1
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Liu
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Max Schwenzer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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2
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3
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Forbes KC, Marie Crooke A, Lee Y, Kawada M, Shamskhou KM, Zhang RA, Cannon JS. Photoredox-Catalyzed Oxidation of Anions for the Atom-Economical Hydro-, Amido-, and Dialkylation of Alkenes. J Org Chem 2022; 87:3498-3510. [PMID: 35133155 PMCID: PMC8898273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c03055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Photoredox catalysis has become a powerful method to generate free radical intermediates in organic synthesis. This report describes the use of photoredox catalysis to directly oxidize common nucleophilic anions to access electrophilic 1,3-dicarbonyl and amidyl radical intermediates. First, conjugate bases of 1,3-dicarbonyls were oxidized to neutral radical species for intramolecular hydro- and dialkylation of alkenes. This overall redox-neutral process provided cyclopentanone products in excellent yields (up to 96%). The scope included a variety of styrene radical acceptors and products with newly formed vicinal quaternary carbons. This process was then extended to the synthesis of pyrrolidinones by alkene amidoalkylation that proceeded via N-aryl amidyl radical intermediates in good yield (up to 85%). These reactions were characterized by their mild conditions, high atom economy, and the absence of stoichiometric byproducts. Mechanistic and computational studies supported a stepwise proton-coupled electron transfer mechanism, where an "electron borrowing" photocatalyst oxidizes an anion and reduces a benzylic radical after bond formation.
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4
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Mondal S, Dumur F, Gigmes D, Sibi MP, Bertrand MP, Nechab M. Enantioselective Radical Reactions Using Chiral Catalysts. Chem Rev 2022; 122:5842-5976. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shovan Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Syamsundar College, Shyamsundar 713424, West Bengal, India
| | - Frédéric Dumur
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, F-13390e Marseille, France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, F-13390e Marseille, France
| | - Mukund P. Sibi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Michèle P. Bertrand
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, F-13390e Marseille, France
| | - Malek Nechab
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, F-13390e Marseille, France
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5
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Van Lommel R, Verschueren RH, De Borggraeve WM, De Vleeschouwer F, Stuyver T. Can the Philicity of Radicals Be Influenced by Oriented External Electric Fields? Org Lett 2021; 24:1-5. [PMID: 34652164 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herein, the effects of an electric field on radicals are investigated for a set of model radicals with varying complexity. An electric field impacts the intrinsic philicity of a radical, as quantified by the global electrophilicity index, ω. The extent of change in philicity depends on the directionality and strength of the applied electric field and the dipole moment and polarizability of the radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Van Lommel
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven Chem&Tech, Box 2404, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.,Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Department of Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rik H Verschueren
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven Chem&Tech, Box 2404, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim M De Borggraeve
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven Chem&Tech, Box 2404, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Freija De Vleeschouwer
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Department of Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thijs Stuyver
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Department of Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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6
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Sharma MK, Rottschäfer D, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Danés S, Andrada DM, van Gastel M, Hinz A, Ghadwal RS. Metalloradical Cations and Dications Based on Divinyldiphosphene and Divinyldiarsene Ligands. Chemistry 2021; 27:5803-5809. [PMID: 33470468 PMCID: PMC8048781 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Metalloradicals are key species in synthesis, catalysis, and bioinorganic chemistry. Herein, two iron radical cation complexes (3‐E)GaCl4 [(3‐E).+ = [{(IPr)C(Ph)E}2Fe(CO)3].+, E = P or As; IPr = C{(NDipp)CH}2, Dipp = 2,6‐iPr2C6H3] are reported as crystalline solids. Treatment of the divinyldipnictenes {(IPr)C(Ph)E}2 (1‐E) with Fe2(CO)9 affords [{(IPr)C(Ph)E}2Fe(CO)3] (2‐E), in which 1‐E binds to the Fe atom in an allylic (η3‐EECvinyl) fashion and functions as a 4e donor ligand. Complexes 2‐E undergo 1e oxidation with GaCl3 to yield (3‐E)GaCl4. Spin density analysis revealed that the unpaired electron in (3‐E).+ is mainly located on the Fe (52–64 %) and vinylic C (30–36 %) atoms. Further 1e oxidation of (3‐E)GaCl4 leads to unprecedented η3‐EECvinyl to η3‐ECvinylCPh coordination shuttling to form the dications (4‐E)(GaCl4)2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra K Sharma
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Dennis Rottschäfer
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Sergi Danés
- Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus C4.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Diego M Andrada
- Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus C4.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Maurice van Gastel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Molecular Theory and Spectroscopy, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr, 45470, Germany
| | - Alexander Hinz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Rajendra S Ghadwal
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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7
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Kyne SH, Lefèvre G, Ollivier C, Petit M, Ramis Cladera VA, Fensterbank L. Iron and cobalt catalysis: new perspectives in synthetic radical chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:8501-8542. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00969e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Iron and cobalt complexes are at the origin of high valuable synthetic pathways involving radical intemediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara H. Kyne
