and multiply enveloped occlusion-derived virus of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus. This article reveals unique phenotypic changes induced by ac132 deletion on the virus and multiple new findings on ac132.
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Abstract
Baculoviruses produce two progeny phenotypes during their replication cycles. The occlusion-derived virus (ODV) is responsible for initiating primary infection in the larval midgut, and the budded virus (BV) phenotype is responsible for the secondary infection. The proteomics of several baculovirus ODVs have been revealed, but so far, no extensive analysis of BV-associated proteins has been conducted. In this study, the protein composition of the BV of Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV), the type species of baculoviruses, was analyzed by various mass spectrometry (MS) techniques, including liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole linear ion trap (LC-Qtrap), liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight (LC-Q-TOF), and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF). SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF analyses showed that the three most abundant proteins of the AcMNPV BV were GP64, VP39, and P6.9. A total of 34 viral proteins associated with the AcMNPV BV were identified by the indicated methods. Thirteen of these proteins, PP31, AC58/59, AC66, IAP-2, AC73, AC74, AC114, AC124, chitinase, polyhedron envelope protein (PEP), AC132, ODV-E18, and ODV-E56, were identified for the first time to be BV-associated proteins. Western blot analyses showed that ODV-E18 and ODV-E25, which were previously thought to be ODV-specific proteins, were also present in the envelop fraction of BV. In addition, 11 cellular proteins were found to be associated with the AcMNPV BV by both LC-Qtrap and LC-Q-TOF analyses. Interestingly, seven of these proteins were also identified in other enveloped viruses, suggesting that many enveloped viruses may commonly utilize certain conserved cellular pathways.
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Song J, Wang R, Deng F, Wang H, Hu Z. Functional studies of per os infectivity factors of Helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:2331-2338. [PMID: 18753243 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.2008/002352-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A combined functional investigation on the four per os infectivity factors (PIFs) of Helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearNPV) was conducted in this study. HearNPV bacmids with deletions of p74 (Ha20), pif1 (Ha111), pif2 (Ha132) and pif3 (Ha98) were constructed individually by homologous recombination in Escherichia coli cells. Repaired bacmids with respective pifs were also constructed. Western blot analyses revealed that all four PIFs were structural components of the envelope of HearNPV occlusion-derived virus (ODV). Electron microscopy showed that deletion of the pifs did not have any obvious effects on the morphology of the occlusion bodies (OBs). Bioassay analyses indicated that deletion of any of the above pifs resulted in loss of oral infectivity of OBs. The mixtures of the four pif-deletion mutants also resulted in deficiency of oral infectivity, implying that the four PIFs must be structural components of the same ODV to accomplish their function. Repairing of the respective genes into the pif-deletion bacmids could rescue the oral infectivity of the pif-deletion viruses. Calcofluor, which can damage the peritrophic membrane (PM), could not rescue the defects of the oral infectivity of the pif-deletion viruses, indicating that the PM is not likely to be the functional target of the PIFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjiao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Joint Laboratory of Invertebrate Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Ranran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Joint Laboratory of Invertebrate Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Fei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Joint Laboratory of Invertebrate Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Hualin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Joint Laboratory of Invertebrate Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Zhihong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Joint Laboratory of Invertebrate Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China
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8
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McCarthy CB, Dai X, Donly C, Theilmann DA. Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus ac142, a core gene that is essential for BV production and ODV envelopment. Virology 2008; 372:325-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Revised: 08/27/2007] [Accepted: 10/18/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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9
