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Gray M, Meehan J, Turnbull AK, Martínez-Pérez C, Kay C, Pang LY, Argyle DJ. The Importance of the Tumor Microenvironment and Hypoxia in Delivering a Precision Medicine Approach to Veterinary Oncology. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:598338. [PMID: 33282935 PMCID: PMC7688625 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.598338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Treating individual patients on the basis of specific factors, such as biomarkers, molecular signatures, phenotypes, environment, and lifestyle is what differentiates the precision medicine initiative from standard treatment regimens. Although precision medicine can be applied to almost any branch of medicine, it is perhaps most easily applied to the field of oncology. Cancer is a heterogeneous disease, meaning that even though patients may be histologically diagnosed with the same cancer type, their tumors may have different molecular characteristics, genetic mutations or tumor microenvironments that can influence prognosis or treatment response. In this review, we describe what methods are currently available to clinicians that allow them to monitor key tumor microenvironmental parameters in a way that could be used to achieve precision medicine for cancer patients. We further describe exciting novel research involving the use of implantable medical devices for precision medicine, including those developed for mapping tumor microenvironment parameters (e.g., O2, pH, and cancer biomarkers), delivering local drug treatments, assessing treatment responses, and monitoring for recurrence and metastasis. Although these research studies have predominantly focused on and were tailored to humans, the results and concepts are equally applicable to veterinary patients. While veterinary clinical studies that have adopted a precision medicine approach are still in their infancy, there have been some exciting success stories. These have included the development of a receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor for canine mast cell tumors and the production of a PCR assay to monitor the chemotherapeutic response of canine high-grade B-cell lymphomas. Although precision medicine is an exciting area of research, it currently has failed to gain significant translation into human and veterinary healthcare practices. In order to begin to address this issue, there is increasing awareness that cross-disciplinary approaches involving human and veterinary clinicians, engineers and chemists may be needed to help advance precision medicine toward its full integration into human and veterinary clinical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Gray
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - James Meehan
- Translational Oncology Research Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Arran K. Turnbull
- Translational Oncology Research Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Breast Cancer Now Edinburgh Research Team, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Martínez-Pérez
- Translational Oncology Research Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Breast Cancer Now Edinburgh Research Team, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Charlene Kay
- Translational Oncology Research Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Breast Cancer Now Edinburgh Research Team, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Y. Pang
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Argyle
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Meehan J, Gray M, Martínez-Pérez C, Kay C, Pang LY, Fraser JA, Poole AV, Kunkler IH, Langdon SP, Argyle D, Turnbull AK. Precision Medicine and the Role of Biomarkers of Radiotherapy Response in Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:628. [PMID: 32391281 PMCID: PMC7193869 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy remains an important treatment modality in nearly two thirds of all cancers, including the primary curative or palliative treatment of breast cancer. Unfortunately, largely due to tumor heterogeneity, tumor radiotherapy response rates can vary significantly, even between patients diagnosed with the same tumor type. Although in recent years significant technological advances have been made in the way radiation can be precisely delivered to tumors, it is proving more difficult to personalize radiotherapy regimens based on cancer biology. Biomarkers that provide prognostic or predictive information regarding a tumor's intrinsic radiosensitivity or its response to treatment could prove valuable in helping to personalize radiation dosing, enabling clinicians to make decisions between different treatment options whilst avoiding radiation-induced toxicity in patients unlikely to gain therapeutic benefit. Studies have investigated numerous ways in which both patient and tumor radiosensitivities can be assessed. Tumor molecular profiling has been used to develop radiosensitivity gene signatures, while the assessment of specific intracellular or secreted proteins, including circulating tumor cells, exosomes and DNA, has been performed to identify prognostic or predictive biomarkers of radiation response. Finally, the investigation of biomarkers related to radiation-induced toxicity could provide another means by which radiotherapy could become personalized. In this review, we discuss studies that have used these methods to identify or develop prognostic/predictive signatures of radiosensitivity, and how such assays could be used in the future as a means of providing personalized radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Meehan
- Translational Oncology Research Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Gray
- Translational Oncology Research Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Martínez-Pérez
- Translational Oncology Research Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Breast Cancer Now Edinburgh Research Team, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Charlene Kay
- Translational Oncology Research Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Y Pang
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer A Fraser
- School of Applied Science, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Amy V Poole
- School of Applied Science, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ian H Kunkler
