1
|
Kobayashi H. Cancer Chemotherapy Specific to Acidic Nests. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9040036. [PMID: 28425953 PMCID: PMC5406711 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9040036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The realization of cancer therapeutics specific to cancer cells with less of an effect on normal tissues is our goal. Many trials have been carried out for this purpose, but this goal is still far from being realized. It was found more than 80 years ago that solid cancer nests are acidified, but in vitro studies under acidic conditions have not been extensively studied. Recently, in vitro experiments under acidic conditions were started and anti-cancer drugs specific to acidic areas have been identified. Many genes have been reported to be expressed at a high level under acidic conditions, and such genes may be potent targets for anti-cancer drugs specific to acidic nests. In this review article, recent in vitro, in vivo, and clinical achievements in anti-cancer drugs with marked efficacy under acidic conditions are summarized, and the clinical use of anti-cancer drugs specific to acidic nests is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fukamachi T, Ikeda S, Saito H, Tagawa M, Kobayashi H. Expression of acidosis-dependent genes in human cancer nests. Mol Clin Oncol 2014; 2:1160-1166. [PMID: 25279216 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2014.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies investigating cancer cells cultured at acidic pH have shown that the expression level of ~700 genes were more than two-fold higher than those of the cells cultured in alkaline medium at pH 7.5. The aim of the present study was to confirm whether these acidosis-induced genes are expressed in human cancer tissues. Therefore, 7 genes were selected from our previous study, which encoded interleukin 32 (IL-32), lysosomal H+ transporting ATPase, V0 subunit d2 (ATP6V0D2), tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 9 (TNFRSF9), amphiregulin, schwannoma-derived growth factor (AREG), v-erb-b2 erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 3 (ErbB3), PRR5-ARHGAP8 (LOC553158) and dimethylglycine dehydrogenase (DMGDH), and their expression was examined in human clinical specimens from patients with cancer. In addition, the expression of the gene encoding manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) was examined. The specimens from patients with colon, stomach and renal cancer showed increased MnSOD, IL-32, and TNFRSF9 transcripts compared to those from non-tumorous regions of the same patients. Notably, an elevated expression of ATP6V0D2 was found in the specimens from patients with stomach cancer, whereas the expression was decreased in those from patients with colon and renal cancer. The expression of LOC553158 was upregulated in colon and stomach cancer specimens. These results indicate that the investigation of gene expression under acidic conditions is useful for the development of novel cancer markers and/or chemotherapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Fukamachi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ikeda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Hiromi Saito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Tagawa
- Division of Pathology and Cell Therapy, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8717, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fukamachi T, Ikeda S, Wang X, Saito H, Tagawa M, Kobayashi H. Gene Expressions for Signal Transduction under Acidic Conditions. Genes (Basel) 2013; 4:65-85. [PMID: 24705103 PMCID: PMC3899954 DOI: 10.3390/genes4010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is now well known that some diseased areas, such as cancer nests, inflammation loci, and infarction areas, are acidified, little is known about cellular signal transduction, gene expression, and cellular functions under acidic conditions. Our group showed that different signal proteins were activated under acidic conditions compared with those observed in a typical medium of around pH 7.4 that has been used until now. Investigations of gene expression under acidic conditions may be crucial to our understanding of signal transduction in acidic diseased areas. In this study, we investigated gene expression in mesothelioma cells cultured at an acidic pH using a DNA microarray technique. After 24 h culture at pH 6.7, expressions of 379 genes were increased more than twofold compared with those in cells cultured at pH 7.5. Genes encoding receptors, signal proteins including transcription factors, and cytokines including growth factors numbered 35, 32, and 17 among the 379 genes, respectively. Since the functions of 78 genes are unknown, it can be argued that cells may have other genes for signaling under acidic conditions. The expressions of 37 of the 379 genes were observed to increase after as little as 2 h. After 24 h culture at pH 6.7, expressions of 412 genes were repressed more than twofold compared with those in cells cultured at pH 7.5, and the 412 genes contained 35, 76, and 7 genes encoding receptors, signal proteins including transcription factors, and cytokines including growth factors, respectively. These results suggest that the signal pathways in acidic diseased areas are different, at least in part, from those examined with cells cultured at a pH of around 7.4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Fukamachi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan.
| | - Syunsuke Ikeda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan.
| | - Xin Wang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan.
| | - Hiromi Saito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan.
| | - Masatoshi Tagawa
- Division of Pathology and Cell Therapy, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, 666-2, Nitona, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8717, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fukamachi T, Chiba Y, Wang X, Saito H, Tagawa M, Kobayashi H. Tumor specific low pH environments enhance the cytotoxicity of lovastatin and cantharidin. Cancer Lett 2010; 297:182-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Revised: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|