- School of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Monash University
- Clayton
- Australia
| | - Guillaume Lefèvre
- i-CLeHS CSB2D
- Chimie ParisTech
- 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie
- FR 75005 Paris
- France
| | - Cyril Ollivier
- Sorbonne Université
- CNRS
- UMR8232
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire
- F-75252 Paris Cedex 05
| | - Marc Petit
- Sorbonne Université
- CNRS
- UMR8232
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire
- F-75252 Paris Cedex 05
| | | | - Louis Fensterbank
- Sorbonne Université
- CNRS
- UMR8232
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire
- F-75252 Paris Cedex 05
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Leifert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Armido Studer
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences 155 Yangqiao Road West Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
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9
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Leifert D, Studer A. The Persistent Radical Effect in Organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:74-108. [PMID: 31116479 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201903726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Radical-radical couplings are mostly nearly diffusion-controlled processes. Therefore, the selective cross-coupling of two different radicals is challenging and not a synthetically valuable transformation. However, if the radicals have different lifetimes and if they are generated at equal rates, cross-coupling will become the dominant process. This high cross-selectivity is based on a kinetic phenomenon called the persistent radical effect (PRE). In this Review, an explanation of the PRE supported by simulations of simple model systems is provided. Radical stabilities are discussed within the context of their lifetimes, and various examples of PRE-mediated radical-radical couplings in synthesis are summarized. It is shown that the PRE is not restricted to the coupling of a persistent with a transient radical. If one coupling partner is longer-lived than the other transient radical, the PRE operates and high cross-selectivity is achieved. This important point expands the scope of PRE-mediated radical chemistry. The Review is divided into two parts, namely 1) the coupling of persistent or longer-lived organic radicals and 2) "radical-metal crossover reactions"; here, metal-centered radical species and more generally longer-lived transition-metal complexes that are able to react with radicals are discussed-a field that has flourished recently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Leifert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, P. R. China.,Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
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10
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van der Vlugt JI. Radical-Type Reactivity and Catalysis by Single-Electron Transfer to or from Redox-Active Ligands. Chemistry 2019; 25:2651-2662. [PMID: 30084211 PMCID: PMC6471147 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Controlled ligand-based redox-activity and chemical non-innocence are rapidly gaining importance for selective (catalytic) processes. This Concept aims to provide an overview of the progress regarding ligand-to-substrate single-electron transfer as a relatively new mode of operation to exploit ligand-centered reactivity and catalysis based thereon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarl Ivar van der Vlugt
- Bio-Inspired Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis Groupvan ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamNetherlands
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11
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Richrath RB, Olyschläger T, Hildebrandt S, Enny DG, Fianu GD, Flowers RA, Gansäuer A. Cp 2 TiX Complexes for Sustainable Catalysis in Single-Electron Steps. Chemistry 2018; 24:6371-6379. [PMID: 29327511 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We present a combined electrochemical, kinetic, and synthetic study with a novel and easily accessible class of titanocene catalysts for catalysis in single-electron steps. The tailoring of the electronic properties of our Cp2 TiX-catalysts that are prepared in situ from readily available Cp2 TiX2 is achieved by varying the anionic ligand X. Of the complexes investigated, Cp2 TiOMs proved to be either equal or substantially superior to the best catalysts developed earlier. The kinetic and thermodynamic properties pertinent to catalysis have been determined. They allow a mechanistic understanding of the subtle interplay of properties required for an efficient oxidative addition and reduction. Therefore, our study highlights that efficient catalysts do not require the elaborate covalent modification of the cyclopentadienyl ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben B Richrath
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard Domagk-Str. 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Theresa Olyschläger
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard Domagk-Str. 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sven Hildebrandt
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard Domagk-Str. 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniel G Enny
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
| | - Godfred D Fianu
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
| | - Robert A Flowers
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
| | - Andreas Gansäuer
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard Domagk-Str. 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
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12
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Heinz C, Lutz JP, Simmons EM, Miller MM, Ewing WR, Doyle AG. Ni-Catalyzed Carbon-Carbon Bond-Forming Reductive Amination. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:2292-2300. [PMID: 29341599 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This report describes a three-component, Ni-catalyzed reductive coupling that enables the convergent synthesis of tertiary benzhydryl amines, which are challenging to access by traditional reductive amination methodologies. The reaction makes use of iminium ions generated in situ from the condensation of secondary N-trimethylsilyl amines with benzaldehydes, and these species undergo reaction with several distinct classes of organic electrophiles. The synthetic value of this process is demonstrated by a single-step synthesis of antimigraine drug flunarizine (Sibelium) and high yielding derivatization of paroxetine (Paxil) and metoprolol (Lopressor). Mechanistic investigations support a sequential oxidative addition mechanism rather than a pathway proceeding via α-amino radical formation. Accordingly, application of catalytic conditions to an intramolecular reductive coupling is demonstrated for the synthesis of endo- and exocyclic benzhydryl amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Heinz