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Division of Pathology Laboratories, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Simon P Langdon
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Division of Pathology Laboratories, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David Argyle
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Arran K Turnbull
- Translational Oncology Research Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Breast Cancer Now Edinburgh Research Team, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Zhu S, Corsetti S, Wang Q, Li C, Huang Z, Nabi G. Optical sensory arrays for the detection of urinary bladder cancer-related volatile organic compounds. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201800165. [PMID: 30168296 PMCID: PMC7065633 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive detection of urinary bladder cancer remains a significant challenge. Urinary volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a promising alternative to cell-based biomarkers. Herein, we demonstrate a novel diagnosis system based on an optic fluorescence sensor array for detecting urinary bladder cancer VOCs biomarkers. This study describes a fluorescence-based VOCs sensor array detecting system in detail. The choice of VOCs for the initial part was based on an extensive systematic search of the literature and then followed up using urinary samples from patients with urinary bladder transitional cell carcinoma. Canonical discriminant analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were employed and correctly detected 31/48 urinary bladder cancer VOC biomarkers and achieved an overall 77.75% sensitivity and 93.25% specificity by PLS-DA modelling. All five urine samples from bladder cancer patients, and five healthy controls were successfully identified with the same sensor arrays. Overall, the experiments in this study describe a real-time platform for non-invasive bladder cancer diagnosis using fluorescence-based gas-sensor arrays. Pure VOCs and urine samples from the patients proved such a system to be promising; however, further research is required using a larger population sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simian Zhu
- Cancer Research DivisionSchool of Medicine, University of DundeeDundeeUK
- Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, School of Science and EngineeringUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | | | - Qifan Wang
- Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, School of Science and EngineeringUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Chunhui Li
- Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, School of Science and EngineeringUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Zhihong Huang
- Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, School of Science and EngineeringUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Ghulam Nabi
- Cancer Research DivisionSchool of Medicine, University of DundeeDundeeUK
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Bhattacharyya D, Kumar P, Mohanty SK, Smith YR, Misra M. Detection of Four Distinct Volatile Indicators of Colorectal Cancer using Functionalized Titania Nanotubular Arrays. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 17:E1795. [PMID: 28777343 PMCID: PMC5580033 DOI: 10.3390/s17081795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Screening of colorectal cancer is crucial for early stage diagnosis and treatment. Detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of the metabolome present in exhaled breath is a promising approach to screen colorectal cancer (CRC). Various forms of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that show the definitive signature for the different diseases including cancers are present in exhale breathe. Among all the reported CRC VOCs, cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, 1,3-dimethyl- benzene and decanal are identified as the prominent ones that can be used as the signature for CRC screening. In the present investigation, detection of the four prominent VOCs related to CRC is explored using functionalized titania nanotubular arrays (TNAs)-based sensor. These signature biomarkers are shown to be detected using nickel-functionalized TNA as an electrochemical sensor. The sensing mechanism is based on the electrochemical interaction of nickel-functionalized nanotubes with signature biomarkers. A detailed mechanism of the sensor response is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiman Bhattacharyya
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Swomitra K Mohanty
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - York R Smith
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Mano Misra
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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Piezoresistive Membrane Surface Stress Sensors for Characterization of Breath Samples of Head and Neck Cancer Patients. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16071149. [PMID: 27455276 PMCID: PMC4970191 DOI: 10.3390/s16071149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
For many diseases, where a particular organ is affected, chemical by-products can be found in the patient’s exhaled breath. Breath analysis is often done using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, but interpretation of results is difficult and time-consuming. We performed characterization of patients’ exhaled breath samples by an electronic nose technique based on an array of nanomechanical membrane sensors. Each membrane is coated with a different thin polymer layer. By pumping the exhaled breath into a measurement chamber, volatile organic compounds present in patients’ breath diffuse into the polymer layers and deform the membranes by changes in surface stress. The bending of the membranes is measured piezoresistively and the signals are converted into voltages. The sensor deflection pattern allows one to characterize the condition of the patient. In a clinical pilot study, we investigated breath samples from head and neck cancer patients and healthy control persons. Evaluation using principal component analysis (PCA) allowed a clear distinction between the two groups. As head and neck cancer can be completely removed by surgery, the breath of cured patients was investigated after surgery again and the results were similar to those of the healthy control group, indicating that surgery was successful.
