1
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Kou X. Mechanistic Insight Into the Reactivity of Frustrated Lewis Pairs: Liquid-State NMR Studies. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38446616 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2024.2324299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) have been widely investigated as promising catalysts due to their metal-free feature and ability to activate small molecules. Over the last few years, the structure, dynamics and interactions between the Lewis centers and their effects on the reactivity with different substrates have been studied. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a powerful tool in studying the reaction intermediates, kinetics and mechanism of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs). Various NMR experiments have been applied to precisely determine the association or cooperativity of FLPs and one or two-dimensional spectra were obtained. Herein, insights coming from NMR spectroscopy for FLPs are presented, the structure and reactivity of FLPs in solution are described, and their effects on the kinetics and mechanism of different substrates are also illustrated in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhui Kou
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, Shandong Provincial Education Department, Analyses and Testing Center, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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2
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Jones GR, Wang HS, Parkatzidis K, Whitfield R, Truong NP, Anastasaki A. Reversed Controlled Polymerization (RCP): Depolymerization from Well-Defined Polymers to Monomers. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:9898-9915. [PMID: 37127289 PMCID: PMC10176471 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Controlled polymerization methods are well-established synthetic protocols for the design and preparation of polymeric materials with a high degree of precision over molar mass and architecture. Exciting recent work has shown that the high end-group fidelity and/or functionality inherent in these techniques can enable new routes to depolymerization under relatively mild conditions. Converting polymers back to pure monomers by depolymerization is a potential solution to the environmental and ecological concerns associated with the ultimate fate of polymers. This perspective focuses on the emerging field of depolymerization from polymers synthesized by controlled polymerizations including radical, ionic, and metathesis polymerizations. We provide a critical review of current literature categorized according to polymerization technique and explore numerous concepts and ideas which could be implemented to further enhance depolymerization including lower temperature systems, catalytic depolymerization, increasing polymer scope, and controlled depolymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen R Jones
- Laboratory for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hyun Suk Wang
- Laboratory for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kostas Parkatzidis
- Laboratory for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Richard Whitfield
- Laboratory for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nghia P Truong
- Laboratory for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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3
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Li Z, Yong H, Wang K, Zhou YN, Lyu J, Liang L, Zhou D. (Controlled) Free radical (co)polymerization of multivinyl monomers: strategies, topological structures and biomedical applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:4142-4157. [PMID: 36919482 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00250k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Free radical (co)polymerization (FRP/FRcP) of multivinyl monomers (MVMs) has emerged as a powerful strategy for the synthesis of chemically and topologically complex polymers due to its unique reaction kinetics, which enables the preparation of polymers with multiple functional groups and novel macromolecular structures. However, conventional FRP/FRcP of MVMs inevitably leads to insoluble crosslinked materials. Therefore, the development of advanced strategies for the controlled polymerization of MVMs is essential for the preparation of chemically and topologically complex polymers. In this review, we introduce the gelation mechanism of conventional FRP of MVMs and present the strategies of controlled polymerization of MVMs for the preparation of chemically and topologically complex polymers. We also discuss polymers with unique topologies synthesized by controlled polymerization of MVMs, such as crosslinked networks, (hyper)branched, star, cyclic, and single-chain cyclized/knotted structures. Finally, biomedical applications of various advanced polymeric materials prepared by controlled polymerization of MVMs are highlighted and the challenges is this field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhili Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Haiyang Yong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Kaixuan Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Ya-Nan Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Jing Lyu
- Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Lirong Liang
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China.
| | - Dezhong Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
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4
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Song Y, He J, Zhang Y, Gilsdorf RA, Chen EYX. Recyclable cyclic bio-based acrylic polymer via pairwise monomer enchainment by a trifunctional Lewis pair. Nat Chem 2023; 15:366-376. [PMID: 36443531 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-01097-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The existing catalyst/initiator systems and methodologies used for the synthesis of polymers can access only a few cyclic polymers composed entirely of a single monomer type, and the synthesis of such authentic cyclic polar vinyl polymers (acrylics) devoid of any foreign motifs remains a challenge. Here we report that a tethered B-P-B trifunctional, intramolecular frustrated Lewis pair catalyst enables the synthesis of an authentic cyclic acrylic polymer, cyclic poly(γ-methyl-α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone) (c-PMMBL), from the bio-based monomer MMBL. Detailed studies have revealed an initiation and propagation mechanism through pairwise monomer enchainment enabled by the cooperative and synergistic initiator/catalyst sites of the trifunctional catalyst. We propose that macrocyclic intermediates and transition states comprising two catalyst molecules are involved in the catalyst-regulated ring expansion and eventual cyclization, forming authentic c-PMMBL rings and concurrently regenerating the catalyst. The cyclic topology of the c-PMMBL polymers imparts an ~50 °C higher onset decomposition temperature and a much narrower degradation window compared with their linear counterparts of similar molecular weight and dispersity, while maintaining high chemical recyclability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjiao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jianghua He
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yuetao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Reid A Gilsdorf
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Eugene Y-X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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5
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Sorensen CC, Kozuszek CT, Borden MA, Leibfarth FA. Asymmetric Ion-Pairing in Stereoselective Vinyl Polymerization. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cole C. Sorensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Caleb T. Kozuszek
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Meredith A. Borden
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Frank A. Leibfarth
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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6
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Bidentate and Tridentate Coordination Modes of Bis(3-methylindolyl)-2-(1-methylimidazolyl)methane in Complexes of Aluminum and Gallium. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2022.122554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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7
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Two-Dimensional Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework ZIF-L: A Promising Catalyst for Polymerization. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12050521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, for the first time, a 2D and leaf-like zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-L) is reported for the synthesis of ultrahigh molecular weight (UHMW) poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with Mn up to 1390 kg mol−1. This synthesis method is a one-step process without any co-catalyst in a solvent-free medium. SEM, PXRD, FT-IR, TGA, and nitrogen sorption measurements confirmed the 2D and leaf-like structure of ZIF-L. The results of PXRD, SEM, TGA demonstrate that the catalyst ZIF-L is remarkably stable even after a long-time polymerization reaction. Zwitterionic Lewis pair polymerization (LPP) has been proposed for the catalytic performance of ZIF-L on methyl methacrylate (MMA) polymerization. This MMA polymerization is consistent with a living system, where ZIF-L could reinitiate the polymerization and propagates the process by gradually growing the polymer chains.