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Deng F, Wang R, Fang M, Jiang Y, Xu X, Wang H, Chen X, Arif BM, Guo L, Wang H, Hu Z. Proteomics analysis of Helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus identified two new occlusion-derived virus-associated proteins, HA44 and HA100. J Virol 2007; 81:9377-85. [PMID: 17581982 PMCID: PMC1951453 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00632-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2007] [Accepted: 06/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry were used to analyze the structural proteins of the occlusion-derived virus (ODV) of Helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearNPV), a group II NPV. Twenty-three structural proteins of HearNPV ODV were identified, 21 of which have been reported previously as structural proteins or ODV-associated proteins in other baculoviruses. These include polyhedrin, P78/83, P49, ODV-E18, ODV-EC27, ODV-E56, P74, LEF-3, HA66 (AC66), DNA polymerase, GP41, VP39, P33, ODV-E25, helicase, P6.9, ODV/BV-C42, VP80, ODV-EC43, ODV-E66, and PIF-1. Two proteins encoded by HearNPV ORF44 (ha44) and ORF100 (ha100) were discovered as ODV-associated proteins for the first time. ha44 encodes a protein of 378 aa with a predicted mass of 42.8 kDa. ha100 encodes a protein of 510 aa with a predicted mass of 58.1 kDa and is a homologue of the gene for poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (parg). Western blot analysis and immunoelectron microscopy confirmed that HA44 is associated with the nucleocapsid and HA100 is associated with both the nucleocapsid and the envelope of HearNPV ODV. HA44 is conserved in group II NPVs and granuloviruses but does not exist in group I NPVs, while HA100 is conserved only in group II NPVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
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10
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Wang D, Zhang CX. Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus ORF80 encodes a late, nonstructural protein. BMB Rep 2007; 40:65-71. [PMID: 17244484 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2007.40.1.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearNPV) ORF80 (ha80) has 765 bp encoding a protein with approximately 254 amino acids and a predicted molecular weight of 30.8 kDa. Homologues of ha80 are found in most baculovirus sequences, including those from lepidopteran NPVs, lepidopteran granuloviruses (GVs), hymenopteran baculoviruses, and one dipteran baculovirus, yet their functions remain unclear. In this study we characterized ha80, and showed that it was transcribed late in infected host cells (HzAM1). The product of ha80 was a 31 kDa protein that was not a structural protein of budded virus (BV) or occlusion-derived virus (ODV) particles. Ha80 was first detected in the cytoplasm of infected HzAM1 cells at 12 h p.i., and was observed in the nucleus at later stages of infection, suggesting that it may be involved in transporting viral proteins into the host cell nucleus or play its roles in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dun Wang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, P.R. China
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11
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Fang M, Nie Y, Wang Q, Deng F, Wang R, Wang H, Wang H, Vlak JM, Chen X, Hu Z. Open reading frame 132 of Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus encodes a functional per os infectivity factor (PIF-2). J Gen Virol 2006; 87:2563-2569. [PMID: 16894194 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81788-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Open reading frame 132 (Ha132) of Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearNPV) is a homologue of per os infectivity factor 2 (pif-2) of Spodoptera exigua multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus. Sequence analysis indicated that Ha132 encoded a protein of 383 aa with a predicted molecular mass of 44.5 kDa. Alignment of HA132 and its baculovirus homologues revealed that HA132 was highly conserved among baculoviruses, with 14 absolutely conserved cysteine residues. RT-PCR indicated that Ha132 was first transcribed at 24 h post-infection. Western blot analysis showed that a 43 kDa band was detectable in HearNPV-infected HzAM1 cells from 36 h post-infection. Western blots also indicated that HA132 was a component of the occlusion-derived virus, but not of budded virus. Deletion of Ha132 from HearNPV abolished per os infectivity, but had no effect on the infectivity of the budded virus phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minggang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Joint Laboratory of Invertebrate Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Yingchao Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Joint Laboratory of Invertebrate Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Joint Laboratory of Invertebrate Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Fei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Joint Laboratory of Invertebrate Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Ranran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Joint Laboratory of Invertebrate Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Hanzhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Joint Laboratory of Invertebrate Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Hualin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Joint Laboratory of Invertebrate Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Just M Vlak
- Department of Virology, Wageningen University, Bennenhaven 11, 6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xinwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Joint Laboratory of Invertebrate Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Zhihong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Joint Laboratory of Invertebrate Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China
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Li L, Li Z, Chen W, Liu C, Huang H, Yang K, Pang Y. Characterization of Spodoptera exigua multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus ORF100 and ORF101, two homologues of E. coli ChaB. Virus Res 2006; 121:42-50. [PMID: 16697484 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2006.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2005] [Revised: 03/29/2006] [Accepted: 03/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
