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The Halogen Bond in Weakly Bonded Complexes and the Consequences for Aromaticity and Spin-Orbit Coupling. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020772. [PMID: 36677828 PMCID: PMC9865902 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The halogen bond complexes CF3X⋯Y and C2F3X⋯Y, with Y = furan, thiophene, selenophene and X = Cl, Br, I, have been studied by using DFT and CCSD(T) in order to understand which factors govern the interaction between the halogen atom X and the aromatic ring. We found that PBE0-dDsC/QZ4P gives an adequate description of the interaction energies in these complexes, compared to CCSD(T) and experimental results. The interaction between the halogen atom X and the π-bonds in perpendicular orientation is stronger than the interaction with the in-plane lone pairs of the heteroatom of the aromatic cycle. The strength of the interaction follows the trend Cl < Br < I; the chalcogenide in the aromatic ring nor the hybridization of the C−X bond play a decisive role. The energy decomposition analysis shows that the interaction energy is dominated by all three contributions, viz., the electrostatic, orbital, and dispersion interactions: not one factor dominates the interaction energy. The aromaticity of the ring is undisturbed upon halogen bond formation: the π-ring current remains equally strong and diatropic in the complex as it is for the free aromatic ring. However, the spin-orbit coupling between the singlet and triplet π→π* states is increased upon halogen bond formation and a faster intersystem crossing between these states is therefore expected.
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2
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Ciancaleoni G, Marchetti F, Santi C, Merlino O, Zacchini S. Assessing the effects of covalent, dative and halogen bonds on the electronic structure of selenoamides. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj01421a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The C–NMe2 bond rotation of a selenoamide is proposed as an experimental probe to compare different chemical interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Ciancaleoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università degli studi di Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Italy
| | - Fabio Marchetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università degli studi di Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Italy
| | - Claudio Santi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli studi di Perugia, via del Liceo, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Orsola Merlino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli studi di Perugia, via del Liceo, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica ed Inorganica, Università di Bologna, viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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Geboes Y, De Proft F, Herrebout WA. Towards a better understanding of the parameters determining the competition between bromine halogen bonding and hydrogen bonding: An FTIR spectroscopic study of the complexes between bromodifluoromethane and trimethylamine. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.03.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Geboes Y, De Vos E, Herrebout WA. S⋯S and S⋯P chalcogen bonding in solution: a cryospectroscopic study of the complexes of 2,2,4,4-tetrafluoro-1,3-dithietane with dimethyl sulfide and trimethylphosphine. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj01648h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Experimental evidence on the formation of S⋯S and P⋯S chalcogen bonded complexes between 2,2,4,4-tetrafluoro-1,3-dithiethane and the Lewis bases dimethyl sulfide and trimethylphosphine is obtained using infrared spectroscopy of solutions in liquid krypton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Geboes
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Antwerp
- 2020 Antwerp
- Belgium
| | - Elias De Vos
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Antwerp
- 2020 Antwerp
- Belgium
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Geboes Y, De Vleeschouwer F, De Proft F, Herrebout WA. Exploiting the σ-Hole Concept: An Infrared and Raman-Based Characterization of the S⋅⋅⋅O Chalcogen Bond between 2,2,4,4-Tetrafluoro-1,3-dithiethane and Dimethyl Ether. Chemistry 2017; 23:17384-17392. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Geboes
- Department of Chemistry; University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp (Belgium), Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Member of the QCMM VUB-UGent Alliance Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Pleinlaan 2 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Freija De Vleeschouwer
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Member of the QCMM VUB-UGent Alliance Research Group; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Pleinlaan 2 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Frank De Proft
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Member of the QCMM VUB-UGent Alliance Research Group; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Pleinlaan 2 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Wouter A. Herrebout
- Department of Chemistry; University of Antwerp; Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
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Geboes Y, De Proft F, Herrebout WA. Effect of Fluorination on the Competition of Halogen Bonding and Hydrogen Bonding: Complexes of Fluoroiodomethane with Dimethyl Ether and Trimethylamine. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:4180-4188. [PMID: 28493700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b03206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To further rationalize the competition between halogen and hydrogen bonding, a combined experimental and theoretical study on the weakly bound molecular complexes formed between the combined halogen bond/hydrogen bond donor fluoroiodomethane and the Lewis bases dimethyl ether and trimethylamine (in standard and fully deuterated form) is presented. The experimental data are obtained by recording infrared and Raman spectra of mixtures of the compounds in liquid krypton, at temperatures between 120 and 156 K. The experiments are supported by ab initio calculations at the MP2/aug-cc-pVDZ-PP level, statistical thermodynamics and Monte Carlo free energy perturbation calculations. For the mixtures containing fluoroiodomethane and dimethyl ether a hydrogen-bonded complex with an experimental complexation enthalpy of -7.0(2) kJ mol-1 is identified. Only a single weak spectral feature is observed which can be tentatively assigned to the halogen-bonded complex. For the mixtures involving trimethylamine, both halogen- and hydrogen-bonded complexes are observed, the experimental complexation enthalpies being -12.5(1) and -9.6(2) kJ mol-1 respectively. To evaluate the influence of fluorination on the competition between halogen and hydrogen bonding, the results obtained for fluoroiodomethane are compared with those of a previous study involving difluoroiodomethane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Geboes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.,Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Member of the QCMM VUB-UGent Alliance Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frank De Proft
