1
|
Lipid A Variants Activate Human TLR4 and the Noncanonical Inflammasome Differently and Require the Core Oligosaccharide for Inflammasome Activation. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0020822. [PMID: 35862709 PMCID: PMC9387229 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00208-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Detection of Gram-negative bacterial lipid A by the extracellular sensor, myeloid differentiation 2 (MD2)/Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), or the intracellular inflammasome sensors, CASP4 and CASP5, induces robust inflammatory responses. The chemical structure of lipid A, specifically its phosphorylation and acylation state, varies across and within bacterial species, potentially allowing pathogens to evade or suppress host immunity. Currently, it is not clear how distinct alterations in the phosphorylation or acylation state of lipid A affect both human TLR4 and CASP4/5 activation. Using a panel of engineered lipooligosaccharides (LOS) derived from Yersinia pestis with defined lipid A structures that vary in their acylation or phosphorylation state, we identified that differences in phosphorylation state did not affect TLR4 or CASP4/5 activation. However, the acylation state differentially impacted TLR4 and CASP4/5 activation. Specifically, all tetra-, penta-, and hexa-acylated LOS variants examined activated CASP4/5-dependent responses, whereas TLR4 responded to penta- and hexa-acylated LOS but did not respond to tetra-acylated LOS or penta-acylated LOS lacking the secondary acyl chain at the 3' position. As expected, lipid A alone was sufficient for TLR4 activation. In contrast, both core oligosaccharide and lipid A were required for robust CASP4/5 inflammasome activation in human macrophages, whereas core oligosaccharide was not required to activate mouse macrophages expressing CASP4. Our findings show that human TLR4 and CASP4/5 detect both shared and nonoverlapping LOS/lipid A structures, which enables the innate immune system to recognize a wider range of bacterial LOS/lipid A and would thereby be expected to constrain the ability of pathogens to evade innate immune detection.
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu B, Furevi A, Perepelov AV, Guo X, Cao H, Wang Q, Reeves PR, Knirel YA, Wang L, Widmalm G. Structure and genetics of Escherichia coli O antigens. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2020; 44:655-683. [PMID: 31778182 PMCID: PMC7685785 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuz028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli includes clonal groups of both commensal and pathogenic strains, with some of the latter causing serious infectious diseases. O antigen variation is current standard in defining strains for taxonomy and epidemiology, providing the basis for many serotyping schemes for Gram-negative bacteria. This review covers the diversity in E. coli O antigen structures and gene clusters, and the genetic basis for the structural diversity. Of the 187 formally defined O antigens, six (O31, O47, O67, O72, O94 and O122) have since been removed and three (O34, O89 and O144) strains do not produce any O antigen. Therefore, structures are presented for 176 of the 181 E. coli O antigens, some of which include subgroups. Most (93%) of these O antigens are synthesized via the Wzx/Wzy pathway, 11 via the ABC transporter pathway, with O20, O57 and O60 still uncharacterized due to failure to find their O antigen gene clusters. Biosynthetic pathways are given for 38 of the 49 sugars found in E. coli O antigens, and several pairs or groups of the E. coli antigens that have related structures show close relationships of the O antigen gene clusters within clades, thereby highlighting the genetic basis of the evolution of diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjing 300457, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Axel Furevi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrei V Perepelov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 47, Moscow, Russia
| | - Xi Guo
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjing 300457, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Hengchun Cao
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjing 300457, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Quan Wang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjing 300457, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Peter R Reeves
- School of Molecular and Microbial Bioscience, University of Sydney, 2 Butilin Ave, Darlington NSW 2008, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yuriy A Knirel
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 47, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lei Wang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjing 300457, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Göran Widmalm
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sizova OV, Kondakova AN, Shashkov AS, Knirel YA, Shaikhutdinova RZ, Ivanov SA, Platonov ME, Hurst MRH, Dentovskaya SV. Structure and gene cluster of a tyvelose-containing O-polysaccharide of an entomopathogenic bacterium Yersinia entomophaga MH96 T related to Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Carbohydr Res 2017; 445:93-97. [PMID: 28460348 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An O-polysaccharide was isolated from the lipopolysaccharide of an entomopathogenic bacterium Yersinia entomophaga MH96T by mild acid hydrolysis and studied by 2D NMR spectroscopy. The following structure of the branched tetrasaccharide repeating unit of the polysaccharide was established: where Tyv indicates 3,6-dideoxy-d-arabino-hexose (tyvelose). The structure established is consistent with the gene content of the O-antigen gene cluster. The O-polysaccharide structure and gene cluster of Y. entomophaga are related to those of some Y. pseudotuberculosis serotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O V Sizova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - A N Kondakova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - A S Shashkov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Y A Knirel