ChaB, a putative regulator of ChaA in Escherichia coli (E. coli), and its homologues constitute a multigene family known to occur among bacteria, archaeabacteria and baculoviruses. The baculovirus Spodoptera exigua multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus contains two homologues of E. coli ChaB, open reading frames (ORFs) 100 (Se100) and 101 (Se101). RT-PCR and 5' RACE analyses indicated that transcription of both SeMNPV chaB genes occurs by 24 h postinfection and is initiated at a late consensus ATAAG motif. Immunoblot analysis showed that Se100 and Se101 were, respectively, expressed as 11 and 28kDa proteins in infected cells, and they were distributed in both cytoplasm and nucleus. Further analysis revealed that Se100 and Se101 are associated with nuclear structure and only present in the nucleocapsid of occlusion-derived virus. Additionally, column chromatography analysis showed that both proteins could weakly interact with nucleic acids. It was proposed that SeMNPV ChaB might function as DNA binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol and Institute of Entomology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
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13
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Jakubowska AK, Peters SA, Ziemnicka J, Vlak JM, van Oers MM. Genome sequence of an enhancin gene-rich nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) from Agrotis segetum: collinearity with Spodoptera exigua multiple NPV. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:537-551. [PMID: 16476975 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81461-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome sequence of a Polish isolate of Agrotis segetum nucleopolyhedrovirus (AgseNPV-A) was determined and analysed. The circular genome is composed of 147,544 bp and has a G+C content of 45.7 mol%. It contains 153 putative, non-overlapping open reading frames (ORFs) encoding predicted proteins of more than 50 aa, together making up 89.8 % of the genome. The remaining 10.2 % of the DNA constitutes non-coding regions and homologous-repeat regions. One hundred and forty-three AgseNPV-A ORFs are homologues of previously reported baculovirus gene sequences. There are ten unique ORFs and they account for 3 % of the genome in total. All 62 lepidopteran baculovirus genes, including the 29 core baculovirus genes, were found in the AgseNPV-A genome. The gene content and gene order of AgseNPV-A are most similar to those of Spodoptera exigua (Se) multiple NPV and their shared homologous genes are 100 % collinear. Three putative enhancin genes were identified in the AgseNPV-A genome. In phylogenetic analysis, the AgseNPV-A enhancins form a cluster separated from enhancins of the Mamestra species NPVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata K Jakubowska
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Binnenhaven 11, 6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Biological Control and Quarantine, Institute of Plant Protection, Miczurina 20, Poznan 60-318, Poland
| | - Sander A Peters
- Greenomics, Plant Research International, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jadwiga Ziemnicka
- Department of Biological Control and Quarantine, Institute of Plant Protection, Miczurina 20, Poznan 60-318, Poland
| | - Just M Vlak
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Binnenhaven 11, 6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Monique M van Oers
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Binnenhaven 11, 6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
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14
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Li Z, Li L, Yu H, Li S, Pang Y. Characterization of two homologues of ChaB in Spodoptera litura multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus. Gene 2006; 372:33-43. [PMID: 16488560 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2005.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2005] [Revised: 11/27/2005] [Accepted: 11/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
ChaB, a putative regulator of ChaA in Escherichia coli (E. coli), and its homologues constitute a multigene family known to occur among bacteria, archaeabacteria and baculoviruses. Distinguished from E. coli ChaB, baculoviruses ChaB proteins lack a charged loop that can bind to Ca2+ and Mg2+. The baculovirus Spodoptera litura multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (SpltMNPV) contains two homologues of ChaB, open reading frames (ORFs) 52 (Sl52) and 53 (Sl53). Reverse transcription-PCR and 5' Race analyses indicated that transcription of both SpltMNPV chaB genes occurs by 12 h postinfection and is initiated at a late consensus (A/T)TAAG motif. Immunoblot analysis showed that Sl52 was expressed as a doublet of 23 and 26 kDa in infected S. litura cells, while Sl53 was expressed as a 16 kDa protein. Biochemical fractionation analysis indicated that the 23 kDa form of Sl52 was distributed in both cytoplasm and nucleus of infected cells, whereas the 26 kDa form of Sl52 and Sl53 proteins were only present in nucleus. Further analysis revealed that these proteins are associated with the nucleocapsid of occlusion-derived virus. Using a histone extraction protocol, the Sl53 and 26 kDa form of Sl52 proteins were both detected in the histone H1 fraction. Additionally, column chromatography analysis showed that the Sl52 and Sl53 proteins could interact with nucleic acids. It was proposed that SpltMNPV ChaB might function as DNA binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaofei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Institute of Entomology, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