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University , Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - J Patrick Lutz
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University , Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Eric M Simmons
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Michael M Miller
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb , P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - William R Ewing
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb , P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Abigail G Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University , Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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13
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Kyne SH, Clémancey M, Blondin G, Derat E, Fensterbank L, Jutand A, Lefèvre G, Ollivier C. Elucidating Dramatic Ligand Effects on SET Processes: Iron Hydride versus Iron Borohydride Catalyzed Reductive Radical Cyclization of Unsaturated Organic Halides. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara H. Kyne
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8232, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, 4 place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Martin Clémancey
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, LCBM (UMR 5249), pmb, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Geneviève Blondin
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, LCBM (UMR 5249), pmb, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Etienne Derat
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8232, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, 4 place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Louis Fensterbank
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8232, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, 4 place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Anny Jutand
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, Département de Chimie, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8640 PASTEUR, 24 Rue Lhomond, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | | | - Cyril Ollivier
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8232, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, 4 place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
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14
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Kuijpers PF, Tiekink MJ, Breukelaar WB, Broere DLJ, van Leest NP, van der Vlugt JI, Reek JNH, de Bruin B. Cobalt-Porphyrin-Catalysed Intramolecular Ring-Closing C-H Amination of Aliphatic Azides: A Nitrene-Radical Approach to Saturated Heterocycles. Chemistry 2017; 23:7945-7952. [PMID: 28332743 PMCID: PMC5488222 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cobalt-porphyrin-catalysed intramolecular ring-closing C-H bond amination enables direct synthesis of various N-heterocycles from aliphatic azides. Pyrrolidines, oxazolidines, imidazolidines, isoindolines and tetrahydroisoquinoline can be obtained in good to excellent yields in a single reaction step with an air- and moisture-stable catalyst. Kinetic studies of the reaction in combination with DFT calculations reveal a metallo-radical-type mechanism involving rate-limiting azide activation to form the key cobalt(III)-nitrene radical intermediate. A subsequent low barrier intramolecular hydrogen-atom transfer from a benzylic C-H bond to the nitrene-radical intermediate followed by a radical rebound step leads to formation of the desired N-heterocyclic ring products. Kinetic isotope competition experiments are in agreement with a radical-type C-H bond-activation step (intramolecular KIE=7), which occurs after the rate-limiting azide activation step. The use of di-tert-butyldicarbonate (Boc2 O) significantly enhances the reaction rate by preventing competitive binding of the formed amine product. Under these conditions, the reaction shows clean first-order kinetics in both the [catalyst] and the [azide substrate], and is zero-order in [Boc2 O]. Modest enantioselectivities (29-46 % ee in the temperature range of 100-80 °C) could be achieved in the ring closure of (4-azidobutyl)benzene using a new chiral cobalt-porphyrin catalyst equipped with four (1S)-(-)-camphanic-ester groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petrus F. Kuijpers
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS)University of Amsterdam (UvA)Science Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Martijn J. Tiekink
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS)University of Amsterdam (UvA)Science Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Willem B. Breukelaar
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS)University of Amsterdam (UvA)Science Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Daniël L. J. Broere
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS)University of Amsterdam (UvA)Science Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Nicolaas P. van Leest
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS)University of Amsterdam (UvA)Science Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jarl Ivar van der Vlugt
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS)University of Amsterdam (UvA)Science Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Joost N. H. Reek
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS)University of Amsterdam (UvA)Science Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS)University of Amsterdam (UvA)Science Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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15
