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D'mello VC, Goldsztejn G, Rao Mundlapati V, Brenner V, Gloaguen E, Charnay‐Pouget F, Aitken DJ, Mons M. Characterization of Asx Turn Types and Their Connate Relationship with β‐Turns. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104328. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Viola C. D'mello
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS Laboratoire Interactions Dynamiques et Lasers (LIDYL) 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
- Present address: Graphene Research Labs KIADB IT Park Near Airport Bengaluru 562149 India
| | - Gildas Goldsztejn
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS Laboratoire Interactions Dynamiques et Lasers (LIDYL) 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
- Present address: Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO) 91405 Orsay France
| | - Venkateswara Rao Mundlapati
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS Laboratoire Interactions Dynamiques et Lasers (LIDYL) 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
- Present address: Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP) Université de Toulouse (UPS), CNRS, CNES 9 Avenue du Colonel Roche 31028 Toulouse France
| | - Valérie Brenner
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS Laboratoire Interactions Dynamiques et Lasers (LIDYL) 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Eric Gloaguen
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS Laboratoire Interactions Dynamiques et Lasers (LIDYL) 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Florence Charnay‐Pouget
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO) 91405 Orsay France
- Present address: Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS SIGMA Clermont, ICCF 63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
| | - David J. Aitken
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO) 91405 Orsay France
| | - Michel Mons
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS Laboratoire Interactions Dynamiques et Lasers (LIDYL) 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
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2
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Rahimi R, Shachar A, Bar I. Experimental/Computational Study on the Impact of Fluorine on the Structure and Noncovalent Interactions in the Monohydrated Cluster of ortho-Fluorinated 2-Phenylethylamine. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:8337-8346. [PMID: 35471862 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fluorine-containing medicinal compounds frequently allow modulation of physical-chemical properties. Here, we address the effect of fluorine, near the ethylamino side chain, on conformational flexibility and noncovalent interactions (NCIs) of the selected jet-cooled monohydrated cluster of 2-(2-fluoro-phenyl)-ethylamine (2-FPEA) by mass-selected resonance-enhanced two-photon ionization and ionization-loss stimulated Raman spectroscopies. Our results show that Raman spectral signatures of the 2-FPEA-H2O cluster match the scaled harmonic vibrational Raman frequencies, resulting from density functional theory calculations of the most stable 2-FPEA gauche conformer hydrogen-bonded (HB) to water, confirming the three-dimensional cluster structure. This predicted electronic structure, together with NCI analysis, allows visualization and assessment of the attractive and repulsive interactions. The comparison of the NCIs and revealed red (O-H and N-H stretches) and blue shifts (C-H stretches and CH2 out-of-plane bends) of the cluster to other class members confirm O-H···N, N-H···π, C-H···O, and C-H···F HB formation and their contribution to structure stabilization, uncovering the potential of the approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Rahimi
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Afik Shachar
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Ilana Bar
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
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3
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Shachar A, Kallos I, de Vries MS, Bar I. Revealing the Structure and Noncovalent Interactions of Isolated Molecules by Laser-Desorption/Ionization-Loss Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy and Quantum Calculations. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:11273-11279. [PMID: 34767362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The structural and dynamical characteristics of isolated molecules are essential, yet obtaining this information is difficult. We demonstrate laser-desorption jet-cooling/ionization-loss stimulated Raman spectroscopy to obtain Raman spectral signatures of nonvolatile molecules in the gas phase. The vibrational features of a test substance, the most abundant conformer of tryptamine, are compared and found to match those resulting from the scaled harmonic Raman spectrum obtained by density functional theory calculations. The vibrational signatures serve to identify the most prominent gauche conformer and evaluate its predicted electronic structure. These findings, together with noncovalent interaction (NCI) analysis, provide new insights into electron densities and reduced density gradients, assessing the hydrogen bonds (N-H···π and C-H···H-C) and interplay between attractive and repulsive NCIs affecting the structure. This approach accesses vibrational signatures of isolated nonvolatile molecules by tabletop lasers at uniform resolution and in a broad frequency range, promising great benefit to future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afik Shachar
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Itai Kallos
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Mattanjah S de Vries
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Ilana Bar
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
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4
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Gaigeot MP. Some opinions on MD-based vibrational spectroscopy of gas phase molecules and their assembly: An overview of what has been achieved and where to go. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 260:119864. [PMID: 34052762 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.119864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We hereby review molecular dynamics simulations for anharmonic gas phase spectroscopy and provide some of our opinions of where the field is heading. With these new directions, the theoretical IR/Raman spectroscopy of large (bio)-molecular systems will be more easily achievable over longer time-scale MD trajectories for an increase in accuracy of the MD-IR and MD-Raman calculated spectra. With the new directions presented here, the high throughput 'decoding' of experimental IR/Raman spectra into 3D-structures should thus be possible, hence advancing e.g. the field of MS-IR for structural characterization by spectroscopy. We also review the assignment of vibrational spectra in terms of anharmonic molecular modes from the MD trajectories, and especially introduce our recent developments based on Graph Theory algorithms. Graph Theory algorithmic is also introduced in this review for the identification of the molecular 3D-structures sampled over MD trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pierre Gaigeot
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, CNRS, LAMBE UMR8587, 91025 Evry-Courcouronnes, France.