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15
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Wang D, Zhang CX. HearSNPV orf83 encodes a late, nonstructural protein with an active chitin-binding domain. Virus Res 2005; 117:237-43. [PMID: 16313991 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2005.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2005] [Revised: 10/24/2005] [Accepted: 10/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The ORF83 (ha83) of Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearSNPV) was characterized during the present study. Sequence analysis and chitin-binding assay revealed that Ha83 contained an active chitin-binding domain. Northern blot and Western blot analyses demonstrated that ha83 was expressed as a late gene and encoded a nonstructural protein of HearSNPV. Ha83 gene was transcribed beginning at 12h post-infection in infected Helicoverpa zea cells (HzAM1). Western blot analysis using a rabbit derived polyclonal antibody showed the product of ha83 in infected cells was a 20 kDa protein, in tune with the theoretical size of 18.8 kDa. The protein was first detected in the cytoplasm of infected HzAM1 cells at 12h p.i., and was transported later into the nucleus during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dun Wang
- Institute of Applied Entomology, Zhejiang University, Kaixuan Road 268#, Hangzhou 310029, PR China
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16
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An SH, Wang D, Zhang-Nv Y, Guo ZJ, Xu HJ, Sun JX, Zhang CX. Characterization of a late expression gene, Open reading frame 128 of Helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus. Arch Virol 2005; 150:2453-66. [PMID: 16052278 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-005-0605-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2005] [Accepted: 06/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearSNPV) is a single embedded NPV pathogenic to the bollworm, which is a major agricultural pest in many areas around the world. Ha128 homologues have been identified in all completely sequenced lepidopteran NPV's, but no homologue has been found in a granulovirus (GV) and it is thus considered as a lepidopteran NPV-specific gene. In the HearSNPV-C1 genome Ha128 is located between 120,252 and 121,052 bp and encodes a putative protein of 266 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular weight of 30.5 kDa. Ha128 transcripts in HearSNPV-infected HzAM1 cells could be detected from 24 to 120 h post-infection (p.i.) by Northern blot. The Ha128 protein was detected at 24 h p.i. and remained detectable until 120 h p.i. by western blot using an anti-GST-Ha128 antiserum. The expression of Ha128 was inhibited in the presence of Ara-C, an inhibitor of viral DNA synthesis. These results together indicated that Ha128 was a late gene. The product of Ha128 was found to have an Mr of about 31 kDa, in agreement with the predicted molecular weight. Immunoflorescence using anti-GST-Ha128 serum showed that Ha128 was located in cytoplasm. GST pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation showed that at least two potential host proteins interacted with Ha128. In conclusion, Ha128 is a late protein localized in the cytoplasm of infected cells that may interact with host proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-H An
- Institute of Applied Entomology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
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17
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Fang M, Wang H, Wang H, Yuan L, Chen X, Vlak JM, Hu Z. Open reading frame 94 of Helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus encodes a novel conserved occlusion-derived virion protein, ODV-EC43. J Gen Virol 2003; 84:3021-3027. [PMID: 14573807 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.19291-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Open reading frame 94 (Ha94) of Helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (HaSNPV) is 1086 bp long and a homologue of Autographa californica multiple NPV ORF109. The gene is conserved among all baculoviruses whose genomes have been completely sequenced so far and is thus considered a baculovirus core gene. Ha94 transcripts were detected from 24 to 96 h post-infection (p.i.) of HzAM1 cells with HaSNPV. Polyclonal antiserum raised to a GST-HA94 fusion protein recognized a 43 kDa protein, HA94, in infected cell lysates from 36 to 96 h p.i., suggesting that Ha94 is a late gene. Western blot analysis of proteins present in budded virus and occlusion-derived virus (ODV) showed that Ha94 encodes a structural component of ODV. When ODVs were fractionated further into nucleocapsid and envelope components, Western blot analysis indicated that the encoded protein was associated with both the nucleocapsid and the envelope. In summary, data available indicated that Ha94 encodes a novel ODV-specific protein of HaSNPV, designated ODV-EC43.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minggang Fang
- Join-Laboratory of Invertebrate Virology and Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanzhong Wang
- Join-Laboratory of Invertebrate Virology and Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Hualin Wang
