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Kolev M, Barbour T, Baver S, Francois C, Deschatelets P. With complements: C3 inhibition in the clinic. Immunol Rev 2023; 313:358-375. [PMID: 36161656 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
C3 is a key complement protein, located at the nexus of all complement activation pathways. Extracellular, tissue, cell-derived, and intracellular C3 plays critical roles in the immune response that is dysregulated in many diseases, making it an attractive therapeutic target. However, challenges such as very high concentration in blood, increased acute expression, and the elevated risk of infections have historically posed significant challenges in the development of C3-targeted therapeutics. This is further complicated because C3 activation fragments and their receptors trigger a complex network of downstream effects; therefore, a clear understanding of these is needed to provide context for a better understanding of the mechanism of action (MoA) of C3 inhibitors, such as pegcetacoplan. Because of C3's differential upstream position to C5 in the complement cascade, there are mechanistic differences between pegcetacoplan and eculizumab that determine their efficacy in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. In this review, we compare the MoA of pegcetacoplan and eculizumab in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and discuss the complement-mediated disease that might be amenable to C3 inhibition. We further discuss the current state and outlook for C3-targeted therapeutics and provide our perspective on which diseases might be the next success stories in the C3 therapeutics journey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kolev
- Apellis Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tara Barbour
- Apellis Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Scott Baver
- Apellis Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
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Riihilä P, Nissinen L, Knuutila J, Rahmati Nezhad P, Viiklepp K, Kähäri VM. Complement System in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143550. [PMID: 31331124 PMCID: PMC6678994 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal keratinocyte-derived cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the most common metastatic skin cancer with high mortality rates in the advanced stage. Chronic inflammation is a recognized risk factor for cSCC progression and the complement system, as a part of innate immunity, belongs to the microenvironment of tumors. The complement system is a double-edged sword in cancer, since complement activation is involved in anti-tumor cytotoxicity and immune responses, but it also promotes cancer progression directly and indirectly. Recently, the role of several complement components and inhibitors in the regulation of progression of cSCC has been shown. In this review, we will discuss the role of complement system components and inhibitors as biomarkers and potential new targets for therapeutic intervention in cSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilvi Riihilä
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11 TE6, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- The Western Cancer Centre of the Cancer Center Finland (FICAN West), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Liisa Nissinen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11 TE6, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- The Western Cancer Centre of the Cancer Center Finland (FICAN West), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Jaakko Knuutila
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11 TE6, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- The Western Cancer Centre of the Cancer Center Finland (FICAN West), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Pegah Rahmati Nezhad
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11 TE6, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- The Western Cancer Centre of the Cancer Center Finland (FICAN West), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Kristina Viiklepp
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11 TE6, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- The Western Cancer Centre of the Cancer Center Finland (FICAN West), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Veli-Matti Kähäri
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11 TE6, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.
- The Western Cancer Centre of the Cancer Center Finland (FICAN West), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.
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Reply to Kang and Brooks: Comment on the interpretation of binding of Pra1, the fungal immune evasion protein from Candida albicans to the human C3 and on the conformational changes of C3 upon activation: Kang and Brooks Optimization of biolayer-interferometry-based binding assay of he interaction between the Candida albicans protein Pra1 and complement protein C3. Mol Immunol 2018; 101:638-639. [PMID: 30177355 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Riihilä P, Nissinen L, Farshchian M, Kallajoki M, Kivisaari A, Meri S, Grénman R, Peltonen S, Peltonen J, Pihlajaniemi T, Heljasvaara R, Kähäri VM. Complement Component C3 and Complement Factor B Promote Growth of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:1186-1197. [PMID: 28322200 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is one of the most common metastatic skin cancers with increasing incidence. We examined the roles of complement component C3 and complement factor B (CFB) in the growth of cSCC. Analysis of cSCC cell lines (n = 8) and normal human epidermal keratinocytes (n = 11) with real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting revealed up-regulation of C3 and CFB expression in cSCC cells. Immunohistochemical staining revealed stronger tumor cell-specific labeling for C3 and CFB in invasive cSCCs (n = 71) and recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa-associated cSCCs (n = 11) than in cSCC in situ (n = 69), actinic keratoses (n = 63), and normal skin (n = 5). Significant up-regulation of C3 and CFB mRNA expression was noted in chemically induced mouse cSCCs, compared to benign papillomas. Knockdown of C3 and CFB expression inhibited migration and proliferation of cSCC cells and resulted in potent inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 activation. Knockdown of C3 and CFB markedly inhibited growth of human cSCC xenograft tumors in vivo. These results provide evidence for the roles of C3 and CFB in the development of cSCC and identify them as biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets in this metastatic skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilvi Riihilä