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8
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Safaie N, Smak J, DeJonge D, Cheng S, Zuo X, Ohno K, Ferrier, Jr. RC. Facile Synthesis of Epoxide-co-Propylene Sulphide Polymers with Compositional and Architectural Control. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00005a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present a facile method to produce propylene sulphide (PS) homopolymers up to 100 kg/mol and PS – epoxide statistical, block, and ABA copolymers using inexpensive and versatile thio-aluminium (SAl)...
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9
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Boron compounds for catalytic applications. ADVANCES IN CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.acat.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Liu Z, Liu B, Zhao Z, Cui D. Chemo- and Stereoselective Polymerization of Polar Divinyl Monomers by Rare-Earth Complexes. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohe Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhongfu Zhao
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Dongmei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. McGraw
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Eugene Y.-X. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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12
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Zhao W, He J, Zhang Y. Lewis pairs polymerization of polar vinyl monomers. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2019; 64:1830-1840. [PMID: 36659579 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2019.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The globally increasing demands for polymer materials stimulate the significantly intense attention focused on the Lewis pair polymerization (LPP) of various polar vinyl monomers catalyzed by Lewis pairs (LPs) composed of Lewis acid (LA) and Lewis base (LB). According to the degree of interaction between LA and LB, LPs could be divided into classical Lewis adduct (CLA), interacting Lewis pair (ILP) and frustrated Lewis pair (FLP). Regulation of the Lewis basicity, Lewis acidity, and steric effects of these LPs has a significant impact on the polymer chain initiation, propagation and termination as well as chain transfer reaction during polymerization. Compared with other polymerization strategies, LPP has shown several unique advantages towards the polymerization of polar vinyl monomers such as high activity, control or livingness, mild conditions, and complete chemo- or regioselectivity. We will comprehensively review the recent advances achieved in the LPP of polar vinyl monomers according to the classification of the employed LPs based on different LAs, by highlighting the key polymerization results, polymerization mechanisms as well as the currently unmet challenges and the future research directions of LPP chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuchao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jianghua He
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yuetao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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13
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Sáez R, McArdle C, Salhi F, Marquet J, Sebastián RM. Controlled living anionic polymerization of cyanoacrylates by frustrated Lewis pair based initiators. Chem Sci 2019; 10:3295-3299. [PMID: 30996915 PMCID: PMC6429779 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc04729d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A hydrogenated frustrated Lewis pair ([TMPH+][HB(C6F5)3 -]) promotes controlled living ionic polymerization of cyanoacrylates. Controlled growth of various homopolymeric CAs through sequential monomer addition has been achieved, in addition to CA block copolymers with controlled block sequences for the first time in the long history of these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Sáez
- Chemistry Department , Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès , Barcelona , Spain .
| | - Ciaran McArdle
- Henkel Ireland Operations and Research Ltd. , Tallaght Business Park, Whitestown Road, Tallaght , Dublin 24 , Ireland
| | - Fouad Salhi
- Henkel Corporation , Edifici Eureka , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Jordi Marquet
- Chemistry Department , Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès , Barcelona , Spain .
| | - Rosa M Sebastián
- Chemistry Department , Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès , Barcelona , Spain .