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Bagh B, Broere DLJ, Sinha V, Kuijpers PF, van Leest NP, de Bruin B, Demeshko S, Siegler MA, van der Vlugt JI. Catalytic Synthesis of N-Heterocycles via Direct C(sp 3)-H Amination Using an Air-Stable Iron(III) Species with a Redox-Active Ligand. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:5117-5124. [PMID: 28298089 PMCID: PMC5391503 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Coordination of FeCl3 to the redox-active pyridine-aminophenol ligand NNOH2 in the presence of base and under aerobic conditions generates FeCl2(NNOISQ) (1), featuring high-spin FeIII and an NNOISQ radical ligand. The complex has an overall S = 2 spin state, as deduced from experimental and computational data. The ligand-centered radical couples antiferromagnetically with the Fe center. Readily available, well-defined, and air-stable 1 catalyzes the challenging intramolecular direct C(sp3)-H amination of unactivated organic azides to generate a range of saturated N-heterocycles with the highest turnover number (TON) (1 mol% of 1, 12 h, TON = 62; 0.1 mol% of 1, 7 days, TON = 620) reported to date. The catalyst is easily recycled without noticeable loss of catalytic activity. A detailed kinetic study for C(sp3)-H amination of 1-azido-4-phenylbutane (S1) revealed zero order in the azide substrate and first order in both the catalyst and Boc2O. A cationic iron complex, generated from the neutral precatalyst upon reaction with Boc2O, is proposed as the catalytically active species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidraha Bagh
- Homogeneous, Bioinspired and Supramolecular Catalysis, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniël L J Broere
- Homogeneous, Bioinspired and Supramolecular Catalysis, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vivek Sinha
- Homogeneous, Bioinspired and Supramolecular Catalysis, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Petrus F Kuijpers
- Homogeneous, Bioinspired and Supramolecular Catalysis, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolaas P van Leest
- Homogeneous, Bioinspired and Supramolecular Catalysis, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Homogeneous, Bioinspired and Supramolecular Catalysis, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Serhiy Demeshko
- Institüt für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maxime A Siegler
- Small Molecule X-ray Crystallography, Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Jarl Ivar van der Vlugt
- Homogeneous, Bioinspired and Supramolecular Catalysis, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Boubertakh O, Goddard JP. Construction and Functionalization of Heteroarenes by Use of Photoredox Catalysis. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oualid Boubertakh
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Bioorganique EA 4566; Université de Haute-Alsace; 3 bis rue Alfred Werner 68093 Mulhouse Cedex France
| | - Jean-Philippe Goddard
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Bioorganique EA 4566; Université de Haute-Alsace; 3 bis rue Alfred Werner 68093 Mulhouse Cedex France
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17
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Fürstner A. Iron Catalysis in Organic Synthesis: A Critical Assessment of What It Takes To Make This Base Metal a Multitasking Champion. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2016; 2:778-789. [PMID: 27981231 PMCID: PMC5140022 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.6b00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 462] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The current status of homogeneous iron catalysis in organic chemistry is contemplated, as are the reasons why this particular research area only recently starts challenging the enduring dominance of the late and mostly noble metals over the field. Centered in the middle of the d-block and able to support formal oxidation states ranging from -II to +VI, iron catalysts hold the promise of being able to encompass organic synthesis at large. They are expected to serve reductive as well as oxidative regimes, can emulate "noble tasks", but are also able to adopt "early" transition metal character. Since a comprehensive coverage of this multidimensional agenda is beyond the scope of an Outlook anyway, emphasis is laid in this article on the analysis of the factors that perhaps allow one to control the multifarious chemical nature of this earth-abundant metal. The challenges are significant, not least at the analytical frontier; their mastery mandates a mindset that differs from the routines that most organic chemists interested in (noble metal) catalysis tend to cultivate. This aspect notwithstanding, it is safe to predict that homogeneous iron catalysis bears the chance to enable a responsible paradigm for chemical synthesis and a sustained catalyst economy, while potentially providing substantial economic advantages. This promise will spur the systematic and in-depth investigations that it takes to upgrade this research area to strategy-level status in organic chemistry and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alois Fürstner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, D-45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
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18
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Abstract
![]()
In
recent years, photoredox catalysis has come to the forefront
in organic chemistry as a powerful strategy for the activation of
small molecules. In a general sense, these approaches rely on the
ability of metal complexes and organic dyes to convert visible light
into chemical energy by engaging in single-electron transfer with
organic substrates, thereby generating reactive intermediates. In
this Perspective, we highlight the unique ability of photoredox catalysis
to expedite the development of completely new reaction mechanisms,
with particular emphasis placed on multicatalytic strategies that
enable the construction of challenging carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom
bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan H Shaw
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University , Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Jack Twilton
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University , Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - David W C MacMillan
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University , Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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19
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Kafka F, Pohl R, Císařová I, Mackman R, Bahador G, Jahn U. N,2,3,4-Tetrasubstituted Pyrrolidines through Tandem Lithium Amide Conjugate Addition/Radical Cyclization/Oxygenation Reactions. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- František Kafka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo namesti 2 16610 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Radek Pohl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo namesti 2 16610 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Císařová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Albertov 6 12843 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Richard Mackman