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - R Z Shaikhutdinova
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 142279, Obolensk, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
| | - S A Ivanov
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 142279, Obolensk, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
| | - M E Platonov
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 142279, Obolensk, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
| | - M R H Hurst
- Forage Science, AgResearch, Lincoln Research Centre, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand; Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - S V Dentovskaya
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 142279, Obolensk, Moscow Region, Russian Federation.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kenyon JJ, Cunneen MM, Reeves PR. Genetics and evolution of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis O-specific polysaccharides: a novel pattern of O-antigen diversity. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2017; 41:200-217. [PMID: 28364730 PMCID: PMC5399914 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fux002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
O-antigen polysaccharide is a major immunogenic feature of the lipopolysaccharide of Gram-negative bacteria, and most species produce a large variety of forms that differ substantially from one another. There are 18 known O-antigen forms in the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis complex, which are typical in being composed of multiple copies of a short oligosaccharide called an O unit. The O-antigen gene clusters are located between the hemH and gsk genes, and are atypical as 15 of them are closely related, each having one of five downstream gene modules for alternative main-chain synthesis, and one of seven upstream modules for alternative side-branch sugar synthesis. As a result, many of the genes are in more than one gene cluster. The gene order in each module is such that, in general, the earlier a gene product functions in O-unit synthesis, the closer the gene is to the 5΄ end for side-branch modules or the 3΄ end for main-chain modules. We propose a model whereby natural selection could generate the observed pattern in gene order, a pattern that has also been observed in other species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna J. Kenyon
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology. Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Monica M. Cunneen
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Peter R. Reeves
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kenyon JJ, Duda KA, De Felice A, Cunneen MM, Molinaro A, Laitinen J, Skurnik M, Holst O, Reeves PR, De Castro C. Serotype O:8 isolates in the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis complex have different O-antigen gene clusters and produce various forms of rough LPS. Innate Immun 2016; 22:205-17. [PMID: 26873504 DOI: 10.1177/1753425916631403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In Yersinia pseudotuberculosis complex, the O-antigen of LPS is used for the serological characterization of strains, and 21 serotypes have been identified to date. The O-antigen biosynthesis gene cluster and corresponding O-antigen structure have been described for 18, leaving O:8, O:13 and O:14 unresolved. In this study, two O:8 isolates were examined. The O-antigen gene cluster sequence of strain 151 was near identical to serotype O:4a, though a frame-shift mutation was found in ddhD, while No. 6 was different to 151 and carried the O:1b gene cluster. Structural analysis revealed that No. 6 produced a deeply truncated LPS, suggesting a mutation within the waaF gene. Both ddhD and waaF were cloned and expressed in 151 and No. 6 strains, respectively, and it appeared that expression of ddhD gene in strain 151 restored the O-antigen on LPS, while waaF in No. 6 resulted in an LPS truncated less severely but still without the O-antigen, suggesting that other mutations occurred in this strain. Thus, both O:8 isolates were found to be spontaneous O-antigen-negative mutants derived from other validated serotypes, and we propose to remove this serotype from the O-serotyping scheme, as the O:8 serological specificity is not based on the O-antigen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna J Kenyon
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Katarzyna A Duda
- Division of Structural Biochemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany
| | - Antonia De Felice
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Monica M Cunneen
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Juha Laitinen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, and Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikael Skurnik
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, and Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Helsinki University Central Hospital Laboratory Diagnostics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Otto Holst
- Division of Structural Biochemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany
| | - Peter R Reeves
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Cristina De Castro