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Member of the QCMM VUB-UGent Alliance Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wouter A Herrebout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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Geboes Y, De Proft F, Herrebout WA. Taking the halogen bonding–hydrogen bonding competition one step further: complexes of difluoroiodomethane with trimethylphosphine, dimethyl sulfide and chloromethane. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B-STRUCTURAL SCIENCE CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2017; 73:168-178. [DOI: 10.1107/s2052520617001354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
To rationalize the driving factors in the competition of halogen bonding and hydrogen bonding, the complexes of the combined halogen-/hydrogen-bond donor difluoroiodomethane with the Lewis bases trimethylphosphine, dimethyl sulfide and chloromethane are studied. For all Lewis bases,ab initiocalculations lead to halogen- and hydrogen-bonded complexes. Fourier transform–IR experiments involving solutions of mixtures of difluoroiodomethane with trimethylphosphine(-d9) or dimethyl sulfide(-d6) in liquid krypton confirm the coexistence of a halogen-bonded and hydrogen-bonded complex. Also for solutions containing chloromethane, evidence of the formation of binary associations is found, but no definitive assignment of the multiple complex bands could be made. Using van't Hoff plots, the experimental complexation enthalpies for the halogen- and hydrogen-bonded complex of difluoroiodomethane with trimethylphosphine are determined to be −15.4 (4) and −10.5 (3) kJ mol−1, respectively, while for the halogen- and hydrogen-bonded complexes with dimethyl sulfide, the values are −11.3 (5) and −7.7 (6) kJ mol−1, respectively. The experimental observation that for both trimethylphospine and dimethyl sulfide the halogen-bonded complex is more stable than the hydrogen-bonded complex supports the finding that softer Lewis bases tend to favor iodine halogen bonding over hydrogen bonding.
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De Beuckeleer LI, Herrebout WA. Dimers or trimers? A characterization of the halogen bonded complexes of CF 3X (X=I or Br) with dimethyl ether and acetone in cryosolutions. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 171:60-71. [PMID: 27484633 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Acetone molecules dissolved in liquid krypton are inclined to self-associate into dimers. This behavior affects its use as a prototype Lewis base in studies of weak intermolecular interactions. In this study infrared spectra of mixed solutions of dimethyl ether and CF3X and of acetone and CF3X (with X=I or Br) dissolved in liquid argon and liquid krypton are recorded at constant temperature. The dataset for dimethyl ether is used to validate a numerical method based on least-squares fitting of a model including contributions of both monomers and a heterodimer with 1:1 stoichiometry. The resulting monomer and dimer spectra show excellent agreement with previous studies found in literature. The analysis of the dataset for acetone requires an extension of the model with contributions for the acetone homodimer and for (acetone)2·CF3X and acetone·(CF3X)2 trimers. The results show that many signals for acetone·CF3I and (acetone)2·CF3I are observed, while only a few bands due to acetone·(CF3I)2 occur. The use of numerical approaches adjusted to the specificities of a mixture of two compounds allows to reliably resolve overlapping spectra of monomers and heterocomplexes and characterizing heterocomplex features that could not be deduced using earlier methods. To support the assignments made, ab initio calculations predicting geometries, relative stabilities and harmonic vibrational frequencies for the species envisaged are performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liene I De Beuckeleer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wouter A Herrebout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
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Geboes Y, De Proft F, Herrebout WA. Lone pair⋯π interactions involving carbonyl π-systems: Experimental and theoretical study of the complexes of COF2 and COFCl with dimethyl ether. Chem Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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The self-associating behavior of NH3 and ND3 in liquid xenon. J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.03.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Geboes Y, De Proft F, Herrebout WA. Lone pair···π interactions involving an aromatic π-system: Complexes of hexafluorobenzene with dimethyl ether and trimethylamine. Chem Phys Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2016.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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13