- Gilead Sciences, Inc.; 333 Lakeside Drive 94404 Foster City CA USA
| | - Gina Bahador
- Gilead Sciences, Inc.; 333 Lakeside Drive 94404 Foster City CA USA
| | - Ullrich Jahn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo namesti 2 16610 Prague Czech Republic
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20
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Gansäuer A, Hildebrandt S, Vogelsang E, Flowers Ii RA. Tuning the redox properties of the titanocene(III)/(IV)-couple for atom-economical catalysis in single electron steps. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:448-52. [PMID: 26575367 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt03891j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Radical-based transformations are an attractive target for the development of catalytic processes due to ease of radical generation, high functional group tolerance and selectivity of bond-forming reactions. In spite of these appealing features, the potential of radicals as key intermediates in catalysis remains largely untapped. Herein we present recent work that exploits the innate ability of titanocene-based catalysts to undergo both oxidative addition and reductive elimination in single electron steps. We further demonstrate that tuning the redox properties of the titanocene-based catalyst can be used to develop efficient catalytic free radical processes including tetrahydrofuran synthesis, and radical arylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gansäuer
- Kekulé-Instiut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - S Hildebrandt
- Kekulé-Instiut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - E Vogelsang
- Kekulé-Instiut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - R A Flowers Ii
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
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21
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Streuff J, Gansäuer A. Metal-Catalyzed β-Functionalization of Michael Acceptors through Reductive Radical Addition Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:14232-42. [PMID: 26471460 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201505231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Transition-metal-catalyzed radical reactions are becoming increasingly important in modern organic chemistry. They offer fascinating and unconventional ways for connecting molecular fragments that are often complementary to traditional methods. In particular, reductive radical additions to α,β-unsaturated compounds have recently gained substantial attention as a result of their broad applicability in organic synthesis. This Minireview critically discusses the recent landmark achievements in this field in context with earlier reports that laid the foundation for today's developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Streuff
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104 Freiburg (Germany).
| | - Andreas Gansäuer
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn (Germany).
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22
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Streuff J, Gansäuer A. Metallkatalysierte β-Funktionalisierung von Michael-Akzeptoren über reduktive Radikaladditionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201505231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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23
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Liu Y, Wang L, Deng L. Three-Coordinate Iron(II) Dialkenyl Compound with NHC Ligation: Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuesheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic
Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic
Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic
Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
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24
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Oderinde MS, Varela-Alvarez A, Aquila B, Robbins DW, Johannes JW. Effects of Molecular Oxygen, Solvent, and Light on Iridium-Photoredox/Nickel Dual-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions. J Org Chem 2015; 80:7642-51. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martins S. Oderinde
- Chemistry
Department (Oncology), AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Adrian Varela-Alvarez
- Chemistry
Department (Oncology), AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Brian Aquila
- Chemistry
Department (Oncology), AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Daniel W. Robbins
- Chemistry
Department (Oncology), AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Jeffrey W. Johannes
- Chemistry
Department (Oncology), AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
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25
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Gansäuer A, Hildebrandt S, Michelmann A, Dahmen T, von Laufenberg D, Kube C, Fianu GD, Flowers RA. Kationische Titanocen(III)-Komplexe für die Katalyse in Ein-Elektronen-Schritten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201501955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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26
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Gansäuer A, Hildebrandt S, Michelmann A, Dahmen T, von Laufenberg D, Kube C, Fianu GD, Flowers RA. Cationic Titanocene(III) Complexes for Catalysis in Single-Electron Steps. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:7003-6. [PMID: 25924582 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201501955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
By exploiting solvent and anion effects, [Cp2Ti](+) complexes for atom-economical catalysis in single-electron steps were developed and applied for the first time. These complexes constitute remarkably stable and active catalysts for radical arylations. The reaction kinetics and catalyst composition were studied by cyclic voltammetry and in situ IR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Gansäuer
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121 Bonn (Germany).
| | - Sven Hildebrandt
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121 Bonn (Germany)
| | - Antonius Michelmann
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121 Bonn (Germany)
| | - Tobias Dahmen
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121 Bonn (Germany)
| | - Daniel von Laufenberg
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121 Bonn (Germany)
| | - Christian Kube
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121 Bonn (Germany)
| | - Godfred D Fianu
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015 (USA)
| | - Robert A Flowers
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015 (USA).