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Amal H, Leja M, Funka K, Skapars R, Sivins A, Ancans G, Liepniece-Karele I, Kikuste I, Lasina I, Haick H. Detection of precancerous gastric lesions and gastric cancer through exhaled breath. Gut 2016; 65:400-7. [PMID: 25869737 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Timely detection of gastric cancer (GC) and the related precancerous lesions could provide a tool for decreasing both cancer mortality and incidence. DESIGN 968 breath samples were collected from 484 patients (including 99 with GC) for two different analyses. The first sample was analysed by gas chromatography linked to mass spectrometry (GCMS) while applying t test with multiple corrections (p value<0.017); the second by cross-reactive nanoarrays combined with pattern recognition. For the latter, 70% of the samples were randomly selected and used in the training set while the remaining 30% constituted the validation set. The operative link on gastric intestinal metaplasia (OLGIM) assessment staging system was used to stratify the presence/absence and risk level of precancerous lesions. Patients with OLGIM stages III-IV were considered to be at high risk. RESULTS According to the GCMS results, patients with cancer as well as those at high risk had distinctive breath-print compositions. Eight significant volatile organic compounds (p value<0.017) were detected in exhaled breath in the different comparisons. The nanoarray analysis made it possible to discriminate between the patients with GC and the control group (OLGIM 0-IV) with 73% sensitivity, 98% specificity and 92% accuracy. The classification sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy between the subgroups was as follows: GC versus OLGIM 0-II-97%, 84% and 87%; GC versus OLGIM III-IV-93%, 80% and 90%; but OLGIM I-II versus OLGIM III-IV and dysplasia combined-83%, 60% and 61%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Nanoarray analysis could provide the missing non-invasive screening tool for GC and related precancerous lesions as well as for surveillance of the latter. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Clinical Trials.gov number, NCT01420588 (3/11/2013).
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham Amal
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Marcis Leja
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia Department of Research, Riga East University Hospital, Riga, Latvia Digestive Diseases Centre GASTRO, Riga, Latvia
| | - Konrads Funka
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia Department of Research, Riga East University Hospital, Riga, Latvia Digestive Diseases Centre GASTRO, Riga, Latvia
| | - Roberts Skapars
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia Department of Research, Riga East University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Armands Sivins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia Department of Research, Riga East University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Guntis Ancans
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia Department of Research, Riga East University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Inta Liepniece-Karele
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia Department of Research, Riga East University Hospital, Riga, Latvia Academic Histology laboratory, Riga, Latvia
| | - Ilze Kikuste
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia Digestive Diseases Centre GASTRO, Riga, Latvia
| | - Ieva Lasina
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Hossam Haick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Haick H, Broza YY, Mochalski P, Ruzsanyi V, Amann A. Assessment, origin, and implementation of breath volatile cancer markers. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 43:1423-49. [PMID: 24305596 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60329f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A new non-invasive and potentially inexpensive frontier in the diagnosis of cancer relies on the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath samples. Breath can be sampled and analyzed in real-time, leading to fascinating and cost-effective clinical diagnostic procedures. Nevertheless, breath analysis is a very young field of research and faces challenges, mainly because the biochemical mechanisms behind the cancer-related VOCs are largely unknown. In this review, we present a list of 115 validated cancer-related VOCs published in the literature during the past decade, and classify them with respect to their "fat-to-blood" and "blood-to-air" partition coefficients. These partition coefficients provide an estimation of the relative concentrations of VOCs in alveolar breath, in blood and in the fat compartments of the human body. Additionally, we try to clarify controversial issues concerning possible experimental malpractice in the field, and propose ways to translate the basic science results as well as the mechanistic understanding to tools (sensors) that could serve as point-of-care diagnostics of cancer. We end this review with a conclusion and a future perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam Haick
- The Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel.