- Join-Laboratory of Invertebrate Virology and Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yuan
- Join-Laboratory of Invertebrate Virology and Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinwen Chen
- Join-Laboratory of Invertebrate Virology and Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Just M Vlak
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Binnenhaven 11, 6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zhihong Hu
- Join-Laboratory of Invertebrate Virology and Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
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18
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Yin C, Yu J, Wang L, Li Z, Zhang P, Pang Y. Identification of a novel protein associated with envelope of occlusion-derived virus in Spodoptera litura multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus. Virus Genes 2003; 26:5-13. [PMID: 12680687 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022310202540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Spodoptera litura multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (SpltMNPV) ORF137 (Splt137) is one of 29 unique SpltMNPV ORFs. Splt137 has the potential to code for a polypeptide of 231 amino acid residues with predicted molecular weight of 27.5 kDa. Computer-assisted analysis of the predicted amino acid sequences of Splt137 protein showed 1 N-glycosylation site and 11 phosphorylation sites. For identification of Spit137, antibody was prepared by immunization of rabbits with purified Splt137 protein produced in Escherichia coli. This antibody was used to analyse Splt137 protein using Western blot. A 36-kDa protein was found both in the infected cells and envelope fractions of occlusion-derived virus (ODV) but could not be detected in the budded virus (BV). Tunicamycin treatment of SpltMNPV infected cells suggested that the 36-kDa protein had undergone N-glycosylation. Our data suggested that Splt137 protein was a novel envelope protein of ODV and might exist as a more complex form of 79-kDa protein in intact ODV. Further, transcriptional analysis with RT-PCR and 5' RACE analysis suggested that Splt137 might perform functions early and late in infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Institute of Entomology, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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19
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Long G, Chen X, Peters D, Vlak JM, Hu Z. Open reading frame 122 of Helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus encodes a novel structural protein of occlusion-derived virions. J Gen Virol 2003; 84:115-121. [PMID: 12533707 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.18473-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (HaSNPV) and its closely related variant H. zea SNPV (HzSNPV) contain 20 open reading frames (ORFs) unique among baculoviruses. In this report, the function of HaSNPV ORF 122 (Ha122) is investigated. Ha122 was transcribed as a polyadenylated transcript from 8 h post-infection in infected H. armigera insect cells. 5'RACE analysis indicated that Ha122 transcription starts predominantly in the consensus major late transcription initiation motif DTAAG, around 47 nt upstream of the putative translation start codon, with a minor start at position -89. Using 3'RACE, the transcription stop site mapped 27 nt downstream of the putative translation stop codon. By Western blot analysis using a chicken-derived polyclonal antibody, the product of Ha122 was found in infected cells to be a 21 kDa protein, close to the theoretical size of 21.6 kDa. The Ha122 protein, when fused to green fluorescent protein, was observed in the nuclei of H. armigera cells but only in conjunction with wild-type HaSNPV infection. The 21 kDa protein was located specifically in the nucleocapsid of occlusion-derived virions (ODVs) and not in that of budded virus. The available data suggest that Ha122 is a functional ORF of HaSNPV and HzSNPV and that the 21 kDa protein is a novel specific component of baculovirus ODVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Long
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Binnenhaven 11, 6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Joint Laboratory of Invertebrate Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xinwen Chen
- Joint Laboratory of Invertebrate Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Dick Peters
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Binnenhaven 11, 6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Just M Vlak
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Binnenhaven 11, 6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zhihong Hu
- Joint Laboratory of Invertebrate Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
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20
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Wang L, Yu J, Yin C, Li Z, Hu X, Pang Y. Characterization of a J domain gene of Spodoptera litura multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus. Virus Genes 2002; 25:291-7. [PMID: 12881640 DOI: 10.1023/a:1020980109450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Spodoptera litura multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (SpltMNPV) ORF39 (designated as the bjdp gene) is the only J domain gene recorded in baculovirus genomes to date. Computer-assisted analysis revealed that its deduced amino acid sequences possessed a coiled-coil region and a RNA recognition motif (RRM). In vivo the bdjp gene transcription was detected from 24 h post infection (p.i.) and abundant from 72 to 96 h p.i., while in vitro it was first detected 6 h p.i. and was abundant from 12 to 24 h p.i., respectively. Western blot analysis of BJDP expression with an antiserum made against 6xHis tagged BJDP expressed in Escherichia coli showed that it was present from 24 through 96 h p.i. in vitro. Western blot analysis indicated that BJDP was found to be associated with budded and occlusion-derived virions (ODV). Furthermore, BJDP was shown to be present in both envelope and nucleocapsid fractions of ODV. These results suggested that BJDP might be a structural protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontro and Institute of Entomology, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