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27
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Ke J, Tang Y, Yi H, Li Y, Cheng Y, Liu C, Lei A. Copper-Catalyzed Radical/Radical C sp 3H/PH Cross-Coupling: α-Phosphorylation of Aryl KetoneO-Acetyloximes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:6604-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201501287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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28
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Ke J, Tang Y, Yi H, Li Y, Cheng Y, Liu C, Lei A. Copper-Catalyzed Radical/Radical C sp 3H/PH Cross-Coupling: α-Phosphorylation of Aryl KetoneO-Acetyloximes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201501287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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29
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Xie Y, Guo S, Wu L, Xia C, Huang H. Metal Bridging for Directing and Accelerating Electron Transfer as Exemplified by Harnessing the Reactivity of AIBN. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:5900-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201411974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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30
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Xie Y, Guo S, Wu L, Xia C, Huang H. Metal Bridging for Directing and Accelerating Electron Transfer as Exemplified by Harnessing the Reactivity of AIBN. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201411974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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31
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Liu Y, Xiao J, Wang L, Song Y, Deng L. Carbon–Carbon Bond Formation Reactivity of a Four-Coordinate NHC-Supported Iron(II) Phenyl Compound. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/om501061b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuesheng Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of
Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China 200032
| | - Jie Xiao
- State
Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of
Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China 200032
| | - Lei Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of
Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China 200032
| | - You Song
- State
Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China 210093
| | - Liang Deng
- State
Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of
Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China 200032
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32
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Liu C, Liu D, Lei A. Recent advances of transition-metal catalyzed radical oxidative cross-couplings. Acc Chem Res 2014; 47:3459-70. [PMID: 25364854 DOI: 10.1021/ar5002044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
CONSPECTUS: Oxidative cross-coupling reactions between two nucleophiles are a powerful synthetic strategy to synthesize various kinds of functional molecules. Along with the development of transition-metal-catalyzed oxidative cross-coupling reactions, chemists are applying more and more first-row transition metal salts (Fe, Co, etc.) as catalysts. Since first-row transition metals often can go through multiple chemical valence changes, those oxidative cross-couplings can involve single electron transfer processes. In the meantime, chemists have developed diverse mechanistic hypotheses of these types of reactions. However, none of these hypotheses have led to conclusive reaction pathways until now. From studying both our own work and that of others in this field, we believe that radical oxidative cross-coupling reactions can be classified into four models based on the final bond formations. In this Account, we categorize and summarize these models. In model I, one of the starting nucleophiles initially loses one electron to generate its corresponding radical under oxidative conditions. Then, bond formations between this radical and another nucleophile create a new radical, [Nu(1)-Nu(2)](•), followed by a further radical oxidation step to generate the cross-coupling product. The radical oxidative alkenylation with olefin, radical oxidative arylative-annulation, and radical oxidative amidation are examples of this model. In model II, one of the starting nucleophiles loses its two electrons via two steps of single-electron-transfer to generate an electrophilic intermediate, followed by a direct bond formation with the other nucleophile. For example, the oxidative C-O coupling of benzylic sp(3) C-H bonds with carboxylic acids and oxidative C-N coupling of aldehydes with amides are members of this model group. For model III, both nucleophiles are oxidized to their corresponding radicals. Then, the radicals combine to form the final coupling product. The dioxygen-involved radical oxidative cross-couplings between sulfinic acids and olefins or alkynes belong to this bond formation model. Lastly, in model IV, one nucleophile loses two electrons to generate an electrophilic intermediate, while the other nucleophile loses one electron to generate a radical. Then, a bond forms between the cation and the radical to generate a cationic radical, followed by a one-electron reduction to afford the final coupling product. The oxidative coupling between arylboronic acids and simple ethers was classified in this model. At the current stage, there are only a few examples presented for models III and IV, but they represent two types of potentially important transformations. More and more examples of these two models will be developed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022 Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
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33
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Barré B, Gonnard L, Campagne R, Reymond S, Marin J, Ciapetti P, Brellier M, Guérinot A, Cossy J. Iron- and Cobalt-Catalyzed Arylation of Azetidines, Pyrrolidines, and Piperidines with Grignard Reagents. Org Lett 2014; 16:6160-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol503043r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Barré
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Organique, Institute of Chemistry, Biology and Innovation