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5
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Mundlapati VR, Imani Z, Goldsztejn G, Gloaguen E, Brenner V, Le Barbu-Debus K, Zehnacker-Rentien A, Baltaze JP, Robin S, Mons M, Aitken DJ. A theoretical and experimental case study of the hydrogen bonding predilection of S-methylcysteine. Amino Acids 2021; 53:621-633. [PMID: 33743071 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-02967-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
S-containing amino acids can lead to two types of local NH···S interactions which bridge backbone NH sites to the side chain to form either intra- or inter-residue H-bonds. The present work reports on the conformational preferences of S-methyl-L-cysteine, Cys(Me), using a variety of investigating tools, ranging from quantum chemistry simulations, gas-phase UV and IR laser spectroscopy, and solution state IR and NMR spectroscopies, on model compounds comprising one or two Cys(Me) residues. We demonstrate that in gas phase and in low polarity solution, the C- and N-capped model compound for one Cys(Me) residue adopts a preferred C5-C6γ conformation which combines an intra-residue N-H···O=C backbone interaction (C5) and an inter-residue N-H···S interaction implicating the side-chain sulfur atom (C6γ). In contrast, the dominant conformation of the C- and N-capped model compound featuring two consecutive Cys(Me) residues is a regular type I β-turn. This structure is incompatible with concomitant C6γ interactions, which are no longer in evidence. Instead, C5γ interactions occur, that are fully consistent with the turn geometry and additionally stabilize the structure. Comparison with the thietane amino acid Attc, which exhibits a rigid cyclic side chain, pinpoints the significance of side chain flexibility for the specific conformational behavior of Cys(Me).
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkateswara Rao Mundlapati
- Laboratoire Interactions, Dynamiques Et Lasers (LIDYL), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique Et Planétologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse (UPS), CNRS, CNES, 9 Avenue du Colonel Roche, 31028, Toulouse, France
| | - Zeynab Imani
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire Et Des Matériaux D'Orsay (ICMMO), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Gildas Goldsztejn
- Laboratoire Interactions, Dynamiques Et Lasers (LIDYL), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Institut Des Sciences Moléculaires D'Orsay (ISMO), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Eric Gloaguen
- Laboratoire Interactions, Dynamiques Et Lasers (LIDYL), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Valérie Brenner
- Laboratoire Interactions, Dynamiques Et Lasers (LIDYL), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Katia Le Barbu-Debus
- Institut Des Sciences Moléculaires D'Orsay (ISMO), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Anne Zehnacker-Rentien
- Institut Des Sciences Moléculaires D'Orsay (ISMO), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Baltaze
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire Et Des Matériaux D'Orsay (ICMMO), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Sylvie Robin
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire Et Des Matériaux D'Orsay (ICMMO), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405, Orsay, France
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Paris, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Michel Mons
- Laboratoire Interactions, Dynamiques Et Lasers (LIDYL), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - David J Aitken
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire Et Des Matériaux D'Orsay (ICMMO), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405, Orsay, France.
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6
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Goldsztejn G, Mundlapati VR, Donon J, Tardivel B, Gloaguen E, Brenner V, Mons M. An intraresidue H-bonding motif in selenocysteine and cysteine, revealed by gas phase laser spectroscopy and quantum chemistry calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 22:20409-20420. [PMID: 32914809 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02825h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Models of protein chains containing a seleno-cysteine (Sec) residue have been investigated by gas phase laser spectroscopy in order to document the effect of the H-bonding properties of the SeH group in the folding of the Sec side chain, by comparison with recent data on Ser- and Cys-containing sequences. Experimental data, complemented by quantum chemistry calculations and natural bonding orbital (NBO) analyses, are interpreted in terms of the formation of a so-called 5γ intra-residue motif, which bridges the acceptor chalcogen atom of the side chain to the NH bond of the same residue. This local structure, in which the O/S/Se atom is close to the plane of the N-terminal side amide, is constrained by local backbone-side chain hyperconjugation effects involving the S and Se atoms. Theoretical investigations of the Cys/Sec side chain show that (i) this 5γ motif is an intrinsic feature of these residues, (ii) the corresponding H-bond is strongly non-linear and intrinsically weak, (iii) but enhanced by γ- and β-turn secondary structures, which promote a more favorable 5γ H-bonding approach and distance. The resulting H-bonds are slightly stronger in selenocysteine than in cysteine, but nearly inexistent in serine, whose side chain in contrast behaves as a H-bonding donor. The modest spectral shifts of the Cys/Sec NH stretches measured experimentally reflect the moderate strength of the 5γ H-bonding, in agreement with the correlation obtained with a NBO-based H-bond strength indicator. The evolution along the Ser, Cys and Sec series emphasizes the compromise between the several factors that control the H-bonding in a hyperconjugation-constrained geometry, among them the chalcogen van der Waals and covalent radii. It also illustrates the 5γ H-bond enhancements with the Sec and Cys residues favoured by the constraints imposed by the γ- and β-turn structures of the peptide chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gildas Goldsztejn
- Laboratoire Interactions Dynamiques et Lasers (LIDYL), Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France.
| | | | - Jérémy Donon
- Laboratoire Interactions Dynamiques et Lasers (LIDYL), Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France.
| | - Benjamin Tardivel
- Laboratoire Interactions Dynamiques et Lasers (LIDYL), Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France.
| | - Eric Gloaguen
- Laboratoire Interactions Dynamiques et Lasers (LIDYL), Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France.
| | - Valérie Brenner
- Laboratoire Interactions Dynamiques et Lasers (LIDYL), Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France.
| | - Michel Mons
- Laboratoire Interactions Dynamiques et Lasers (LIDYL), Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France.