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14
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Wang P, Liang J, Yin T, Yang J. Simple Lewis pairs of zinc salts and organobases as bifunctional catalysts for controlled ring-opening polymerization of O-carboxyanhydrides. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00776h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Simple Lewis pairs consisting of organobases and zinc salts were explored to promote ring-opening polymerization of phenyl O-carboxyanhydride via bifunctional catalysis, producing well-defined poly(α-hydroxyalkanoic acid)s with good isotacticity (Pm = 0.88).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
| | - Jinpeng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
| | - Ting Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
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15
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Bai Y, He J, Zhang Y. Ultra‐High‐Molecular‐Weight Polymers Produced by the Immortal Phosphine‐Based Catalyst System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201811946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun Jilin 130012 China
| | - Jianghua He
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun Jilin 130012 China
| | - Yuetao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun Jilin 130012 China
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16
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Bai Y, He J, Zhang Y. Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Polymers Produced by the Immortal Phosphine-Based Catalyst System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:17230-17234. [PMID: 30380182 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201811946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A strong organophosphorus superbase, N-(diphenylphosphanyl)-1,3-diisopropyl-4,5-dimethyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-imidazol-2-imine (IAP3) was combined with a sterically encumbered but modestly acidic Lewis acid (LA), (4-Me-2,6-t Bu2 -C6 H2 O)Ali Bu2 ((BHT)Ali Bu2 ), to synergistically promote the frustrated Lewis pair (FLP)-catalyzed living polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA), achieving ultrahigh molecular weight (UHMW) poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with Mn up to 1927 kg mol-1 and narrow molecular weight distribution (MWD) at room temperature (RT). This FLP catalyst system exhibits exceptionally long lifetime polymerization performance even in the absence of free MMA, which could reinitiate the desired living polymerization after the resulting system was held at RT for 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Jianghua He
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Yuetao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
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17
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Greb L. Lewis Superacids: Classifications, Candidates, and Applications. Chemistry 2018; 24:17881-17896. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutUniversität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 Germany
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18
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Chen Y, Shen J, Liu S, Zhao J, Wang Y, Zhang G. High Efficiency Organic Lewis Pair Catalyst for Ring-Opening Polymerization of Epoxides with Chemoselectivity. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Chen
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jizhou Shen
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shan Liu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junpeng Zhao
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yucai Wang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangzhao Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People’s Republic of China
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19
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Hong M, Chen J, Chen EYX. Polymerization of Polar Monomers Mediated by Main-Group Lewis Acid-Base Pairs. Chem Rev 2018; 118:10551-10616. [PMID: 30350583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of new or more sustainable, active, efficient, controlled, and selective polymerization reactions or processes continues to be crucial for the synthesis of important polymers or materials with specific structures or functions. In this context, the newly emerged polymerization technique enabled by main-group Lewis pairs (LPs), termed as Lewis pair polymerization (LPP), exploits the synergy and cooperativity between the Lewis acid (LA) and Lewis base (LB) sites of LPs, which can be employed as frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs), interacting LPs (ILPs), or classical Lewis adducts (CLAs), to effect cooperative monomer activation as well as chain initiation, propagation, termination, and transfer events. Through balancing the Lewis acidity, Lewis basicity, and steric effects of LPs, LPP has shown several unique advantages or intriguing opportunities compared to other polymerization techniques and demonstrated its broad polar monomer scope, high activity, control or livingness, and complete chemo- or regioselectivity, as well as its unique application in materials chemistry. These advances made in LPP are comprehensively reviewed, with the scope of monomers focusing on heteroatom-containing polar monomers, while the polymerizations mediated by main-group LAs and LBs separately that are most relevant to the LPP are also highlighted or updated. Examples of applying the principles of the LPP and LP chemistry as a new platform for advancing materials chemistry are highlighted, and currently unmet challenges in the field of the LPP, and thus the suggested corresponding future research directions, are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Jiawei Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , 3000 Broadway , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Eugene Y-X Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
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20
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Bidentate and tridentate coordination modes of bis(3-methylindolyl)-2-pyridylmethane in complexes of aluminum and gallium: Structural characterization of bridging N-indolide in a dialuminum complex. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Han Y, Zhang S, He J, Zhang Y. Switchable C–H Silylation of Indoles Catalyzed by a Thermally Induced Frustrated Lewis Pair. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b01847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Han
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Sutao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Jianghua He
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Yuetao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
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22
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Nie Y, Zhi X, Du H, Yang J. Zn(OAc)₂-Catalyzing Ring-Opening Polymerization of N-Carboxyanhydrides for the Synthesis of Well-Defined Polypeptides. Molecules 2018; 23:E760. [PMID: 29587473 PMCID: PMC6017970 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite notable progress, the fabrication of well-defined polypeptides via controlled ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of α-amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides (NCAs) using convenient catalysts under mild conditions in a relatively short polymerization time is still challenging. Herein, an easily obtained catalyst system composed of zinc acetate and aniline was explored to mediate the fast ROP of γ-benzyl-l-glutamate-N-carboxyanhydride (BLG-NCA) monomer, to produce poly(γ-benzyl-l-glutamates) (PBLGs) with controllable molecular weights and narrow dispersity. Considering the excellent cooperative action of zinc acetate and a broad scope of aniline derivatives with different functional groups to control ROP of BLG-NCA, this method may offer a useful platform enabling the rapid generation of end-functionalized PBLG and block copolymers for numerous biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhao Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Xinmei Zhi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Haifeng Du