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De Beuckeleer LI, Herrebout WA. Self-Associating Behavior of Acetone in Liquid Krypton. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:884-94. [PMID: 26805773 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b10405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Acetone molecules are inclined to self-associate through dipole-dipole interactions because of their large dipole moment. Infrared spectroscopy of compounds dissolved in liquid noble gases supported by high level ab initio calculations allows investigating the self-associating behavior and determining the thermodynamical properties. In this study, infrared spectra of various concentrations of acetone dissolved in liquid krypton are recorded at constant temperature. Overlapping monomer and dimer spectra are separated by analyzing the obtained data sets with numerical methods based on least-squares fitting. Although acetone is known to self-associate, only a few spectral features have been presented in literature before. In this study, the application of new numerical approaches succeeds in resolving overlapping spectra and allows observing isolated acetone dimer absorption bands for the complete mid infrared spectrum. By use of data sets of spectra recorded at temperatures between 134 and 142 K, the experimental standard dimerization enthalpy was determined to be -10.8 kJ mol(-1). MP2/aug-cc-pVDZ calculations predicted a stacked and planar dimer geometry of which the stacked geometry is more stable. Combining MP2 energies and single point corrections involving CCSD(T) calculations and complete basis set extrapolations based on the MP2/aug-cc-pVDZ equilibrium geometry lead to complexation energy of -28.4 kJ mol(-1) for the stacked geometry and -15.1 kJ mol(-1) for the planar geometry. The corresponding values for the complexation enthalpies in solution, obtained by combining these values with corrections for thermal and solvent influences are -13.7 and -5.8 kJ mol(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liene I De Beuckeleer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wouter A Herrebout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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De Beuckeleer LI, Herrebout WA. Exploring the limits of cryospectroscopy: Least-squares based approaches for analyzing the self-association of HCl. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 154:89-97. [PMID: 26519915 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To rationalize the concentration dependent behavior observed for a large spectral data set of HCl recorded in liquid argon, least-squares based numerical methods are developed and validated. In these methods, for each wavenumber a polynomial is used to mimic the relation between monomer concentrations and measured absorbances. Least-squares fitting of higher degree polynomials tends to overfit and thus leads to compensation effects where a contribution due to one species is compensated for by a negative contribution of another. The compensation effects are corrected for by carefully analyzing, using AIC and BIC information criteria, the differences observed between consecutive fittings when the degree of the polynomial model is systematically increased, and by introducing constraints prohibiting negative absorbances to occur for the monomer or for one of the oligomers. The method developed should allow other, more complicated self-associating systems to be analyzed with a much higher accuracy than before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liene I De Beuckeleer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wouter A Herrebout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
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Henkel S, Costa P, Klute L, Sokkar P, Fernandez-Oliva M, Thiel W, Sanchez-Garcia E, Sander W. Switching the Spin State of Diphenylcarbene via Halogen Bonding. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:1689-97. [PMID: 26762326 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b12726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between diphenylcarbene DPC and the halogen bond donors CF3I and CF3Br were investigated using matrix isolation spectroscopy (IR, UV-vis, and EPR) in combination with QM and QM/MM calculations. Both halogen bond donors CF3X form very strong complexes with the singlet state of DPC, but only weakly interact with triplet DPC. This results in a switching of the spin state of DPC, the singlet complexes becoming more stable than the triplet complexes. CF3I forms a second complex (type II) with DPC that is thermodynamically slightly more stable. Calculations predict that in this second complex the DPC···I distance is shorter than the F3C···I distance, whereas in the first (type I) complex the DPC···I distance is, as expected, longer. CF3Br only forms the type I complex. Upon irradiation I or Br, respectively, are transferred to the DPC carbene center and radical pairs are formed. Finally, on annealing, the formal C-X insertion product of DPC is observed. Thus, halogen bonding is a powerful new principle to control the spin state of reactive carbenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Henkel
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum , 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Paolo Costa
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum , 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Linda Klute
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum , 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Pandian Sokkar
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung , 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | | | - Walter Thiel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung , 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Elsa Sanchez-Garcia
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung , 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Wolfram Sander
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum , 44801 Bochum, Germany
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Geboes Y, De Proft F, Herrebout WA. Expanding Lone Pair···π Interactions to Nonaromatic Systems and Nitrogen Bases: Complexes of C2F3X (X = F, Cl, Br, I) and TMA-d 9. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:5597-606. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b02283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Geboes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Antwerp
, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020
Antwerp, Belgium
- Eenheid
Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Member of the QCMM VUB-UGent Alliance Research
Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
, Pleinlaan 2, 1050
Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frank De Proft
- Eenheid
Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Member of the QCMM VUB-UGent Alliance Research
Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
, Pleinlaan 2, 1050
Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wouter A. Herrebout
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Antwerp
, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020
Antwerp, Belgium
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