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7
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Donon J, Habka S, Mons M, Brenner V, Gloaguen E. Conformational analysis by UV spectroscopy: the decisive contribution of environment-induced electronic Stark effects. Chem Sci 2021; 12:2803-2815. [PMID: 34164044 PMCID: PMC8179363 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06074g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UV chromophores are frequently used as probes of the molecular structure. In particular, they are sensitive to the electric field generated by the molecular environment, resulting in the observation of Stark effects on UV spectra. While these environment-induced electronic Stark effects (EI-ESE) are already used for conformational analysis in the condensed phase, this work explores the potential of such an approach when performed at much higher conformational resolution in the gas phase. By investigating model alkali benzylacetate and 4-phenylbutyrate ion pairs, where the electric field applied to the phenyl ring is chemically tuned by changing the nature of the alkali cation, this work demonstrates that precise conformational assignments can be proposed based on the correlation between the conformation-dependent calculated electric fields and the frequency of the electronic transitions observed in the experimental UV spectra. Remarkably, the sole analysis of Stark effects and fragmentation patterns in mass-selected UV spectra provided an accurate and complete conformational analysis, where spectral differences as small as a few cm-1 between electronic transitions were rationalized. This case study illustrates that the identification of EI-ESE together with their interpretation at the modest cost of a ground state electric field calculation qualify UV spectroscopy as a powerful tool for conformational analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Donon
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, CEA Saclay Bât 522 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Sana Habka
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, CEA Saclay Bât 522 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Michel Mons
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, CEA Saclay Bât 522 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Valérie Brenner
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, CEA Saclay Bât 522 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Eric Gloaguen
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, CEA Saclay Bât 522 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
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8
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Gloaguen E, Mons M, Schwing K, Gerhards M. Neutral Peptides in the Gas Phase: Conformation and Aggregation Issues. Chem Rev 2020; 120:12490-12562. [PMID: 33152238 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Combined IR and UV laser spectroscopic techniques in molecular beams merged with theoretical approaches have proven to be an ideal tool to elucidate intrinsic structural properties on a molecular level. It offers the possibility to analyze structural changes, in a controlled molecular environment, when successively adding aggregation partners. By this, it further makes these techniques a valuable starting point for a bottom-up approach in understanding the forces shaping larger molecular systems. This bottom-up approach was successfully applied to neutral amino acids starting around the 1990s. Ever since, experimental and theoretical methods developed further, and investigations could be extended to larger peptide systems. Against this background, the review gives an introduction to secondary structures and experimental methods as well as a summary on theoretical approaches. Vibrational frequencies being characteristic probes of molecular structure and interactions are especially addressed. Archetypal biologically relevant secondary structures investigated by molecular beam spectroscopy are described, and the influences of specific peptide residues on conformational preferences as well as the competition between secondary structures are discussed. Important influences like microsolvation or aggregation behavior are presented. Beyond the linear α-peptides, the main results of structural analysis on cyclic systems as well as on β- and γ-peptides are summarized. Overall, this contribution addresses current aspects of molecular beam spectroscopy on peptides and related species and provides molecular level insights into manifold issues of chemical and biochemical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Gloaguen
- CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Paris-Saclay, Bât 522, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Michel Mons
- CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Paris-Saclay, Bât 522, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Kirsten Schwing
- TU Kaiserslautern & Research Center Optimas, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 52, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Markus Gerhards
- TU Kaiserslautern & Research Center Optimas, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 52, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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9
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Lemmens A, Rap DB, Thunnissen JMM, Gruet S, Steber AL, Panchagnula S, Tielens AGGM, Schnell M, Buma WJ, Rijs AM. Far-IR Absorption of Neutral Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs): Light on the Mechanism of IR-UV Ion Dip Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:8997-9002. [PMID: 33035060 PMCID: PMC7649846 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Gas-phase IR-UV double-resonance laser spectroscopy is an IR absorption technique that bridges the gap between experimental IR spectroscopy and theory. The IR experiments are used to directly evaluate predicted frequencies and potential energy surfaces as well as to probe the structure of isolated molecules. However, a detailed understanding of the underlying mechanisms is, especially in the far-IR regime, still far from complete, even though this is crucial for properly interpreting the recorded IR absorption spectra. Here, events occurring upon excitation to vibrational levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by far-IR radiation from the FELIX free electron laser are followed using resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization spectroscopy. These studies provide detailed insight into how ladder climbing and anharmonicity influence IR-UV spectroscopy and therefore the resulting IR signatures in the far-IR region. Moreover, the potential energy surfaces of these low-frequency delocalized modes are investigated and shown to have a strong harmonic character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander
K. Lemmens
- Radboud
University, Institute for Molecules
and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- University
of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniël B. Rap
- Radboud
University, Institute for Molecules
and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes M. M. Thunnissen
- Radboud
University, Institute for Molecules
and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sébastien Gruet
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut
für Physikalische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität
zu Kiel, Max-Eyth-Strasse
1, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Amanda L. Steber
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut
für Physikalische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität
zu Kiel, Max-Eyth-Strasse
1, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Sanjana Panchagnula
- Leiden
Observatory, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Melanie Schnell
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut
für Physikalische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität
zu Kiel, Max-Eyth-Strasse
1, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Wybren Jan Buma
- Radboud
University, Institute for Molecules
and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- University
of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk M. Rijs
- Radboud
University, Institute for Molecules
and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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10
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Thomas DA, Chang R, Mucha E, Lettow M, Greis K, Gewinner S, Schöllkopf W, Meijer G, von Helden G. Probing the conformational landscape and thermochemistry of DNA dinucleotide anions via helium nanodroplet infrared action spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:18400-18413. [PMID: 32797142 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02482a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Isolation of biomolecules in vacuum facilitates characterization of the intramolecular interactions that determine three-dimensional structure, but experimental quantification of conformer thermochemistry remains challenging. Infrared spectroscopy of molecules trapped in helium nanodroplets is a promising methodology for the measurement of thermochemical parameters. When molecules are captured in a helium nanodroplet, the rate of cooling to an equilibrium temperature of ca. 0.4 K is generally faster than the rate of isomerization, resulting in "shock-freezing" that kinetically traps molecules in local conformational minima. This unique property enables the study of temperature-dependent conformational equilibria via infrared spectroscopy at 0.4 K, thereby avoiding the deleterious effects of spectral broadening at higher temperatures. Herein, we demonstrate the first application of this approach to ionic species by coupling electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) with helium nanodroplet infrared action spectroscopy to probe the structure and thermochemistry of deprotonated DNA dinucleotides. Dinucleotide anions were generated by ESI, confined in an ion trap at temperatures between 90 and 350 K, and entrained in traversing helium nanodroplets. The infrared action spectra of the entrained ions show a strong dependence on pre-pickup ion temperature, consistent with the preservation of conformer population upon cooling to 0.4 K. Non-negative matrix factorization was utilized to identify component conformer infrared spectra and determine temperature-dependent conformer populations. Relative enthalpies and entropies of conformers were subsequently obtained from a van't Hoff analysis. IR spectra and conformer thermochemistry are compared to results from ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) and electronic structure methods. The implementation of ESI-MS as a source of dopant molecules expands the diversity of molecules accessible for thermochemical measurements, enabling the study of larger, non-volatile species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Thomas
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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11
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Imani Z, Mundlapati VR, Goldsztejn G, Brenner V, Gloaguen E, Guillot R, Baltaze JP, Le Barbu-Debus K, Robin S, Zehnacker A, Mons M, Aitken DJ. Conformation control through concurrent N-H⋯S and N-H⋯O[double bond, length as m-dash]C hydrogen bonding and hyperconjugation effects. Chem Sci 2020; 11:9191-9197. [PMID: 34123167 PMCID: PMC8163419 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03339a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the classical N-H⋯O[double bond, length as m-dash]C non-covalent interaction, less conventional types of hydrogen bonding, such as N-H⋯S, may play a key role in determining the molecular structure. In this work, using theoretical calculations in combination with spectroscopic analysis in both gas phase and solution phase, we demonstrate that both these H-bonding modes exist simultaneously in low-energy conformers of capped derivatives of Attc, a thietane α-amino acid. 6-Membered ring inter-residue N-H⋯S interactions (C6γ), assisted by hyperconjugation between the thietane ring and the backbone, combine with 5-membered ring intra-residue backbone N-H⋯O[double bond, length as m-dash]C interactions (C5) to provide a C5-C6γ feature that stabilizes a planar geometry in the monomer unit. Two contiguous C5-C6γ features in the planar dimer implicate an unprecedented three-centre H-bond of the type C[double bond, length as m-dash]O⋯H(N)⋯SR2, while the trimer adopts two C5-C6γ features separated by a Ramachandran α-type backbone configuration. These low-energy conformers are fully characterized in the gas phase and support is presented for their existence in solution state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynab Imani
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay 91405 Orsay France
| | - Venkateswara Rao Mundlapati
- Laboratoire Interactions, Dynamiques et Lasers (LIDYL), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Gildas Goldsztejn
- Laboratoire Interactions, Dynamiques et Lasers (LIDYL), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Valérie Brenner
- Laboratoire Interactions, Dynamiques et Lasers (LIDYL), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Eric Gloaguen
- Laboratoire Interactions, Dynamiques et Lasers (LIDYL), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Régis Guillot
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay 91405 Orsay France
| | - Jean-Pierre Baltaze
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay 91405 Orsay France
| | - Katia Le Barbu-Debus
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay 91405 Orsay France
| | - Sylvie Robin
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay 91405 Orsay France .,Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Paris 75006 Paris France
| | - Anne Zehnacker
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay 91405 Orsay France
| | - Michel Mons
- Laboratoire Interactions, Dynamiques et Lasers (LIDYL), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - David J Aitken
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay 91405 Orsay France
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12
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Bakels S, Gaigeot MP, Rijs AM. Gas-Phase Infrared Spectroscopy of Neutral Peptides: Insights from the Far-IR and THz Domain. Chem Rev 2020; 120:3233-3260. [PMID: 32073261 PMCID: PMC7146864 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Gas-phase, double
resonance IR spectroscopy has proven to be an
excellent approach to obtain structural information on peptides ranging
from single amino acids to large peptides and peptide clusters. In
this review, we discuss the state-of-the-art of infrared action spectroscopy
of peptides in the far-IR and THz regime. An introduction to the field
of far-IR spectroscopy is given, thereby highlighting the opportunities
that are provided for gas-phase research on neutral peptides. Current
experimental methods, including spectroscopic schemes, have been reviewed.
Structural information from the experimental far-IR spectra can be
obtained with the help of suitable theoretical approaches such as
dynamical DFT techniques and the recently developed Graph Theory.
