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Johnston C, West TH, Dooley RE, Reid M, Jones AB, King EJ, Leach AG, Lloyd-Jones GC. Anion-Initiated Trifluoromethylation by TMSCF 3: Deconvolution of the Siliconate-Carbanion Dichotomy by Stopped-Flow NMR/IR. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:11112-11124. [PMID: 30080973 PMCID: PMC6133236 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b06777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of CF3 transfer from R3SiCF3 (R = Me, Et, iPr) to ketones and aldehydes, initiated by M+X- (<0.004 to 10 mol %), has been investigated by analysis of kinetics (variable-ratio stopped-flow NMR and IR), 13C/2H KIEs, LFER, addition of ligands (18-c-6, crypt-222), and density functional theory calculations. The kinetics, reaction orders, and selectivity vary substantially with reagent (R3SiCF3) and initiator (M+X-). Traces of exogenous inhibitors present in the R3SiCF3 reagents, which vary substantially in proportion and identity between batches and suppliers, also affect the kinetics. Some reactions are complete in milliseconds, others take hours, and others stall before completion. Despite these differences, a general mechanism has been elucidated in which the product alkoxide and CF3- anion act as chain carriers in an anionic chain reaction. Silyl enol ether generation competes with 1,2-addition and involves protonation of CF3- by the α-C-H of the ketone and the OH of the enol. The overarching mechanism for trifluoromethylation by R3SiCF3, in which pentacoordinate siliconate intermediates are unable to directly transfer CF3- as a nucleophile or base, rationalizes why the turnover rate (per M+X- initiator) depends on the initial concentration (but not identity) of X-, the identity (but not concentration) of M+, the identity of the R3SiCF3 reagent, and the carbonyl/R3SiCF3 ratio. It also rationalizes which R3SiCF3 reagent effects the most rapid trifluoromethylation, for a specific M+X- initiator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig
P. Johnston
- EaStChem, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, U.K.
| | - Thomas H. West
- EaStChem, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, U.K.
| | - Ruth E. Dooley
- EaStChem, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, U.K.
| | - Marc Reid
- EaStChem, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, U.K.
| | - Ariana B. Jones
- EaStChem, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, U.K.
| | - Edward J. King
- TgK
Scientific Limited, 7
Long’s Yard, St Margaret’s Street, Bradford-on-Avon, BA15 1DH, U.K.
| | - Andrew G. Leach
- School
of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool
John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, U.K.
| | - Guy C. Lloyd-Jones
- EaStChem, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, U.K.
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2
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Braibant B, Le Goff X, Bourgeois D, Meyer D. Impact of the Long-Range Electronic Effect of a Fluorous Ponytail on Metal Coordination during Solvent Extraction. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:3583-3594. [PMID: 29024271 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201701030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
With the need for a precise description of the long-range electronic effects of a perfloroalkyl chain (F-ponytail) grafted onto metal chelators, we studied in detail the effect of a spacer inserted between the polar complexing head and the F-ponytail, in relation to the metal coordination ability of the resulting molecules. The prepared molecules were then applied for the extraction of various metals from an aqueous phase into an organic phase, and the optimum spacer length could be estimated to be between three and four methylene units, according to the extraction conditions. The study also revealed the difficulty of modeling and anticipating the tiny energy differences involved in the extraction process and the importance in peculiar cases to go beyond only these studied inductive effects to understand better the factors that govern the stabilization of a metallic cation in a complex fluorous phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Braibant
- Laboratoire des Systèmes Hybrides pour la Séparation, Institut de Chimie Séparative de Marcoule, BP17171, F-30207, Bagnols sur Cèze, France
| | - Xavier Le Goff
- Laboratoire des Systèmes Hybrides pour la Séparation, Institut de Chimie Séparative de Marcoule, BP17171, F-30207, Bagnols sur Cèze, France
| | - Damien Bourgeois
- Laboratoire des Systèmes Hybrides pour la Séparation, Institut de Chimie Séparative de Marcoule, BP17171, F-30207, Bagnols sur Cèze, France
| | - Daniel Meyer
- Laboratoire des Systèmes Hybrides pour la Séparation, Institut de Chimie Séparative de Marcoule, BP17171, F-30207, Bagnols sur Cèze, France
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3
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Day RA, Estabrook DA, Logan JK, Sletten EM. Fluorous photosensitizers enhance photodynamic therapy with perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:13043-13046. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc07038a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) requires a photosensitizer, light and oxygen to induce cell death. Here, we simultaneously deliver oxygen and photosensitizer using perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A. Day
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California
- Los Angeles
- 607 Charles E. Young Dr. E
- Los Angeles
| | - Daniel A. Estabrook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California
- Los Angeles
- 607 Charles E. Young Dr. E
- Los Angeles
| | - Jessica K. Logan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California
- Los Angeles
- 607 Charles E. Young Dr. E
- Los Angeles
| | - Ellen M. Sletten
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California
- Los Angeles
- 607 Charles E. Young Dr. E
- Los Angeles
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7
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Jochyms Q, Guillot P, Mignard E, Vincent JM. A fluorosurfactant and photoreducible CuII-tren click catalyst: surfactant and catalytic properties at liquid/liquid interfaces. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:19700-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt02039e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The fluorous copper(ii)-tren complex2is a powerful surfactant which strongly reduces the perfluorodecalin/water and diisopropyl ether/water interface tensions. When photoreduced by light it catalyzes the Huisgen click cycloaddition.
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8
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Limberger J, Leal BC, Monteiro AL, Dupont J. Charge-tagged ligands: useful tools for immobilising complexes and detecting reaction species during catalysis. Chem Sci 2014; 6:77-94. [PMID: 28553458 PMCID: PMC5424467 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc02151g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical overview is presented on the use of charged tagged ligands (CTLs) as immobilising agents in organometallic catalysis and as probes for studying mechanisms through electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) based on the most recent literature.
In recent years, charge-tagged ligands (CTLs) have become valuable tools in organometallic catalysis. Insertion of an ionic side chain into the molecular skeleton of a known ligand has become a useful protocol for anchoring ligands, and consequently catalysts, in polar and ionic liquid phases. In addition, the insertion of a cationic moiety into a ligand is a powerful tool that can be used to detect reaction intermediates in organometallic catalysis through electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) experiments. The insertion of an ionic tag ensures the charge in the intermediates independently of the ESI-MS. For this reason, these ligands have been used as ionic probes in mechanistic studies for several catalytic reactions. Here, we summarise selected examples on the use of CTLs as immobilising agents in organometallic catalysis and as probes for studying mechanisms through ESI-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jones Limberger
- Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis , Institute of Chemistry - UFRGS , Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91501-970, CP 15003 , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil
| | - Bárbara C Leal
- Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis , Institute of Chemistry - UFRGS , Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91501-970, CP 15003 , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil
| | - Adriano L Monteiro
- Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis , Institute of Chemistry - UFRGS , Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91501-970, CP 15003 , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil
| | - Jairton Dupont
- Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis , Institute of Chemistry - UFRGS , Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91501-970, CP 15003 , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil .,School of Chemistry , University of Nottingham , University Park , Nottingham , NG7 2RD , UK .
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Dzandzi JPK, Vera DRB, Valliant JF. A hybrid solid-fluorous phase radioiodination and purification platform. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2014; 57:551-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James P. K. Dzandzi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; McMaster University; Hamilton ON L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Denis R. Beckford Vera
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; McMaster University; Hamilton ON L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - John F. Valliant
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; McMaster University; Hamilton ON L8S 4M1 Canada
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