(CBI)-UMR 8231 ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS, PSL Research University, 10, Rue Vauquelin 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Laurine Gonnard
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Organique, Institute of Chemistry, Biology and Innovation
(CBI)-UMR 8231 ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS, PSL Research University, 10, Rue Vauquelin 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Rémy Campagne
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Organique, Institute of Chemistry, Biology and Innovation
(CBI)-UMR 8231 ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS, PSL Research University, 10, Rue Vauquelin 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Sébastien Reymond
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Organique, Institute of Chemistry, Biology and Innovation
(CBI)-UMR 8231 ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS, PSL Research University, 10, Rue Vauquelin 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Julien Marin
- NovAliX, BioParc, 850 Bld Sébastien
Brant, BP 30170, F-67405 Illkirch, Cedex, France
| | - Paola Ciapetti
- NovAliX, BioParc, 850 Bld Sébastien
Brant, BP 30170, F-67405 Illkirch, Cedex, France
| | - Marie Brellier
- NovAliX, BioParc, 850 Bld Sébastien
Brant, BP 30170, F-67405 Illkirch, Cedex, France
| | - Amandine Guérinot
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Organique, Institute of Chemistry, Biology and Innovation
(CBI)-UMR 8231 ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS, PSL Research University, 10, Rue Vauquelin 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Janine Cossy
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Organique, Institute of Chemistry, Biology and Innovation
(CBI)-UMR 8231 ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS, PSL Research University, 10, Rue Vauquelin 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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34
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Jahn E, Jahn U. Oxidative photoredoxkatalytische Aktivierung aliphatischer Nucleophile für C(sp3)-C(sp2)-Kreuzkupplungsreaktionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201408748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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35
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Jahn E, Jahn U. Oxidative Photoredox-Catalytic Activation of Aliphatic Nucleophiles for C(sp3)-C(sp2) Cross-Coupling Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:13326-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201408748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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36
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Kafka F, Holan M, Hidasová D, Pohl R, Císařová I, Klepetářová B, Jahn U. Oxidative Katalyse mit dem stöchiometrischen Oxidans als Reagens: eine effiziente Strategie für Einelektronentransfer-induzierte Anion-Radikal-Tandemreaktionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201403776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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37
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Kafka F, Holan M, Hidasová D, Pohl R, Císařová I, Klepetářová B, Jahn U. Oxidative Catalysis Using the Stoichiometric Oxidant as a Reagent: An Efficient Strategy for Single-Electron-Transfer-Induced Tandem Anion-Radical Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:9944-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201403776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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38
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Hussain I, Singh T. Synthesis of Biaryls through Aromatic CH Bond Activation: A Review of Recent Developments. Adv Synth Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201400178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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39
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Gansäuer A, Kube C, Daasbjerg K, Sure R, Grimme S, Fianu GD, Sadasivam DV, Flowers RA. Substituent Effects and Supramolecular Interactions of Titanocene(III) Chloride: Implications for Catalysis in Single Electron Steps. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:1663-71. [DOI: 10.1021/ja4121567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Gansäuer
- Kekulé-Institut
für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard Domagk Str. 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Kube
- Kekulé-Institut
für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard Domagk Str. 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kim Daasbjerg
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Langelandsgade
140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Rebecca Sure
- Mulliken
Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische
und Theoretische Chemie der Rheinischen-Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstraße
4, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken
Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische
und Theoretische Chemie der Rheinischen-Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstraße
4, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Godfred D. Fianu
- Department
of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | | | - Robert A. Flowers
- Department
of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
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40
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Daniel M, Fensterbank L, Goddard JP, Ollivier C. Visible-light photocatalytic oxidation of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds and carbon–carbon bond formation. Org Chem Front 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4qo00071d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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41