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Liisa Nissinen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mehdi Farshchian
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Markku Kallajoki
- Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Atte Kivisaari
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Seppo Meri
- Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Reidar Grénman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Sirkku Peltonen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Juha Peltonen
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Taina Pihlajaniemi
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and the Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ritva Heljasvaara
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and the Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Veli-Matti Kähäri
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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Melillo D, Varriale S, Giacomelli S, Natale L, Bargelloni L, Oreste U, Pinto MR, Coscia MR. Evolution of the complement system C3 gene in Antarctic teleosts. Mol Immunol 2015; 66:299-309. [PMID: 25909494 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.03.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Notothenioidei are typical Antarctic teleosts evolved to adapt to the very low temperatures of the Antarctic seas. Aim of the present paper is to investigate sequence and structure of C3, the third component of the complement system of the notothenioid Trematomus bernacchii and Chionodraco hamatus. We determined the complete nucleotide sequence of two C3 isoforms of T. bernacchii and a single C3 isoform of C. hamatus. These sequences were aligned against other homologous teleost sequences to check for the presence of diversifying selection. Evidence for positive selection was observed in the evolutionary lineage of Antarctic teleost C3 sequences, especially in that of C. hamatus, the most recently diverged species. Adaptive selection affected numerous amino acid positions including three residues located in the anaphylatoxin domain. In an attempt to evaluate the link between sequence variants and specific structural features, we constructed molecular models of Antarctic teleost C3s, of their proteolytic fragments C3b and C3a, and of the corresponding molecules of the phylogenetically related temperate species Epinephelus coioides, using human crystallographic structures as templates. Subsequently, we compared dynamic features of these models by molecular dynamics simulations and found that the Antarctic C3s models show higher flexibility, which likely allows for more pronounced movements of both the TED domain in C3b and the carboxyl-terminal region of C3a. As such dynamic features are associated to positively selected sites, it appears that Antarctic teleost C3 molecules positively evolved toward an increased flexibility, to cope with low kinetic energy levels of the Antarctic marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Melillo
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli (SZN), Italy
| | - Sonia Varriale
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Stefano Giacomelli
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Lenina Natale
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli (SZN), Italy
| | - Luca Bargelloni
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Umberto Oreste
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Pinto
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli (SZN), Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Coscia
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
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Lea SM, Johnson S. Putting the structure into complement. Immunobiology 2013; 217:1117-21. [PMID: 22964238 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In a field where structure has finally begun to have a real impact, a series of new structures over the last two years have further extended our understanding of some of the critical regulatory events of the complement system. Notably, information has begun to flow from larger assemblies of components which allow insight into the often transient assemblies critical to complement regulation at the cell surface. This review will summarise the key structures determined since the last International Complement Workshop and the insights these have given us, before highlighting some questions that still require molecular frameworks to drive understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Lea
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK.
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Familial atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome: a review of its genetic and clinical aspects. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:370426. [PMID: 23251215 PMCID: PMC3509654 DOI: 10.1155/2012/370426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is a rare renal disease (two per one million in the USA) characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure. Both sporadic (80% of cases) and familial (20% of cases) forms are recognized. The study of familial aHUS has implicated genetic variation in multiple genes in the complement system in disease pathogenesis, helping to define the mechanism whereby complement dysregulation at the cell surface level leads to both sporadic and familial disease. This understanding has culminated in the use of Eculizumab as first-line therapy in disease treatment, significantly changing the care and prognosis of affected patients. However, even with this bright outlook, major challenges remain to understand the complexity of aHUS at the genetic level. It is possible that a more detailed picture of aHUS can be translated to an improved understanding of disease penetrance, which is highly variable, and response to therapy, both in the short and long terms.