The aim of this review is to underline how the synergy between far-IR
spectroscopy and theory can provide an unprecedented picture of the
structure of neutral biomolecules in the gas phase. The far-IR signatures
of the discussed studies are summarized in a far-IR map, in order
to gain insight into the origin of the far-IR localized and delocalized
motions present in peptides and where they can be found in the electromagnetic
spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjors Bakels
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7-c, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Pierre Gaigeot
- LAMBE CNRS UMR8587, Université d'Evry val d'Essonne, Blvd F. Mitterrand, Bât Maupertuis, 91025 Evry, France
| | - Anouk M Rijs
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7-c, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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13
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Dupuy MS, Gloaguen E, Tardivel B, Mons M, Brenner V. CC2 Benchmark for Models of Phenylalanine Protein Chains: 0–0 Transition Energies and IR Signatures of the ππ* Excited State. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 16:601-611. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Song Dupuy
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Eric Gloaguen
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Benjamin Tardivel
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Michel Mons
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Valérie Brenner
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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14
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Brenner V, Gloaguen E, Mons M. Rationalizing the diversity of amide-amide H-bonding in peptides using the natural bond orbital method. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:24601-24619. [PMID: 31670335 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03825f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis of electron delocalization in a series of capped isolated peptides is used to diagnose amide-amide H-bonding and backbone-induced hyperconjugative interactions, and to rationalize their spectral effects. The sum of the stabilization energies corresponding to the interactions between NBOs that are involved in the H-bonding is demonstrated as an insightful indicator for the H-bond strength. It is then used to decouple the effect of the H-bond distance from that, intrinsic, of the donor/acceptor relative orientation, i.e., the geometrical approach. The diversity of the approaches given by the series of peptides studied enables us to illustrate the crucial importance of the approach when the acceptor is a carbonyl group, and emphasizes that efficient approaches can be achieved despite not matching the usual picture of a proton donor directly facing a lone pair of the proton acceptor, i.e., that encountered in intermolecular H-bonds. The study also illustrates the role of backbone flexibility, partly controlled by backbone-amide hyperconjugative interactions, in influencing the equilibrium structures, in particular by frustrating or enhancing the HB for a given geometrical approach. Finally, the presently used NBO-based HB strength indicator enables a fair prediction of the frequency of the proton donor amide NH stretching mode, but this simple picture is blurred by ubiquitous hyperconjugative effects between the backbone and amide groups, whose magnitude can be comparable to that of the weakest H-bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Brenner
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, bât 522, CEA Paris-Saclay, 9119 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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15
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Pérez-Mellor A, Alata I, Lepère V, Zehnacker A. Conformational Study of the Jet-Cooled Diketopiperazine Peptide Cyclo Tyrosyl-Prolyl. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:6023-6033. [PMID: 31268717 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b04529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The conformational landscape of the diketopiperazine (DKP) dipeptide built on tyrosine and proline, namely, cyclo Tyr-Pro, is studied by combining resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization, double resonance infrared ultraviolet (IR-UV) spectroscopy, and quantum chemical calculations. Despite the geometrical constraints due the two aliphatic rings, DKP and proline, cyclo Tyr-Pro is a flexible molecule. For both diastereoisomers, cyclo LTyr-LPro and cyclo LTyr-DPro, two structural families coexist under supersonic jet conditions. In the most stable conformation, the aromatic tyrosine substituent is folded over the DKP ring (g+ geometry of the aromatic ring) as it is in the solid state. The other structure is completely extended (g- geometry of the aromatic ring) and resembles that proposed for the vapor phase. IR-UV results are not sufficient for unambiguous assignment of the observed spectra to either folded or extended conformations and the simulation of the vibronic pattern of the S0-S1 transition is necessary. Still, the comparison between IR-UV results and anharmonic calculations allows explanation of the minor structural differences between cyclo LTyr-LPro and cyclo LTyr-DPro in terms of different NH···π and CH···π interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Pérez-Mellor
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , F-91405 Orsay , France
| | - Ivan Alata
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , F-91405 Orsay , France
| | - Valeria Lepère
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , F-91405 Orsay , France
| | - Anne Zehnacker
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , F-91405 Orsay , France
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16
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Tamura M, Sekiguchi T, Ishiuchi SI, Zehnacker-Rentien A, Fujii M. Can the Partial Peptide SIVSF of the β 2-Adrenergic Receptor Recognize Chirality of the Epinephrine Neurotransmitter? J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:2470-2474. [PMID: 30840461 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chirality plays an essential role in biological molecular recognition, such as neurotransmission. Here, we applied electrospray-cold ion trap spectroscopy to complexes of a partial binding motif SIVSF of a β2-adrenergic receptor pocket with L- and D-epinephrine AdH+. The ultraviolet spectrum of the SIVSF-AdH+ complex changed drastically when L-AdH+ was replaced by its enantiomer. The isomer-selected infrared spectra revealed that D-AdH+ was bound to SIVSF by its protonated amino-group or a single catechol OH and induced nonhelical secondary structures of SIVSF. This is in sharp contrast to the helical SIVSF complex with L-AdH+, which is close to the natural binding structure with two catechol OHs binding in the receptor. This shows that a short pentapeptide SIVSF can distinguish the chirality of the ligand AdH+ as well as the receptor. This stereoselectivity is suggested to arise from an additional interaction involving the hydroxyl group on the chiral carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Tamura
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research , Tokyo Institute of Technology , 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku , Yokohama , 226-8503 , Japan
- School of Life Science and Technology , Tokyo Institute of Technology , 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku , Yokohama , Kanagawa 226-8501 , Japan
| | - Tsubasa Sekiguchi
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research , Tokyo Institute of Technology , 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku , Yokohama , 226-8503 , Japan
- School of Life Science and Technology , Tokyo Institute of Technology , 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku , Yokohama , Kanagawa 226-8501 , Japan
| | - Shun-Ichi Ishiuchi
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research , Tokyo Institute of Technology , 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku , Yokohama , 226-8503 , Japan
- School of Life Science and Technology , Tokyo Institute of Technology , 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku , Yokohama , Kanagawa 226-8501 , Japan