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
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23
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Wang Q, Zhao W, Zhang S, He J, Zhang Y, Chen EYX. Living Polymerization of Conjugated Polar Alkenes Catalyzed by N-Heterocyclic Olefin-Based Frustrated Lewis Pairs. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qianyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory
of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Wuchao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory
of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Sutao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory
of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Jianghua He
- State Key Laboratory
of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Yuetao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory
of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Eugene Y.-X. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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24
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Hu L, Zhao W, He J, Zhang Y. Silyl Ketene Acetals/B(C₆F₅)₃ Lewis Pair-Catalyzed Living Group Transfer Polymerization of Renewable Cyclic Acrylic Monomers. Molecules 2018; 23:E665. [PMID: 29543743 PMCID: PMC6017534 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This work reveals the silyl ketene acetal (SKA)/B(C₆F₅)₃ Lewis pair-catalyzed room-temperature group transfer polymerization (GTP) of polar acrylic monomers, including methyl linear methacrylate (MMA), and the biorenewable cyclic monomers γ-methyl-α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone (MMBL) and α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone (MBL) as well. The in situ NMR monitored reaction of SKA with B(C₆F₅)₃ indicated the formation of Frustrated Lewis Pairs (FLPs), although it is sluggish for MMA polymerization, such a FLP system exhibits highly activity and living GTP of MMBL and MBL. Detailed investigations, including the characterization of key reaction intermediates, polymerization kinetics and polymer structures have led to a polymerization mechanism, in which the polymerization is initiated with an intermolecular Michael addition of the ester enolate group of SKA to the vinyl group of B(C₆F₅)₃-activated monomer, while the silyl group is transferred to the carbonyl group of the B(C₆F₅)₃-activated monomer to generate the single-monomer-addition species or the active propagating species; the coordinated B(C₆F₅)₃ is released to the incoming monomer, followed by repeated intermolecular Michael additions in the subsequent propagation cycle. Such neutral SKA analogues are the real active species for the polymerization and are retained in the whole process as confirmed by experimental data and the chain-end analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS). Moreover, using this method, we have successfully synthesized well-defined PMMBL-b-PMBL, PMMBL-b-PMBL-b-PMMBL and random copolymers with the predicated molecular weights (Mn) and narrow molecular weight distribution (MWD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Wuchao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Jianghua He
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Yuetao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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25
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Zhang H, Nie Y, Zhi X, Du H, Yang J. Controlled ring-opening polymerization of α-amino acid N-carboxy-anhydride by frustrated amine/borane Lewis pairs. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:5155-5158. [PMID: 28439585 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc01440f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In this communication, we presented a novel strategy to control the ROP of α-amino acid N-carboxy-anhydrides using the concept of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs). An FLP intermediate containing an interaction between the bulky borane Lewis acid and the amine groups of the propagation chain end is essential to accomplish the polypeptide synthesis with well-defined structures under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
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26
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Sun XY, Ren WM, Liu SJ, Jia YB, Wang YM, Lu XB. Tandem Lewis Pair Polymerization and Organocatalytic Ring-Opening Polymerization for Synthesizing Block and Brush Copolymers. Molecules 2018; 23:E468. [PMID: 29466304 PMCID: PMC6017872 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lewis pair polymerization is a powerful method for preparing soluble polymers bearing pendant active vinyl groups by directly polymerizing dissymmetric divinyl polar monomers. Herein, we present a strategy for synthesizing block and brush copolymers via tandem Lewis pair polymerization of methacrylates, "thiol-ene" click reaction and organocatalytic ring-opening polymerization of lactide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Yu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Wei-Min Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Si-Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Yin-Bao Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Yi-Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Xiao-Bing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China.
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27
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Wang X, Zhang Y, Hong M. Controlled and Efficient Polymerization of Conjugated Polar Alkenes by Lewis Pairs Based on Sterically Hindered Aryloxide-Substituted Alkylaluminumitle. Molecules 2018; 23:E442. [PMID: 29462959 PMCID: PMC6017945 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Reported herein is the development of an effective strategy for controlled and efficient Lewis pair polymerization of conjugated polar alkenes, including methyl methacrylate (MMA), n-butyl methacrylate (nBuMA), and γ-methyl-α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone (γMMBL), by the utilization of sterically encumbered Al(BHT)₂Me (BHT: 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol) as a Lewis acid that shuts down intramolecular backbiting termination. In combination with a selected N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) as a Lewis base, the polymerization of MMA exhibited activity up to 3000 h-1 TOF and an acceptable initiation efficiency of 60.6%, producing polymers with high molecular weight (Mn up to 130 kg/mol) and extremely narrow dispersity (Đ = 1.06~1.13). This controlled polymerization with a living characteristic has been evidenced by chain-extension experiments and chain-end analysis, and enabled the synthesis of well-defined diblock copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Yixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Miao Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
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28
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Wang XY, Sun XL, Chen ZH, Wang F, Wang SR, Tang Y. Highly efficient access to well-defined linear polymers with substantial vinyl pendants via ATRP of divinyl monomers. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00797g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reported herein is a highly efficient access to well-defined linear polymers with substantial vinyl pendants via ATRP of dissymmetric divinyl monomers by side armed bisoxazoline (SaBOX)/copper catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Xiu-Li Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Zhi-Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Sunewang R. Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Yong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
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29
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Nie Y, Wang P, Du H, Meng W, Yang J. An efficient strategy for achieving controlled ring-opening polymerization of O-carboxyanhydrides via amine initiation in collaboration with metal-alkoxide catalysis. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01090k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Amines and Zn(C6F5)2 for polymerization initiation and functionality transfer from Zn(C6F5)2 to a metal-alkoxide species for promoting chain propagation to achieve well controlled ring-opening polymerization of O-carboxyanhydrides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhao Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