- Department of Agriculture Sciences, University of Napoli, Portici, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kenyon JJ, Reeves PR. The Wzy O-antigen polymerase of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis O:2a has a dependence on the Wzz chain-length determinant for efficient polymerization. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2013; 349:163-70. [PMID: 24164168 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide is a major immunogenic structure for the pathogen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, which contains the O-specific polysaccharide (OPS) that is presented on the cell surface. The OPS contains many repeats of the oligosaccharide O-unit and exhibits a preferred modal chain length that has been shown to be crucial for cell protection in Yersinia. It is well established that the Wzz protein determines the preferred chain length of the OPS, and in its absence, the polymerization of O units by the Wzy polymerase is uncontrolled. However, for Y. pseudotuberculosis, a wzz mutation has never been described. In this study, we examine the effect of Wzz loss in Y. pseudotuberculosis serotype O:2a and compare the lipopolysaccharide chain-length profile to that of Escherichia coli serotype O111. In the absence of Wzz, the lipopolysaccharides of the two species showed significant differences in Wzy polymerization. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis O:2a exhibited only OPS with very short chain lengths, which is atypical of wzz-mutant phenotypes that have been observed for other species. We hypothesise that the Wzy polymerase of Y. pseudotuberculosis O:2a has a unique default activity in the absence of the Wzz, revealing the requirement of Wzz to drive O-unit polymerization to greater lengths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna J Kenyon
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Reeves PR, Cunneen MM, Liu B, Wang L. Genetics and evolution of the Salmonella galactose-initiated set of o antigens. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69306. [PMID: 23874940 PMCID: PMC3715488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper covers eight Salmonella serogroups, that are defined by O antigens with related structures and gene clusters. They include the serovars that are now most frequently isolated. Serogroups A, B1, B2, C2-C3, D1, D2, D3 and E have O antigens that are distinguished by having galactose as first sugar, and not N-acetyl glucosamine or N-acetyl galactosamine as in the other 38 serogroups, and indeed in most Enterobacteriaceae. The gene clusters for these galactose-initiated appear to have entered S. enterica since its divergence from E. coli, but sequence comparisons show that much of the diversification occurred long before this. We conclude that the gene clusters must have entered S. enterica in a series of parallel events. The individual gene clusters are discussed, followed by analysis of the divergence for those genes shared by two or more gene clusters, and a putative phylogenic tree for the gene clusters is presented. This set of O antigens provides a rare case where it is possible to examine in detail the relationships of a significant number of O antigens. In contrast the more common pattern of O-antigen diversity within a species is for there to be only a few cases of strains having related gene clusters, suggesting that diversity arose through gain of individual O-antigen gene clusters by lateral gene transfer, and under these circumstances the evolution of the diversity is not accessible. This paper on the galactose-initiated set of gene clusters gives new insights into the origins of O-antigen diversity generally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Reeves
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Biosynthesis of UDP-GlcNAc, UndPP-GlcNAc and UDP-GlcNAcA involves three easily distinguished 4-epimerase enzymes, Gne, Gnu and GnaB. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67646. [PMID: 23799153 PMCID: PMC3682973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have undertaken an extensive survey of a group of epimerases originally named Gne, that were thought to be responsible for inter-conversion of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) and UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine (UDP-GalNAc). The analysis builds on recent work clarifying the specificity of some of these epimerases. We find three well defined clades responsible for inter-conversion of the gluco- and galacto-configuration at C4 of different N-acetylhexosamines. Their major biological roles are the formation of UDP-GalNAc, UDP-N-acetylgalactosaminuronic acid (UDP-GalNAcA) and undecaprenyl pyrophosphate-N-acetylgalactosamine (UndPP-GalNAc) from the corresponding glucose forms. We propose that the clade of UDP-GlcNAcA epimerase genes be named gnaB and the clade of UndPP-GlcNAc epimerase genes be named gnu, while the UDP-GlcNAc epimerase genes retain the name gne. The Gne epimerases, as now defined after exclusion of those to be named GnaB or Gnu, are in the same clade as the GalE 4-epimerases for inter-conversion of UDP-glucose (UDP-Glc) and UDP-galactose (UDP-Gal). This work brings clarity to an area that had become quite confusing. The identification of distinct enzymes for epimerisation of UDP-GlcNAc, UDP-GlcNAcA and UndPP-GlcNAc will greatly facilitate allocation of gene function in polysaccharide gene clusters, including those found in bacterial genome sequences. A table of the accession numbers for the 295 proteins used in the analysis is provided to enable the major tree to be regenerated with the inclusion of additional proteins of interest. This and other suggestions for annotation of 4-epimerase genes will facilitate annotation.