| | - Anne Zehnacker-Rentien
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO) , CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay , France
- Tokyo Tech World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI), Institute of Innovation Research , Tokyo Institute of Technology , 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku , Yokohama , Japan
| | - Masaaki Fujii
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research , Tokyo Institute of Technology , 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku , Yokohama , 226-8503 , Japan
- School of Life Science and Technology , Tokyo Institute of Technology , 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku , Yokohama , Kanagawa 226-8501 , Japan
- Tokyo Tech World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI), Institute of Innovation Research , Tokyo Institute of Technology , 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku , Yokohama , Japan
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17
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Yatsyna V, Mallat R, Gorn T, Schmitt M, Feifel R, Rijs AM, Zhaunerchyk V. Conformational Preferences of Isolated Glycylglycine (Gly-Gly) Investigated with IRMPD-VUV Action Spectroscopy and Advanced Computational Approaches. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:862-872. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b10881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vasyl Yatsyna
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Radboud University, Institute of Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernoovield 7-c, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ranim Mallat
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tim Gorn
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie I, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie I, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Raimund Feifel
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anouk M. Rijs
- Radboud University, Institute of Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernoovield 7-c, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Vitali Zhaunerchyk
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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18
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Bakels S, Meijer E, Greuell M, Porskamp SBA, Rouwhorst G, Mahé J, Gaigeot MP, Rijs AM. Interactions of aggregating peptides probed by IR-UV action spectroscopy. Faraday Discuss 2019; 217:322-341. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fd00208h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The interplay between intramolecular and formed inter-sheet hydrogen bonds and the effect of dispersion interactions on the formation of peptide dimers is studied using IR-UV action spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjors Bakels
- Radboud University
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- FELIX Laboratory
- 6525 ED Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
| | - Eline M. Meijer
- Radboud University
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- FELIX Laboratory
- 6525 ED Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
| | - Mart Greuell
- Radboud University
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- FELIX Laboratory
- 6525 ED Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan B. A. Porskamp
- Radboud University
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- FELIX Laboratory
- 6525 ED Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
| | - George Rouwhorst
- Radboud University
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- FELIX Laboratory
- 6525 ED Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
| | - Jerôme Mahé
- LAMBE CNRS UMR8587
- Université d’Evry val d’Essonne
- 91025 Evry
- France
| | | | - Anouk M. Rijs
- Radboud University
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- FELIX Laboratory
- 6525 ED Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
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19
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Galimberti DR, Bougueroua S, Mahé J, Tommasini M, Rijs AM, Gaigeot MP. Conformational assignment of gas phase peptides and their H-bonded complexes using far-IR/THz: IR-UV ion dip experiment, DFT-MD spectroscopy, and graph theory for mode assignment. Faraday Discuss 2019; 217:67-97. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fd00211h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Graph theory based vibrational modes as new entities for vibrational THz spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jérôme Mahé
- LAMBE UMR8587
- Univ Evry
- Université Paris-Saclay
- CNRS
- 91025 Evry
| | - Matteo Tommasini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, Chemical Engineering “G. Natta” Politecnico di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Anouk M. Rijs
- Radboud University
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- FELIX Laboratory
- 6525 ED Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
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20
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van Wüllen C, Schwing K, Riehn C, Gerhards M. Editorial of the PCCP themed issue on "Physical Chemistry for Life Sciences". Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:10714-10717. [PMID: 28422232 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp90069d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This themed issue features high quality and original research on the theme of Physical Chemistry for Life Sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph van Wüllen
- TU Kaiserslautern, Fachbereich Chemie and Research Center Optimas, Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 52, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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21
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Habka S, Sohn WY, Vaquero-Vara V, Géléoc M, Tardivel B, Brenner V, Gloaguen E, Mons M. On the turn-inducing properties of asparagine: the structuring role of the amide side chain, from isolated model peptides to crystallized proteins. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:3411-3423. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07605c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The anchoring properties of an asparagine (Asn) residue to its local backbone environment in turn model peptides is characterized using gas phase laser spectroscopy and compared to crystallized protein structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Habka
- LIDYL
- CEA
- CNRS
- Université Paris Saclay
- CEA Saclay
| | - W. Y. Sohn
- LIDYL
- CEA
- CNRS
- Université Paris Saclay
- CEA Saclay
| | | | - M. Géléoc
- LIDYL
- CEA
- CNRS
- Université Paris Saclay
- CEA Saclay
| | - B. Tardivel
- LIDYL
- CEA
- CNRS
- Université Paris Saclay
- CEA Saclay
| | - V. Brenner
- LIDYL
- CEA
- CNRS
- Université Paris Saclay
- CEA Saclay
| | - E. Gloaguen
- LIDYL
- CEA
- CNRS
- Université Paris Saclay
- CEA Saclay
| | - M. Mons
- LIDYL
- CEA
- CNRS
- Université Paris Saclay
- CEA Saclay
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22
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Yang B, Liu S, Lin Z. Computational study on single molecular spectroscopy of tyrosin-glycine, tryptophane-glycine and glycine-tryptophane. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15869. [PMID: 29158576 PMCID: PMC5696477 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16234-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum chemistry calculations play a fundamental role in revealing the molecular structures observed in gas-phase spectroscopic measurements. The supersonic jet cooling widely used in single molecular spectroscopy experiment is a non-equilibrium process and often causes confusion on the theoretical and experimental comparison. A computational approach is proposed here to account for the effect of the non-equilibrium cooling on the experimental spectra and applied to the cases of tyrosin-glycine (YG), tryptophane-glycine (WG) and glycine-tryptophane (GW). The low energy conformers of YG, WG and GW are obtained through thorough conformational searches. The structural features and equilibrium distributions of conformations and the energy barriers for conformer conversions are then determined. Three classes of transition energy barriers, high, medium and low, are found for the conversions among conformers with distinctly different, similar and the same structural types, respectively. The final conformation populations are determined by assuming an initial temperature of about 450 K and allowing for only the conformation conversion with a low energy barrier to occur during the rapid cooling process. The results provide a natural explanation for the numbers of YG, WG and GW conformations observed experimentally. The theoretical conformation assignments are also in good agreement with the experimental IR data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale & CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Shixue Liu