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21
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IJkel WFJ, Roode EC, Goldbach RW, Vlak JM, Zuidema D. Characterization of Spodoptera exigua multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus ORF17/18, a homologue of Xestia c-nigrum granulovirus ORF129. J Gen Virol 2002; 83:2857-2867. [PMID: 12388822 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-83-11-2857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spodoptera exigua multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (SeMNPV) contains a number of genes with a homologue found so far only in a distantly related baculovirus. One of these, SeMNPV ORF17/18 (Se17/18) shares 55% amino acid similarity to ORF129 of Xestia c-nigrum granulovirus (XcGV). Se17/18 was transcribed in cultured S. exigua 301 cells, as a polyadenylated transcript of 1.1 kb. 5'-RACE analysis demonstrated that Se17/18 transcripts started at 134, 131 and 126 nt upstream of the putative translational start codon. These sites overlap with a baculovirus consensus early promoter motif. Se17/18 transcripts were detected by Northern blot analysis and RT-PCR with increasing abundance from 8 h to 24 h post infection (p.i.) and still present until 72 h p.i. A C-terminal GFP-fusion protein of Se17/18 was primarily localized in the cytoplasm of Se301 and Sf21 cells. A chicken polyclonal antiserum was raised that reacted specifically to Se17/18 protein produced in E. coli. However, no immunoreactive protein was detected in SeMNPV-infected Se301 cells and S. exigua larvae, neither in concentrated BV and ODV preparations. These observations and the inability to detect a C-terminal GFP-fusion protein of Se17/18 in Se301 cells using a GFP antibody suggest that Se17/18 protein is present, if at all, in spurious amounts. Based on the low homology of the Se17/18 protein to (methyl) transferases its possible involvement in transcription regulation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfred F J IJkel
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Binnenhaven 11, 6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands1
| | - Els C Roode
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Binnenhaven 11, 6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands1
| | - Rob W Goldbach
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Binnenhaven 11, 6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands1
| | - Just M Vlak
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Binnenhaven 11, 6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands1
| | - Douwe Zuidema
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Binnenhaven 11, 6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands1
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22
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Westenberg M, Wang H, IJkel WFJ, Goldbach RW, Vlak JM, Zuidema D. Furin is involved in baculovirus envelope fusion protein activation. J Virol 2002; 76:178-84. [PMID: 11739683 PMCID: PMC135720 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.1.178-184.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Spodoptera exigua multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (SeMNPV) Se8 gene was recently shown to encode the viral envelope fusion (F) protein. A 60-kDa C-terminal subunit (F1) of the 76-kDa primary translation product of this gene was found to be the major envelope protein of SeMNPV budded virus (BV) (W. F. J. IJkel, M. Westenberg, R. W. Goldbach, G. W. Blissard, J. M. Vlak, and D. Zuidema, Virology 275:30-41, 2000). A specific inhibitor was used to show that furin is involved in cleavage of the precursor envelope fusion (F0) protein. BV produced in the presence of the inhibitor possesses the uncleaved F0 protein, while an F protein with a mutation in the furin cleavage site was translocated to the plasma membrane but lost its fusogenic activity. These results indicate that cleavage of F0 is required to activate the SeMNPV F protein and is necessary for BV infectivity. Specific antibodies against F1 and against the putative N terminus (F2) of the primary translation product were used to show that the F protein is BV specific and that BVs contain both the 60- (F1) and 21-kDa (F2) cleavage products. In nonreducing sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis both subunits migrate as a single 80-kDa protein, indicating that the subunits remain associated by a disulfide linkage. In addition, the presence of the F protein predominantly as a monomer suggests that disulfide links are not involved in oligomerization. Thus, the envelope fusion protein from group II nucleopolyhedroviruses of baculoviruses has properties similar to those of proteins from a number of vertebrate viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Westenberg
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research Center, 6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
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