Collapse
|
9
|
De Castro C, Kenyon JJ, Cunneen MM, Molinaro A, Holst O, Skurnik M, Reeves PR. The O-specific polysaccharide structure and gene cluster of serotype O:12 of the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis complex, and the identification of a novel L-quinovose biosynthesis gene. Glycobiology 2012; 23:346-53. [PMID: 23077132 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cws145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A major virulence factor for Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is lipopolysaccharide, including O-polysaccharide (OPS). Currently, the OPS based serotyping scheme for Y. pseudotuberculosis includes 21 known O-serotypes, with genetic and structural data available for 17 of them. The completion of the OPS structures and genetics of this species will enable the visualization of relationships between O-serotypes and allow for analysis of the evolutionary processes within the species that give rise to new serotypes. Here we present the OPS structure and gene cluster of serotype O:12, thus adding one more to the set of completed serotypes, and show that this serotype is present in both Y. pseudotuberculosis and the newly identified Y. similis species. The O:12 structure is shown to include two rares ugars: 4-C[(R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-3,6-dideoxy-D-xylo-hexose(D-yersiniose) and 6-deoxy-L-glucopyranose (L-quinovose).We have identified a novel putative guanine diphosphate(GDP)-L-fucose 4-epimerase gene and propose a pathway for the synthesis of GDP-L-quinovose, which extends the known GDP-L-fucose pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina De Castro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ch'ng SL, Octavia S, Xia Q, Duong A, Tanaka MM, Fukushima H, Lan R. Population structure and evolution of pathogenicity of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:768-75. [PMID: 21131531 PMCID: PMC3028722 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01993-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is an enteric human pathogen but is widespread in the environment. Pathogenicity is determined by a number of virulence factors, including the virulence plasmid pYV, the high-pathogenicity island (HPI), and the Y. pseudotuberculosis-derived mitogen (YPM), a superantigen. The presence of the 3 virulence factors varies among Y. pseudotuberculosis isolates. We developed a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme to address the population structure of Y. pseudotuberculosis and the evolution of its pathogenicity. The seven housekeeping genes selected for MLST were mdh, recA, sucA, fumC, aroC, pgi, and gyrB. An MLST analysis of 83 isolates of Y. pseudotuberculosis, representing 19 different serotypes and six different genetic groups, identified 61 sequence types (STs) and 12 clonal complexes. Out of 26 allelic changes that occurred in the 12 clonal complexes, 13 were mutational events while 13 were recombinational events, indicating that recombination and mutation contributed equally to the diversification of the clonal complexes. The isolates were separated into 2 distinctive clusters, A and B. Cluster A is the major cluster, with 53 STs (including Y. pestis strains), and is distributed worldwide, while cluster B is restricted to the Far East. The YPM gene is widely distributed on the phylogenetic tree, with ypmA in cluster A and ypmB in cluster B. pYV is present in cluster A only but is sporadically absent in some cluster A isolates. In contrast, an HPI is present only in a limited number of lineages and must be gained by lateral transfer. Three STs carry all 3 virulence factors and can be regarded as high-pathogenicity clones. Isolates from the same ST may not carry all 3 virulence factors, indicating frequent gain or loss of these factors. The differences in pathogenicity among Y. pseudotuberculosis strains are likely due to the variable presence and instability of the virulence factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shear Lane Ch'ng
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia, Shimane Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, 582-1 Nishihamasada, Matsue, Shimane 699-0122, Japan
| | - Sophie Octavia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia, Shimane Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, 582-1 Nishihamasada, Matsue, Shimane 699-0122, Japan
| | - Qiuyu Xia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia, Shimane Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, 582-1 Nishihamasada, Matsue, Shimane 699-0122, Japan
| | - An Duong
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia, Shimane Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, 582-1 Nishihamasada, Matsue, Shimane 699-0122, Japan
| | - Mark M. Tanaka
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia, Shimane Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, 582-1 Nishihamasada, Matsue, Shimane 699-0122, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fukushima
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia, Shimane Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, 582-1 Nishihamasada, Matsue, Shimane 699-0122, Japan
| | - Ruiting Lan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia, Shimane Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, 582-1 Nishihamasada, Matsue, Shimane 699-0122, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cunneen MM, De Castro C, Kenyon J, Parrilli M, Reeves PR, Molinaro A, Holst O, Skurnik M. The O-specific polysaccharide structure and biosynthetic gene cluster of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis serotype O:11. Carbohydr Res 2009; 344:1533-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