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Okajima M, Kokura S, Ishikawa T, Mizushima K, Tsuchiya R, Matsuyama T, Adachi S, Okayama T, Sakamoto N, Kamada K, Katada K, Uchiyama K, Handa O, Takagi T, Yagi N, Naito Y, Yoshikawa T. Anoxia/reoxygenation induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human colon cancer cell lines. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:2311-7. [PMID: 23589103 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is considered to be a crucial event in the development of cancer metastasis. Anoxia/reoxygenation (A/R) is known to occur in cancer tissues due to angiogenesis and changes in tissue pressure that occur during tumor growth. We investigated whether A/R induces EMT in the human colon cancer cell line HT-29. Colon cancer cells were exposed to anoxia (2 h) followed by reoxygenation (4-22 h) and evaluated for EMT changes using immunofluorescence and western blot analyses. We also investigated the expression of EMT-related transcription factors (Snail and ZEB1) using RT-PCR and evaluated the expression of NF-κB using ELISA. To determine whether NF-κB is involved in A/R-induced EMT, HT-29 cells were treated with proteasome inhibitors. Colon cancer cells exposed to A/R underwent EMT morphological changes; the cancer cells acquired a spindle-shaped phenotype. The expression of E-cadherin on the cell surface and the total amount of E-cadherin proteins were reduced after A/R. The expression of EMT-related transcription factors (Snail, ZEB1) was increased after A/R. Pretreatment with proteasome inhibitors significantly attenuated the downregulation of E-cadherin induced by A/R. These results indicate that A/R induces EMT in human colon cancer cells through an NF-κB-dependent transcriptional pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Okajima
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
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Hakim M, Broza YY, Barash O, Peled N, Phillips M, Amann A, Haick H. Volatile organic compounds of lung cancer and possible biochemical pathways. Chem Rev 2012; 112:5949-66. [PMID: 22991938 DOI: 10.1021/cr300174a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 485] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meggie Hakim
- The Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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10
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Amal H, Ding L, Liu BB, Tisch U, Xu ZQ, Shi DY, Zhao Y, Chen J, Sun RX, Liu H, Ye SL, Tang ZY, Haick H. The scent fingerprint of hepatocarcinoma: in-vitro metastasis prediction with volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:4135-46. [PMID: 22888249 PMCID: PMC3415321 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s32680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common and aggressive form of cancer. Due to a high rate of postoperative recurrence, the prognosis for HCC is poor. Subclinical metastasis is the major cause of tumor recurrence and patient mortality. Currently, there is no reliable prognostic method of invasion. AIM To investigate the feasibility of fingerprints of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for the in-vitro prediction of metastasis. METHODS Headspace gases were collected from 36 cell cultures (HCC with high and low metastatic potential and normal cells) and analyzed using nanomaterial-based sensors. Predictive models were built by employing discriminant factor analysis pattern recognition, and the classification success was determined using leave-one-out cross-validation. The chemical composition of each headspace sample was studied using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). RESULTS Excellent discrimination was achieved using the nanomaterial-based sensors between (i) all HCC and normal controls; (ii) low metastatic HCC and normal controls; (iii) high metastatic HCC and normal controls; and (iv) high and low HCC. Several HCC-related VOCs that could be associated with biochemical cellular processes were identified through GC-MS analysis. CONCLUSION The presented results constitute a proof-of-concept for the in-vitro prediction of the metastatic potential of HCC from VOC fingerprints using nanotechnology. Further studies on a larger number of more diverse cell cultures are needed to evaluate the robustness of the VOC patterns. These findings could benefit the development of a fast and potentially inexpensive laboratory test for subclinical HCC metastasis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Case-Control Studies
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Discriminant Analysis
- Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/methods
- Hep G2 Cells
- Humans
- Liver Neoplasms/chemistry
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Models, Theoretical
- Nanotechnology/instrumentation
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Pattern Recognition, Automated
- Reproducibility of Results
- Statistics, Nonparametric
- Volatile Organic Compounds/analysis
- Volatile Organic Compounds/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham Amal
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Lu Ding
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Bin-bin Liu
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhong-shan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ulrike Tisch
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Zhen-qin Xu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Da-you Shi
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhong-shan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhong-shan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui-xia Sun
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhong-shan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hu Liu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Sheng-Long Ye
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhong-shan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao-you Tang