| | - Pei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
| | - Haifeng Du
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Wei Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
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30
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Gowda RR, Chen EYX. Chemoselective Lewis pair polymerization of renewable multivinyl-functionalized γ-butyrolactones. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2017; 375:20170003. [PMID: 28739962 PMCID: PMC5540837 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Multivinyl-functionalized γ-butyrolactones, γ-vinyl-γ-methyl-α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone (γVMMBL) and γ-allyl-γ-methyl-α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone (γAMMBL), have been synthesized from biorenewable ethyl levulinate and effectively polymerized by Lewis pairs consisting of an organic N-heterocyclic carbene Lewis base and a strong organo-Lewis acid E(C6F5)3 (E = Al, B). This Lewis pair polymerization is quantitatively chemoselective, proceeds exclusively via polyaddition across the conjugated α-methylene double bond without participation of the γ-vinyl or γ-allyl double bond, and produces high-molecular-weight functionalized polymers with unimodal molecular-weight distributions. The Al-based Lewis pair produces a polymer with approximately 5.5 times higher molecular weight than that produced by the B-based Lewis pair. The resulting vinyl-functionalized polymers are soluble in common organic solvents and stable at room temperature, and can be thermally cured into crosslinked materials.This article is part of the themed issue 'Frustrated Lewis pair chemistry'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravikumar R Gowda
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA
| | - Eugene Y-X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA
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31
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Mane MV, Vanka K. Less Frustration, More Activity-Theoretical Insights into Frustrated Lewis Pairs for Hydrogenation Catalysis. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201700289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj V. Mane
- Physical Chemistry Division; National Chemical Laboratory; Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pashan Pune Maharashtra India
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations; Institute of Basic Science (IBS); Department of Chemistry; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Kumar Vanka
- Physical Chemistry Division; National Chemical Laboratory; Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pashan Pune Maharashtra India
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32
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Nzahou Ottou W, Conde-Mendizabal E, Pascual A, Wirotius AL, Bourichon D, Vignolle J, Robert F, Landais Y, Sotiropoulos JM, Miqueu K, Taton D. Organic Lewis Pairs Based on Phosphine and Electrophilic Silane for the Direct and Controlled Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate: Experimental and Theoretical Investigations. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Winnie Nzahou Ottou
- Université
de Bordeaux, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
- CNRS, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Egoitz Conde-Mendizabal
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux, Université de PAU & des Pays de l’Adour, CNRS, UNIV PAU & PAYS ADOUR, IPREM UMR 5254, 64000 PAU, France
| | - Ana Pascual
- Université
de Bordeaux, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
- CNRS, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Anne-Laure Wirotius
- Université
de Bordeaux, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
- CNRS, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Damien Bourichon
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux, Université de PAU & des Pays de l’Adour, CNRS, UNIV PAU & PAYS ADOUR, IPREM UMR 5254, 64000 PAU, France
| | - Joan Vignolle
- Université
de Bordeaux, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
- CNRS, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Frédéric Robert
- Université
de Bordeaux, ISM, UMR 5255, 33400 Talence, France
- CNRS, ISM, UMR 5255, 33400 Talence, France
| | - Yannick Landais
- Université
de Bordeaux, ISM, UMR 5255, 33400 Talence, France
- CNRS, ISM, UMR 5255, 33400 Talence, France
| | - Jean-Marc Sotiropoulos
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux, Université de PAU & des Pays de l’Adour, CNRS, UNIV PAU & PAYS ADOUR, IPREM UMR 5254, 64000 PAU, France
| | - Karinne Miqueu
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux, Université de PAU & des Pays de l’Adour, CNRS, UNIV PAU & PAYS ADOUR, IPREM UMR 5254, 64000 PAU, France
| | - Daniel Taton
- Université
de Bordeaux, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
- CNRS, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
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33
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Ghattas G, Bizzarri C, Hölscher M, Langanke J, Gürtler C, Leitner W, Subhani MA. Interaction of formaldehyde with a water-tolerant frustrated Lewis pair. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:3205-3208. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc08044h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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Wang Q, Zhao W, He J, Zhang Y, Chen EYX. Living Ring-Opening Polymerization of Lactones by N-Heterocyclic Olefin/Al(C6F5)3 Lewis Pairs: Structures of Intermediates, Kinetics, and Mechanism. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qianyi Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College
of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Wuchao Zhao
- State
Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College
of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jianghua He
- State
Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College
of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yuetao Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College
of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Eugene Y.-X. Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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35
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Gianopoulos CG, Kumar N, Zhao Y, Jia L, Kirschbaum K, Mason MR. Aluminum alkoxide, amide and halide complexes supported by a bulky dipyrromethene ligand: synthesis, characterization, and preliminary ε-caprolactone polymerization activity. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:13787-97. [PMID: 27484717 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt02449a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum halide, alkoxide and amide complexes 2-6 of the form (N,N)AlX2-nYn (n = 0, 1 and (N,N) = 1,9-dimesityl-5-phenyldipyrromethene (1)) were synthesized and characterized by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. The in situ generated lithium salt of dipyrromethene 1 was reacted with AlX3 to afford aluminum halide complexes (N,N)AlX2 (X = Cl (2), I (3)) which were isolated as dichroic crystals. Salt metathesis reactions were employed to produce alkoxide complexes (N,N)Al(Cl)(O(t)Bu) (4) and (N,N)Al(O(t)Bu)2 (5) from compound 2. The dimethylamide complex (N,N)Al(NMe2)2 (6) was prepared by reaction of dipyrromethene 1 with [Al(NMe2)3]2. Crystallographic data revealed that the dipyrromethene is non-planar when bulky coligands are present as in compounds 3-6, while in the dichloride complex 2 the dipyrromethene is planar. Halide complexes 2 and 3 reacted with adventitious moisture in toluene to afford crystalline acid-base adducts (N,N)H·HX, (X = Cl (7), I (8)), which adopted structures reminiscent of anion receptors. Alkoxide and dimethylamide complexes 5 and 6 were also applied as precatalysts for the ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone and preliminary results are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Gianopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606-3390, USA.