12
|
Kondakova AN, Bystrova OV, Shaikhutdinova RZ, Ivanov SA, Dentovskaya SV, Shashkov AS, Knirel YA, Anisimov AP. Structure of the O-polysaccharide of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis O:2b. Carbohydr Res 2009; 344:405-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
13
|
Kondakova AN, Bystrova OV, Shaikhutdinova RZ, Ivanov SA, Dentovskaya SV, Shashkov AS, Knirel YA, Anisimov AP. Structure of the O-antigen of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis O:4b. Carbohydr Res 2009; 344:152-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Revised: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
14
|
Kondakova AN, Bystrova OV, Shaikhutdinova RZ, Ivanov SA, Dentovskaya SV, Shashkov AS, Knirel YA, Anisimov AP. Reinvestigation of the O-antigens of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis: revision of the O2c and confirmation of the O3 antigen structures. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:2486-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2008] [Revised: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 06/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
15
|
Kondakova AN, Ho N, Bystrova OV, Shashkov AS, Lindner B, Creuzenet C, Knirel YA. Structural studies of the O-antigens of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis O:2a and mutants thereof with impaired 6-deoxy-d-manno-heptose biosynthesis pathway. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:1383-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2008] [Revised: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
16
|
Ho N, Kondakova AN, Knirel YA, Creuzenet C. The biosynthesis and biological role of 6-deoxyheptose in the lipopolysaccharide O-antigen of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Mol Microbiol 2008; 68:424-47. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06163.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
17
|
Feng L, Senchenkova SN, Yang J, Shashkov AS, Tao J, Guo H, Cheng J, Ren Y, Knirel YA, Reeves PR, Wang L. Synthesis of the heteropolysaccharide O antigen of Escherichia coli O52 requires an ABC transporter: structural and genetic evidence. J Bacteriol 2004; 186:4510-9. [PMID: 15231783 PMCID: PMC438562 DOI: 10.1128/jb.186.14.4510-4519.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural and genetic organization of the Escherichia coli O52 O antigen was studied. As identified by sugar and methylation analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, the O antigen of E. coli O52 has a partially O-acetylated disaccharide repeating unit (O unit) containing D-fucofuranose and 6-deoxy-D-manno-heptopyranose, as well as a minor 6-deoxy-3-O-methylhexose (most likely, 3-O-methylfucose). The O-antigen gene cluster of E. coli O52, which is located between the galF and gnd genes, was found to contain putative genes for the synthesis of the O-antigen constituents, sugar transferase genes, and ABC-2 transporter genes. Further analysis confirmed that O52 employs an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter-dependent pathway for translocation and polymerization of the O unit. This is the first report of an ABC transporter being involved in translocation of a heteropolysaccharide O antigen in E. coli. Genes specific for E. coli O52 were also identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Feng
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin Biochip Technology Corporation, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bogdanovich T, Carniel E, Fukushima H, Skurnik M. Use of O-antigen gene cluster-specific PCRs for the identification and O-genotyping of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia pestis. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:5103-12. [PMID: 14605146 PMCID: PMC262526 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.41.11.5103-5112.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2003] [Revised: 07/29/2003] [Accepted: 08/12/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pestis is a very recently evolved clone of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis serotype O:1b. This close relationship causes potential difficulties in DNA-based diagnostic methods. Analysis of the O-antigen gene clusters in these two organisms identified two regions that were used to specifically identify Y. pestis-Y. pseudotuberculosis as a group or Y. pestis alone. Both PCR assays were found to be 100% specific when tested on a large collection of Yersinia species and other Enterobacteriaceae. Furthermore, advantage was taken of the different setups of the O-antigen gene clusters of the 21 known Y. pseudotuberculosis serotypes to develop a multiplex PCR assay to replace the conventional serotyping method of Y. pseudotuberculosis by O-genotyping. The multiplex PCR assay contained nine sets of specific PCRs in a single tube and when used on Y. pseudotuberculosis reference strains allowed the distinction of 14 individual serotypes and two duplex serotypes (O:4a-O:8 and O:12-O:13). Serotype O:7, O:9, and O:10 strains required additional PCRs for O-genotyping. Once applied to Y. pseudotuberculosis strains of various origins, a very good correlation between classical serotypes and O-genotypes was observed, although some discrepancies were found. O-genotyping also proved useful to correct misidentification of some strains and to type Y. pseudotuberculosis isolates that had lost the expression of the O-antigen. The PCR-based O-genotyping can easily be applied in conventional laboratories, without the need for tedious preparation of a large set of specific antisera.
Collapse
|