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhong-shan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hossam Haick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Barash O, Peled N, Tisch U, Bunn PA, Hirsch FR, Haick H. Classification of lung cancer histology by gold nanoparticle sensors. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2011; 8:580-9. [PMID: 22033081 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We propose a nanomedical device for the classification of lung cancer (LC) histology. The device profiles volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the headspace of (subtypes of) LC cells, using gold nanoparticle (GNP) sensors that are suitable for detecting LC-specific patterns of VOC profiles, as determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Analyzing the GNP sensing signals by support vector machine allowed significant discrimination between (i) LC and healthy cells; (ii) small cell LC and non-small cell LC; and between (iii) two subtypes of non-small cell LC: adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. The discriminative power of the GNP sensors was then linked with the chemical nature and composition of the headspace VOCs of each LC state. These proof-of-concept findings could totally revolutionize LC screening and diagnosis, and might eventually allow early and differential diagnosis of LC subtypes with detectable or unreachable lung nodules. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR In this study, a nanomedical device that profiles volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in lung cancer cells is investigated, using a matrix of gold nanoparticle (GNP) sensors that are suitable for detecting lung cancer (LC) specific patterns of VOC profiles. This device might eventually allow early differential diagnosis of LC subtypes including unreachable lung nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orna Barash
- The Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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12
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Hakim M, Billan S, Tisch U, Peng G, Dvrokind I, Marom O, Abdah-Bortnyak R, Kuten A, Haick H. Diagnosis of head-and-neck cancer from exhaled breath. Br J Cancer 2011; 104:1649-55. [PMID: 21505455 PMCID: PMC3101906 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Head-and-neck cancer (HNC) is the eighth most common malignancy worldwide. It is often diagnosed late due to a lack of screening methods and overall cure is achieved in <50% of patients. Head-and-neck cancer sufferers often develop a second primary tumour that can affect the entire aero-digestive tract, mostly HNC or lung cancer (LC), making lifelong follow-up necessary. Methods: Alveolar breath was collected from 87 volunteers (HNC and LC patients and healthy controls) in a cross-sectional clinical trial. The discriminative power of a tailor-made Nanoscale Artificial Nose (NA-NOSE) based on an array of five gold nanoparticle sensors was tested, using 62 breath samples. The NA-NOSE signals were analysed to detect statistically significant differences between the sub-populations using (i) principal component analysis with ANOVA and Student's t-test and (ii) support vector machines and cross-validation. The identification of NA-NOSE patterns was supported by comparative analysis of the chemical composition of the breath through gas chromatography in conjunction with mass spectrometry (GC–MS), using 40 breath samples. Results: The NA-NOSE could clearly distinguish between (i) HNC patients and healthy controls, (ii) LC patients and healthy controls, and (iii) HNC and LC patients. The GC–MS analysis showed statistically significant differences in the chemical composition of the breath of the three groups. Conclusion: The presented results could lead to the development of a cost-effective, fast, and reliable method for the differential diagnosis of HNC that is based on breath testing with an NA-NOSE, with a future potential as screening tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hakim
- The Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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13
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Shuster G, Gallimidi Z, Reiss AH, Dovgolevsky E, Billan S, Abdah-Bortnyak R, Kuten A, Engel A, Shiban A, Tisch U, Haick H. Classification of breast cancer precursors through exhaled breath. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 126:791-6. [PMID: 21190078 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-1317-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Certain benign breast diseases are considered to be precursors of invasive breast cancer. Currently available techniques for diagnosing benign breast conditions lack accuracy. The purpose of this study was to deliver a proof-of-concept for a novel method that is based on breath testing to identify breast cancer precursors. Within this context, the authors explored the possibility of using exhaled alveolar breath to identify and distinguish between benign breast conditions, malignant lesions, and healthy states, using a small-scale, case-controlled, cross-sectional clinical trial. Breath samples were collected from 36 volunteers and were analyzed using a tailor-made nanoscale artificial NOSE (NA-NOSE). The NA-NOSE signals were analyzed using two independent methods: (i) principal component analysis, ANOVA and Student's t-test and (ii) support vector machine analysis to detect statistically significant differences between the sub-populations. The NA-NOSE could distinguish between all studied test populations. Breath testing with a NA-NOSE holds future potential as a cost-effective, fast, and reliable diagnostic test for breast cancer risk factors and precursors, with possible future potential as screening method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Shuster
- The Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 Haifa, Israel
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Liu Y, Song X, Wang X, Wei L, Liu X, Yuan S, Lv L. Effect of chronic intermittent hypoxia on biological behavior and hypoxia-associated gene expression in lung cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2010; 111:554-63. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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15
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Thalhauser CJ, Sankar T, Preul MC, Kuang Y. Explicit separation of growth and motility in a new tumor cord model. Bull Math Biol 2008; 71:585-601. [PMID: 19067082 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-008-9372-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2007] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigate a new model of tumor growth in which cell motility is considered an explicitly separate process from growth. Bulk tumor expansion is modeled by individual cell motility in a density-dependent diffusion process. This model is implemented in the context of an in vivo system, the tumor cord. We investigate numerically microscale density distributions of different cell classes and macroscale whole tumor growth rates as functions of the strength of transitions between classes. Our results indicate that the total tumor growth follows a classical von Bertalanffy growth profile, as many in vivo tumors are observed to do. This provides a quick validation for the model hypotheses. The microscale and macroscale properties are both sensitive to fluctuations in the transition parameters, and grossly adopt one of two phenotypic profiles based on their parameter regime. We analyze these profiles and use the observations to classify parameter regimes by their phenotypes. This classification yields a novel hypothesis for the early evolutionary selection of the metastatic phenotype by selecting against less motile cells which grow to higher densities and may therefore induce local collapse of the vascular network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig J Thalhauser