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Nilsson UR, Funke L, Nilsson B, Ekdahl KN. Two conformational forms of target-bound iC3b that distinctively bind complement receptors 1 and 2 and two specific monoclonal antibodies. Ups J Med Sci 2011; 116:26-33. [PMID: 21070093 PMCID: PMC3039757 DOI: 10.3109/03009734.2010.528465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The complement system is an essential part of the immune system of vertebrates. The central event of the complement activation cascade is the sequential proteolytic activation of C3, which is associated with profound alterations in the molecule's structure and conformation and is responsible for triggering most of the biological effects of complement. MATERIAL AND METHODS Here, we have studied the conformation of C3 fragments deposited onto an IgG-coated surface from human serum during complement activation, using a set of unique monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that are all specific for the C3dg portion of bound iC3b. RESULTS; We were able to identify two conformational forms of target-bound iC3b: the first recognized by mAb 7D18.1, and the second by mAb 7D323.1. The first species of iC3b bound recombinant complement receptor 1 (CR1), while the second bound CR2. Since CR1 and CR2 are expressed by different subsets of leukocytes, this difference in receptor-binding capacity implies that there is a biological difference between the two forms of surface-bound iC3b. CONCLUSION We propose that mAbs 7D18.1 and 7D323.1 can act as surrogate markers for CR1 and CR2, respectively, and that they may be useful tools for studying the immune complexes that are generated in various autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf R. Nilsson
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Rudbeck Laboratory C5, Uppsala UniversitySweden
| | - Lillemor Funke
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Rudbeck Laboratory C5, Uppsala UniversitySweden
| | - Bo Nilsson
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Rudbeck Laboratory C5, Uppsala UniversitySweden
| | - Kristina N. Ekdahl
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Rudbeck Laboratory C5, Uppsala UniversitySweden
- Department of Natural Sciences, Linneaus University, KalmarSweden
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Prosser BE, Johnson S, Roversi P, Herbert AP, Blaum BS, Tyrrell J, Jowitt TA, Clark SJ, Tarelli E, Uhrín D, Barlow PN, Sim RB, Day AJ, Lea SM. Structural basis for complement factor H linked age-related macular degeneration. J Exp Med 2007; 204:2277-83. [PMID: 17893204 PMCID: PMC2118454 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20071069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 08/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly 50 million people worldwide suffer from age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which causes severe loss of central vision. A single-nucleotide polymorphism in the gene for the complement regulator factor H (FH), which causes a Tyr-to-His substitution at position 402, is linked to approximately 50% of attributable risks for AMD. We present the crystal structure of the region of FH containing the polymorphic amino acid His402 in complex with an analogue of the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) that localize the complement regulator on the cell surface. The structure demonstrates direct coordination of ligand by the disease-associated polymorphic residue, providing a molecular explanation of the genetic observation. This glycan-binding site occupies the center of an extended interaction groove on the regulator's surface, implying multivalent binding of sulfated GAGs. This finding is confirmed by structure-based site-directed mutagenesis, nuclear magnetic resonance-monitored binding experiments performed for both H402 and Y402 variants with this and another model GAG, and analysis of an extended GAG-FH complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly E Prosser
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, England, UK
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Janssen BJC, Gros P. Structural insights into the central complement component C3. Mol Immunol 2006; 44:3-10. [PMID: 16875735 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2006] [Accepted: 06/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
C3 is a central protein of the complement system, which is important to immune defense and provides a link between innate and adaptive immunity. Three pathways of complement activation converge at the activation of C3 yielding a diverse set of biological responses. This versatile and flexible molecule interacts with various proteins to fulfill its functions. Here we review recent insights gained from the crystal structure determinations of human, native C3 and its physiological down-regulation product C3c. The data provided, for the first time, a complete and detailed view of the composition and arrangement of the domains in C3. Comparison of C3 with C3c indicates marked flexibility of the molecule, particularly in the alpha-chain. We discuss the observed domain rearrangements, conformational changes and the location of various protein binding sites. These detailed, and structural, insights are important for developing models of the molecular mechanisms underlying the diverse biological activities of this large and complex molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert J C Janssen
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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