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36
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Vidal F, Falivene L, Caporaso L, Cavallo L, Chen EYX. Robust Cross-Linked Stereocomplexes and C60 Inclusion Complexes of Vinyl-Functionalized Stereoregular Polymers Derived from Chemo/Stereoselective Coordination Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:9533-47. [PMID: 27388024 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b04064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The successful synthesis of highly syndiotactic polar vinyl polymers bearing the reactive pendant vinyl group on each repeat unit, which is enabled by perfectly chemoselective and highly syndiospecific coordination polymerization of divinyl polar monomers developed through this work, has allowed the construction of robust cross-linked supramolecular stereocomplexes and C60 inclusion complexes. The metal-mediated coordination polymerization of three representative polar divinyl monomers, including vinyl methacrylate (VMA), allyl methacrylate (AMA), and N,N-diallyl acrylamide (DAA) by Cs-ligated zirconocenium ester enolate catalysts under ambient conditions exhibits complete chemoselectivity and high stereoselectivity, thus producing the corresponding vinyl-functionalized polymers with high (92% rr) to quantitative (>99% rr) syndiotacticity. A combined experimental (synthetic, kinetic, and mechanistic) and theoretical (DFT) investigation has yielded a unimetallic, enantiomorphic-site-controlled propagation mechanism. Postfunctionalization of the obtained syndiotactic vinyl-functionalized polymers via the thiol-ene click and photocuring reactions readily produced the corresponding thiolated polymers and flexible cross-linked thin-film materials, respectively. Complexation of such syndiotactic vinyl-functionalized polymers with isotactic poly(methyl methacrylate) and fullerene C60 generates supramolecular crystalline helical stereocomplexes and inclusion complexes, respectively. Cross-linking of such complexes affords robust cross-linked stereocomplexes that are solvent-resistant and also exhibit considerably enhanced thermal and mechanical properties compared with the un-cross-linked stereocomplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Vidal
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Laura Falivene
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, Kaust Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lucia Caporaso
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Università di Salerno , Via Papa Paolo Giovanni II, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, Kaust Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eugene Y-X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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37
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Gowda RR, Chen EYX. Organocatalytic and Chemoselective Polymerization of Multivinyl-Functionalized γ-Butyrolactones. ACS Macro Lett 2016; 5:772-776. [PMID: 35614656 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.6b00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Achieving complete chemoselectivity in the polymerization of multivinyl polar monomers is an important yet challenging task, currently achievable only by metal- or metalloid-mediated polymerization processes but in a noncatalytic fashion. Now this work shows that organic N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysts effect rapid, chemoselective, and catalytic polymerization of multivinyl-functionalized γ-butyrolactones, particularly γ-vinyl-α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone (VMBL). Thus, the NHC-catalyzed polymerization of VMBL not only is quantitatively chemoselective, proceeding exclusively via polyaddition across the conjugated α-methylene double bond while leaving the γ-vinyl double bond intact, but also requires only an exceptionally low catalyst loading of 50 ppm, thus, exhibiting a remarkably high catalyst turnover frequency of 80000 h-1 and producing on average 33.6 polymer chains of Mn = 73.8 kg/mol per NHC molecule. The resulting PVMBL can be either thermally cured into cross-linked materials or postfunctionalized with the thiol-ene "click" reaction to achieve complete conversion of the pendant vinyl group on every repeat unit into the corresponding thioether.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravikumar R. Gowda
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Eugene Y.-X. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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38
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Hong M, Tang X, Falivene L, Caporaso L, Cavallo L, Chen EYX. Proton-Transfer Polymerization by N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: Monomer and Catalyst Scopes and Mechanism for Converting Dimethacrylates into Unsaturated Polyesters. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:2021-35. [PMID: 26779897 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b13019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This contribution presents a full account of experimental and theoretical/computational investigations into the N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-catalyzed proton-transfer polymerization (HTP) that converts common dimethacrylates (DMAs) containing no protic groups into unsaturated polyesters. This new HTP proceeds through the step-growth propagation cycles via enamine intermediates, consisting of the proposed conjugate addition-proton transfer-NHC release fundamental steps. This study examines the monomer and catalyst scopes as well as the fundamental steps involved in the overall HTP mechanism. DMAs having six different types of linkages connecting the two methacrylates have been polymerized into the corresponding unsaturated polyesters. The most intriguing unsaturated polyester of the series is that based on the biomass-derived furfuryl dimethacrylate, which showed a unique self-curing ability. Four MeO- and Cl-substituted TPT (1,3,4-triphenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-ylidene) derivatives as methanol insertion products, (Rx)TPT(MeO/H) (R = MeO, Cl; x = 2, 3), and two free carbenes (catalysts), (OMe2)TPT and (OMe3)TPT, have been synthesized, while (OMe2)TPT(MeO/H) and (OMe2)TPT have also been structurally characterized. The structure/reactivity relationship study revealed that (OMe2)TPT, being both a strong nucleophile and a good leaving group, exhibits the highest HTP activity and also produced the polyester with the highest Mn, while the Cl-substituted TPT derivatives are least active and efficient. Computational studies have provided mechanistic insights into the tail-to-tail dimerization coupling step as a suitable model for the propagation cycle of the HTP. The extensive energy profile was mapped out, and the experimentally observed unicity of the TPT-based catalysts was satisfactorily explained with the thermodynamic formation of key spirocyclic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Xiaoyan Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Laura Falivene