- Department of Nanotechnology for Sustainable Energy, Kwansei Gakuin University, Gakuen 2-1, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
| | - Zijing Lin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale & CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
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23
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Sohn WY, Habka S, Gloaguen E, Mons M. Unifying the microscopic picture of His-containing turns: from gas phase model peptides to crystallized proteins. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03058d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The presence in crystallized proteins of a local anchoring between the side chain of a His residue, located in the central position of a γ- or β-turn, and its local main chain environment, is assessed by the comparison of protein structures with relevant isolated model peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woon Yong Sohn
- LIDYL
- CEA
- CNRS
- Université Paris-Saclay
- 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex
| | - Sana Habka
- LIDYL
- CEA
- CNRS
- Université Paris-Saclay
- 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex
| | - Eric Gloaguen
- LIDYL
- CEA
- CNRS
- Université Paris-Saclay
- 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex
| | - Michel Mons
- LIDYL
- CEA
- CNRS
- Université Paris-Saclay
- 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex
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24
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Mahé J, Bakker DJ, Jaeqx S, Rijs AM, Gaigeot MP. Mapping gas phase dipeptide motions in the far-infrared and terahertz domain. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:13778-13787. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp00369b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Vibrational signatures of Ac-Phe-AA-NH2 dipeptides are recorded and analysed in the far IR/THz spectral domain (100–800 cm−1, 3–24 THz), with the ‘AA’ amino acid chosen within the series ‘AA’ = Gly, Ala, Pro, Cys, Ser, Val. Phe stands for phenylalanine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Mahé
- LAMBE CNRS UMR8587
- Université d'Evry val d'Essonne
- 91025 Evry
- France
- Université Paris-Saclay
| | - Daniël J. Bakker
- Radboud University
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- FELIX Laboratory
- 6525 ED Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
| | - Sander Jaeqx
- Radboud University
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- FELIX Laboratory
- 6525 ED Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
| | - Anouk M. Rijs
- Radboud University
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- FELIX Laboratory
- 6525 ED Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Pierre Gaigeot
- LAMBE CNRS UMR8587
- Université d'Evry val d'Essonne
- 91025 Evry
- France
- Université Paris-Saclay
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25
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Lozada-Garcia R, Mu D, Plazanet M, Çarçabal P. Molecular gels in the gas phase? Gelator-gelator and gelator-solvent interactions probed by vibrational spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:22100-7. [PMID: 27443393 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp02755e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Benzylidene glucose (BzGlc) is a member of the benzylidene glycoside family. These molecules have the ability to form molecular physical gels. These materials are formed when gelator molecules create a non-covalently bound frame where solvent molecules are trapped. Since the gel formation process and its properties are determined by the subtle balance between non-covalent forces, it is difficult to anticipate them. Quantitative and qualitative understanding of the gelator-gelator and gelator-solvent interactions is needed to better control these materials for important potential applications. We have used gas phase vibrational spectroscopy and theoretical chemistry to study the conformational choices of BzGlc, its dimer and the complexes it forms with water or toluene. To interpret the vibrational spectra we have used the dispersion corrected functional B97D which we have calibrated for the calculation of OH stretching frequencies. Even at the most basic molecular level, it is possible to interrogate a large range of non-covalent interactions ranging from OH → OH hydrogen bonding, to OH → π, and CH → π, all being at the center of gel properties at the macroscopic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Lozada-Garcia
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, ISMO, UMR 8214, Univ Paris-Sud, CNRS, bat 210, Univ Paris-Sud, F-91405 Orsay cedex, France.
| | - Dan Mu
- Institute of Research on the Structure and Property of Matter, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, 277160, China
| | - Marie Plazanet
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique, LiPhy, UMR 5588, Univ Grenoble Alpes and CNRS, F-38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre Çarçabal
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, ISMO, UMR 8214, Univ Paris-Sud, CNRS, bat 210, Univ Paris-Sud, F-91405 Orsay cedex, France.
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26
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Bakker DJ, Peters A, Yatsyna V, Zhaunerchyk V, Rijs AM. Far-Infrared Signatures of Hydrogen Bonding in Phenol Derivatives. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:1238-43. [PMID: 26982390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
One of the most direct ways to study the intrinsic properties of the hydrogen-bond interaction is by gas-phase far-infrared (far-IR) spectroscopy because the modes involving hydrogen-bond deformation are excited in this spectral region; however, the far-IR regime is often ignored in molecular structure identification due to the absence of strong far-IR light sources and difficulty in assigning the observed modes by quantum chemical calculations. Far-IR/UV ion-dip spectroscopy using the free electron laser FELIX was applied to directly probe the intramolecular hydrogen-bond interaction in a family of phenol derivatives. Three vibrational modes have been identified, which are expected to be diagnostic for the hydrogen-bond strength: hydrogen-bond stretching and hydrogen-bond-donating and -accepting OH torsion vibrations. Their position is evaluated with respect to the hydrogen bond strength, that is, the length of the hydrogen-bonded OH length. This shows that the hydrogen bond stretching frequency is diagnostic for the size of the ring that is closed by the hydrogen bond, while the strength of the hydrogen bond can be determined from the hydrogen-bond-donating OH torsion frequency. The combination of these two normal modes allows the direct probing of intramolecular hydrogen-bond characteristics using conformation-selective far-IR vibrational spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniël J Bakker
- Radboud University , Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Atze Peters
- Radboud University , Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Vasyl Yatsyna
- Radboud University , Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- University of Gothenburg , Department of Physics, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Vitali Zhaunerchyk
- University of Gothenburg , Department of Physics, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anouk M Rijs