- Dept. of Mathematics and Statistics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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Abstract
During the past century it has been established that regions within solid tumours experience mild to severe O(2) deprivation owing to aberrant vascular function. These hypoxic regions are associated with altered cellular metabolism, as well as increased resistance to radiation and chemotherapy. As discussed in this Timeline, over the past decade work from many laboratories has elucidated the mechanisms by which hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) modulate tumour cell metabolism, angiogenesis, growth and metastasis. The central role played by intra-tumoural hypoxia and HIF in these processes has made them attractive therapeutic targets in the treatment of multiple human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Bertout
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shetal A. Patel
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - M. Celeste Simon
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Yang M, Ma C, Liu S, Sun J, Shao Q, Gao W, Zhang Y, Li Z, Xie Q, Dong Z, Qu X. Hypoxia skews dendritic cells to a T helper type 2-stimulating phenotype and promotes tumour cell migration by dendritic cell-derived osteopontin. Immunology 2008; 128:e237-49. [PMID: 19740309 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.02954.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well recognized that tissue microenvironments are involved in regulating the development and function of dendritic cells (DC). Oxygen supply, which varies in different tissues, has been accepted as an important microenvironmental factor in regulating the biological functions of several immune cells and as being involved in tumour progression and metastasis. However, little is known about the effect of hypoxia on the biological functions of DC and the effect of these hypoxia-conditioned DC on tumour metastasis. In this study, we analysed the transcriptional profiles of human monocyte-derived immature DC (imDC) and mature DC (mDC) cultured under normoxia and hypoxia by microarray, and found a body of potential targets regulating the functions of DC during hypoxia. In addition, the phagocytic ability of hypoxic imDC markedly decreased compared with that of normoxic imDC. Importantly, hypoxic DC poorly induced the proliferation of allogeneic T cells, but polarized allogeneic CD4(+) naive T cells into a T helper type 2 (Th2) response. Moreover, hypoxic DC secreted large amounts of osteopontin, which were responsible for the enhanced migration of tumour cells. Therefore, our study provides new insights into the biological functions of DC under hypoxic conditions and one of mechanisms underlying tumour immune escape during hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixiang Yang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Abstract
Tumor hypoxia is a characteristic in many solid tumors. It has been demonstrated that hypoxia in gastric cancer could promote tumor microvessels angiogenesis, affect tumor cell apoptosis, regulate cell cycle, decrease the therapeutic efficacy of radiotherapy, surgery and some forms of chemotherapy, and promote tumor invasion and metastasis. Using oxygen electrodes, radiological and nuclear medical imaging techniques we could assess the tumor oxygenation status. The use of hyperbaric oxygen, carbogen and ARCON and hypoxic cell radiosensitisers can improve the efficacy of radiation and chemotherapy. Hypoxia environment indicates several new methods to treat gastric cancer, and the exogenous markers of tumor hypoxia, HIF-1 inhibitor, and HIF-1 gene therapy will be the focus in the future.
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Oxidative stress with altered element content and decreased ATP level of erythrocytes in hepatocellular carcinoma and colorectal liver metastases. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 20:393-8. [PMID: 18403940 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0b013e3282f495c7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to study the possible alterations of redox status (enzymatic and nonenzymatic parameters and metal elements) in erythrocytes of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) and benign liver neoplasms. The function of redox homeostasis is closely connected to the energy level of erythrocytes, therefore, the ATP level was also determined. Antioxidant parameters, enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were estimated in the erythrocytes of 11 patients with benign tumour, 23 patients with primary malignant and 37 metastatic liver tumour patients and 30 age-matched and sex-matched healthy controls. Element content with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer and ATP level by the chemiluminometric method were also determined from the samples. Free radical intensity was significantly increased, whereas erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities were significantly decreased in the HCC and CRLM groups versus benign groups and controls. Se, Mn and Zn levels were lowered in HCC and CRLM groups versus benign and control groups. The content of Cu, Mg, Se and Zn changed significantly between HCC and CRLM groups. Similarly, ATP concentration decreased in HCC and CRLM versus controls and benign groups. The lowest levels of ATP and antioxidant enzyme activities were found in the case of CRLM patients. These results reveal an alteration in the ATP level of erythrocytes with concomitant changes in the antioxidant defence system in hepatic cancer patients. Altered redox homeostasis (oxidative damage) may lead to decreased ATP level and consequently may play an important role in primary carcinogenesis and generation of metastases, as well.
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