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, Kaust Catalysis Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.,Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Università di Salerno , Via Papa Paolo Giovanni II, I-84084, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Lucia Caporaso
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Università di Salerno , Via Papa Paolo Giovanni II, I-84084, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, Kaust Catalysis Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.,Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Università di Salerno , Via Papa Paolo Giovanni II, I-84084, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Eugene Y-X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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Li XQ, Wang B, Ji HY, Li YS. Insights into the mechanism for ring-opening polymerization of lactide catalyzed by Zn(C6F5)2/organic superbase Lewis pairs. Catal Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cy01587e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A plausible mechanism for ring-opening polymerization of lactide catalyzed by Zn(C6F5)2-based Lewis pairs was proposed based on in situ NMR and MALDI-TOF MS analyses. Several experimental results show very good consistency with the proposed mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qing Li
- Tianjin Key Lab of Composite & Functional Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Bin Wang
- Tianjin Key Lab of Composite & Functional Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - He-Yuan Ji
- Tianjin Key Lab of Composite & Functional Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Yue-Sheng Li
- Tianjin Key Lab of Composite & Functional Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
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40
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Chen J, Chen EYX. Unsolvated Al(C6F5)3: structural features and electronic interaction with ferrocene. Dalton Trans 2015; 45:6105-10. [PMID: 26567780 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt03895b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alkyl/aryl ligand exchange between AlEt3 and B(C6F5)3 in hexanes enables the formation and isolation of the unsolvated Al(C6F5)3 as a crystalline solid, the structure of which has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Instead of forming the anticipated AlF contacts with the seemingly more accessible meta- and para-F's of -C6F5 groups, two Al(C6F5)3 molecules form a dimeric structure with double AlF interactions between the Al center of one molecule and the ortho-F atom of the -C6F5 group on the other molecule. This mode of interactions is apparently linked to the thermal and shock sensitivity of the unsolvated Al(C6F5)3 in the solid state. To compare with the B(C6F5)3/ferrocene frustrated Lewis pair system, the complexation between Al(C6F5)3 and ferrocene has also been studied, which affords a stable adduct formed through the η(1)-coordination of Al to one of the CCp atoms, similar to the alane-toluene or benzene complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, USA.
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W. Stephan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George
Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
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42
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Vidal F, Gowda RR, Chen EYX. Chemoselective, Stereospecific, and Living Polymerization of Polar Divinyl Monomers by Chiral Zirconocenium Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:9469-80. [PMID: 26153299 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b05811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This contribution reports the first chemoselective, stereospecific, and living polymerization of polar divinyl monomers, enabled by chiral ansa-zirconocenium catalysts through an enantiomorphic-site controlled coordination-addition polymerization mechanism. Silyl-bridged-ansa-zirconocenium ester enolate 2 has been synthesized and structurally characterized, but it exhibits low to negligible activity and stereospecificity in the polymerization of polar divinyl monomers including vinyl methacrylate (VMA), allyl methacrylate (AMA), 4-vinylbenzyl methacrylate (VBMA), and N,N-diallyl acrylamide (DAA). In contrast, ethylene-bridged-ansa-zirconocenium ester enolate 1 is highly active and stereospecific in the polymerization of such monomers including AMA, VBMA, and DAA. The polymerization by 1 is perfectly chemoselective for all four polar divinyl monomers, proceeding exclusively through conjugate addition across the methacrylic C═C bond, while leaving the pendant C═C bonds intact. The polymerization of DAA is most stereospecific and controlled, producing essentially stereoperfect isotactic PDAA with [mmmm] > 99%, M(n) matching the theoretical value (thus a quantitative initiation efficiency), and a narrow molecular weight distribution (Đ = 1.06-1.16). The stereospecificity is slightly lower for the AMA polymerization but still leading to highly isotactic poly(allyl methacrylate) (PAMA) with 95-97% [mm]. The polymerization of VBMA is further less stereospecific, affording PVBMA with 90-94% [mm], while the polymerization VMA is least stereospecific. Several lines of evidence from both homo- and block copolymerization results have demonstrated living characteristics of the AMA polymerization by 1. Mechanistic studies of this polymerization have yielded a monometallic coordination-addition polymerization mechanism involving the eight-membered chelating intermediate. Post-functionalization of isotactic polymers bearing the pendant vinyl group on every repeating unit via the thiol-ene "click" reaction achieves a full conversion of all the pendant double bonds to the corresponding thioether bonds. Photocuring of such isotactic polymers is also successful, producing an elastic material readily characterizable by dynamic mechanical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Vidal
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Ravikumar R Gowda