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Zhao Y, Weix DJ. Nickel-catalyzed regiodivergent opening of epoxides with aryl halides: co-catalysis controls regioselectivity. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 136:48-51. [PMID: 24341892 DOI: 10.1021/ja410704d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Epoxides are versatile intermediates in organic synthesis, but have rarely been employed in cross-coupling reactions. We report that bipyridine-ligated nickel can mediate the addition of functionalized aryl halides, a vinyl halide, and a vinyl triflate to epoxides under reducing conditions. For terminal epoxides, the regioselectivity of the reaction depends upon the cocatalyst employed. Iodide cocatalysis results in opening at the less hindered position via an iodohydrin intermediate. Titanocene cocatalysis results in opening at the more hindered position, presumably via Ti(III)-mediated radical generation. 1,2-Disubstituted epoxides are opened under both conditions to form predominantly the trans product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester , Rochester, New York, United States 14627-0216
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Biswas S, Weix DJ. Mechanism and selectivity in nickel-catalyzed cross-electrophile coupling of aryl halides with alkyl halides. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:16192-7. [PMID: 23952217 DOI: 10.1021/ja407589e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The direct cross-coupling of two different electrophiles, such as an aryl halide with an alkyl halide, offers many advantages over conventional cross-coupling methods that require a carbon nucleophile. Despite its promise as a versatile synthetic strategy, a limited understanding of the mechanism and origin of cross selectivity has hindered progress in reaction development and design. Herein, we shed light on the mechanism for the nickel-catalyzed cross-electrophile coupling of aryl halides with alkyl halides and demonstrate that the selectivity arises from an unusual catalytic cycle that combines both polar and radical steps to form the new C-C bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumik Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester , Rochester, New York 14627-0216, United States
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Baralle A, Fensterbank L, Goddard JP, Ollivier C. Aryl Radical Formation by Copper(I) Photocatalyzed Reduction of Diaryliodonium Salts: NMR Evidence for a CuII/CuIMechanism. Chemistry 2013; 19:10809-13. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201301449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Rossi B, Prosperini S, Pastori N, Clerici A, Punta C. New advances in titanium-mediated free radical reactions. Molecules 2012; 17:14700-32. [PMID: 23519248 PMCID: PMC6268425 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171214700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Titanium complexes have been widely used as catalysts for C‑C bond-forming processes via free-radical routes. Herein we provide an overview of some of the most significant contributions in the field, that covers the last decade, emphasizing the key role played by titanium salts in the promotion of selective reactions aimed at the synthesis of multifunctional organic compounds, including nucleophilic radical additions to imines, pinacol and coupling reactions, ring opening of epoxides and living polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Rossi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy; E-Mails: (B.R.); (S.P.); (N.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Simona Prosperini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy; E-Mails: (B.R.); (S.P.); (N.P.); (A.C.)
- INSTM (National Consortium for Materials Science and Technology) Local Unit, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Nadia Pastori
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy; E-Mails: (B.R.); (S.P.); (N.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Angelo Clerici
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy; E-Mails: (B.R.); (S.P.); (N.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Carlo Punta
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy; E-Mails: (B.R.); (S.P.); (N.P.); (A.C.)
- INSTM (National Consortium for Materials Science and Technology) Local Unit, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Neufeldt SR, Sanford MS. Combining Transition Metal Catalysis with Radical Chemistry: Dramatic Acceleration of Palladium-Catalyzed C-H Arylation with Diaryliodonium Salts. Adv Synth Catal 2012; 354:3517-3522. [PMID: 23950736 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201200738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a photoredox palladium/iridium-catalyzed C-H arylation with diaryliodonium reagents. Details of the reaction optimization, substrate scope, and mechanism are presented along with a comparison to a related method in which aryldiazonium salts are used in place of diaryliodonium reagents. The unprecedentedly mild reaction conditions (25 ºC in methanol), the requirement for light and a photocatalyst, the inhibitory effect of radical scavengers, and the observed chemoselectivity trends are all consistent with a radical-thermal reaction with diaryliodonium reagents that is believed to proceed via an 'ionic' 2e- pathway and requires a much higher reaction temperature (100 ºC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon R Neufeldt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Zhang H, Shi R, Ding A, Lu L, Chen B, Lei A. Transition-Metal-Free Alkoxycarbonylation of Aryl Halides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:12542-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201206518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Zhang H, Shi R, Ding A, Lu L, Chen B, Lei A. Transition-Metal-Free Alkoxycarbonylation of Aryl Halides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201206518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Radicals in transition metal catalyzed reactions? transition metal catalyzed radical reactions?: a fruitful interplay anyway: part 3: catalysis by group 10 and 11 elements and bimetallic catalysis. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2011; 320:323-451. [PMID: 22143611 DOI: 10.1007/128_2011_288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the current status of transition metal catalyzed reactions involving radical intermediates in organic chemistry. This part focuses on radical-based methods catalyzed by group 10 and group 11 metal complexes. Reductive and redox-neutral C-C bond formations catalyzed by low-valent metal complexes as well as catalytic oxidative methods are reviewed. Catalytic processes which rely on the combination of two metal complexes are also covered.
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