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Eugene Y-X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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Chen J, Chen EXY. Reactivity of Amine/E(C6F5)3 (E = B, Al) Lewis Pairs toward Linear and Cyclic Acrylic Monomers: Hydrogenation vs. Polymerization. Molecules 2015; 20:9575-90. [PMID: 26016548 PMCID: PMC6272166 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20069575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This work reveals the contrasting reactivity of amine/E(C6F5)3 (E = B, Al) Lewis pairs toward linear and cyclic acrylic monomers, methyl methacrylate (MMA) and biorenewable γ-methyl-α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone (γMMBL). While mixing of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine (TMP) and B(C6F5)3 leads to a frustrated Lewis pair (FLP), Et3N reacts with B(C6F5)3 to form disproportionation products, ammonium hydridoborate ionic pair and iminium zwitterion. On the other hand, the stoichiometric reaction of either TMP or Et3N with Al(C6F5)3 leads to clean formation of a classic Lewis adduct (CLA). Neither TMP nor Et3N, when paired with E(C6F5)3, polymerizes MMA, but the Et3N/2B(C6F5)3 pair promotes transfer hydrogenation of MMA to form methyl isobutyrate. In contrast, the amine/E(C6F5)3 pairs promote rapid polymerization of γMMBL carrying the more reactive exocyclic methylene moiety, achieving full conversion in less than 3 min even at a low catalyst loading of 0.0625 mol %. TMP is more effective than Et3N for the polymerization when paired with either the borane or the alane, while the alane exhibits higher polymerization activity than the borane when paired with Et3N. Overall, the TMP/Al(C6F5)3 system exhibits the highest polymerization activity, achieving a maximum turn-over frequency of 96,000 h-1 at 0.125 mol % of catalyst loading, producing high molecular weight PγMMBL with Mn = 1.29 × 105 g∙mol-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA
| | - Eugene X-Y Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA.
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Chen J, Chen EYX. Elusive Silane-Alane Complex [SiH⋅⋅⋅Al]: Isolation, Characterization, and Multifaceted Frustrated Lewis Pair Type Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201502400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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45
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Chen J, Chen EYX. Elusive Silane-Alane Complex [SiH⋅⋅⋅Al]: Isolation, Characterization, and Multifaceted Frustrated Lewis Pair Type Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:6842-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201502400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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46
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Chen J, Chen EYX. Lewis Pair Polymerization of Acrylic Monomers byN-Heterocyclic Carbenes and B(C6F5)3. Isr J Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201400136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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47
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Abstract
Polymers with high C60 incorporations and intriguing properties are conveniently synthesized via adduct formation between polymeric Lewis bases and C60.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Hong
- Department of Chemistry
- Colorado State University
- Fort Collins
- USA
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48
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Rocchigiani L. Experimental Insights into the Structure and Reactivity of Frustrated Lewis Pairs. Isr J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201400139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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49
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He J, Zhang Y, Falivene L, Caporaso L, Cavallo L, Chen EYX. Chain Propagation and Termination Mechanisms for Polymerization of Conjugated Polar Alkenes by [Al]-Based Frustrated Lewis Pairs. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma5019389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianghua He
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Yuetao Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
- State
Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College
of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Laura Falivene
- Physical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Kaust Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Biologia, Università di Salerno, Via Papa
Paolo Giovanni II, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Lucia Caporaso
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Biologia, Università di Salerno, Via Papa
Paolo Giovanni II, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- Physical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Kaust Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Biologia, Università di Salerno, Via Papa
Paolo Giovanni II, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Eugene Y.-X. Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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50
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Jia YB, Ren WM, Liu SJ, Xu T, Wang YB, Lu XB. Controlled Divinyl Monomer Polymerization Mediated by Lewis Pairs: A Powerful Synthetic Strategy for Functional Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2014; 3:896-899. [PMID: 35596356 DOI: 10.1021/mz500437y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lewis pair cooperation provides a facile approach for polymerizing dissymmetric divinyl polar monomers such as 4-vinylbenzyl methacrylate in excellent regioselectivity and high reactivity at mild conditions, affording soluble polymers bearing pendant active vinyl groups with high molecular weight (up to 6.4 × 105 g/mol) and narrow polydispersity (PDI < 1.5). ESI-TOF MS study demonstrated that the polymerization process only concerned the methacrylic double bond and selectively remained the pendant allylic or styrene C═C bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Bao Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Fine
Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Wei-Min Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Fine
Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Si-Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine
Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Tieqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine
Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Yan-Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine
Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine
Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
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