- Radboud University , Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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27
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Habka S, Brenner V, Mons M, Gloaguen E. Gas-Phase Spectroscopic Signatures of Carboxylate-Li(+) Contact Ion Pairs: New Benchmarks For Characterizing Ion Pairing in Solution. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:1192-1197. [PMID: 26978595 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The coexistence of several types of ion pairs in solution together with their elusive nature hampers their experimental characterization, which relies in practice on theoretical models resorting to numerous approximations. In this context, a series of isolated contact ion pairs between a lithium cation and phenyl-tagged carboxylate anions of various lengths (Ph-(CH2)n-COO(-), n = 1-3) has been investigated in a conformer-selective manner by IR and UV laser spectroscopy, in conjunction with quantum chemistry calculations. The typical gas-phase IR signature of the bidentate structure formed between the carboxylate moiety and Li(+) has thus been obtained in the CO2(-) stretch region. In addition to the cation-anion interaction, a cation-π interaction occurs simultaneously in the largest system investigated (n = 3). The resulting distorted ion pair structure has been evidenced from both the IR signature of the CO2(-) stretches and the unique vibrationally resolved UV spectroscopy of a phenyl ring interacting with a cation. Such specific spectroscopic signatures of contact ion pairs provide experimental benchmarks, alternative to theoretical predictions, that can assist the assignment of vibrational spectra in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Habka
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay , CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Valérie Brenner
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay , CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Michel Mons
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay , CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Eric Gloaguen
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay , CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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28
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Asami H, Tokugawa M, Masaki Y, Ishiuchi SI, Gloaguen E, Seio K, Saigusa H, Fujii M, Sekine M, Mons M. Effective Strategy for Conformer-Selective Detection of Short-Lived Excited State Species: Application to the IR Spectroscopy of the N1H Keto Tautomer of Guanine. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:2179-84. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b01194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroya Asami
- Department
of Life Science, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-J2-12, Nagatsuta-cho Midori, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
- LIDYL,
CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Munefumi Tokugawa
- Department
of Life Science, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-J2-12, Nagatsuta-cho Midori, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Masaki
- Department
of Life Science, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-J2-12, Nagatsuta-cho Midori, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Shun-ichi Ishiuchi
- Laboratory
for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-R1-15,
Nagatsuta-cho Midori, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Eric Gloaguen
- LIDYL,
CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Kohji Seio
- Department
of Life Science, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-J2-12, Nagatsuta-cho Midori, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Saigusa
- Graduate
School of Bio- and Nanosystem Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
| | - Masaaki Fujii
- Laboratory
for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-R1-15,
Nagatsuta-cho Midori, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Sekine
- Department
of Life Science, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-J2-12, Nagatsuta-cho Midori, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Michel Mons
- LIDYL,
CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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29
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Sohn WY, Brenner V, Gloaguen E, Mons M. Local NH–π interactions involving aromatic residues of proteins: influence of backbone conformation and ππ* excitation on the π H-bond strength, as revealed from studies of isolated model peptides. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:29969-29978. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp04109d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Gas phase conformer-selective IR spectroscopy combined and relevant quantum chemistry methods document the NH–π interactions in Phe residues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eric Gloaguen
- LIDYL
- CEA
- CNRS
- Université Paris-Saclay
- 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette
| | - Michel Mons
- LIDYL
- CEA
- CNRS
- Université Paris-Saclay
- 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette
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30
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Gloaguen E, Tardivel B, Mons M. Gas phase double-resonance IR/UV spectroscopy of an alanine dipeptide analogue using a non-covalently bound UV-tag: observation of a folded peptide conformation in the Ac-Ala-NH2–toluene complex. Struct Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-015-0690-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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31
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Alauddin M, Gloaguen E, Brenner V, Tardivel B, Mons M, Zehnacker‐Rentien A, Declerck V, Aitken DJ. Intrinsic Folding Proclivities in Cyclic β‐Peptide Building Blocks: Configuration and Heteroatom Effects Analyzed by Conformer‐Selective Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemistry. Chemistry 2015; 21:16479-93. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Alauddin
- CEA, Laboratoire Interactions Dynamique et Lasers (LIDyL), Bât. 522, 91191 Gif‐sur‐Yvette (France)
- CNRS, Laboratoire Francis Perrin URA 2453, 91191 Gif‐sur‐Yvette (France)
- Current address: Department of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka‐1000 (Bangladesh)
| | - Eric Gloaguen
- CEA, Laboratoire Interactions Dynamique et Lasers (LIDyL), Bât. 522, 91191 Gif‐sur‐Yvette (France)
- CNRS, Laboratoire Francis Perrin URA 2453, 91191 Gif‐sur‐Yvette (France)
| | - Valérie Brenner
- CEA, Laboratoire Interactions Dynamique et Lasers (LIDyL), Bât. 522, 91191 Gif‐sur‐Yvette (France)
- CNRS, Laboratoire Francis Perrin URA 2453, 91191 Gif‐sur‐Yvette (France)
| | - Benjamin Tardivel
- CEA, Laboratoire Interactions Dynamique et Lasers (LIDyL), Bât. 522, 91191 Gif‐sur‐Yvette (France)
- CNRS, Laboratoire Francis Perrin URA 2453, 91191 Gif‐sur‐Yvette (France)
| | - Michel Mons
- CEA, Laboratoire Interactions Dynamique et Lasers (LIDyL), Bât. 522, 91191 Gif‐sur‐Yvette (France)
- CNRS, Laboratoire Francis Perrin URA 2453, 91191 Gif‐sur‐Yvette (France)
| | | | - Valérie Declerck
- CP3A Organic Synthesis Group, ICMMO, UMR 8182, Université Paris Sud, Bât. 420, 15 rue Georges Clemenceau, 91405 Orsay cedex (France)
| | - David J. Aitken
- CP3A Organic Synthesis Group, ICMMO, UMR 8182, Université Paris Sud, Bât. 420, 15 rue Georges Clemenceau, 91405 Orsay cedex (France)
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32
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Alauddin M, Biswal HS, Gloaguen E, Mons M. Intra-residue interactions in proteins: interplay between serine or cysteine side chains and backbone conformations, revealed by laser spectroscopy of isolated model peptides. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 17:2169-78. [PMID: 25482851 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp04449e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intra-residue interactions play an important role in proteins by influencing local folding of the backbone. Taking advantage of the capability of gas phase experiments to provide relevant information on the intrinsic H-bonding pattern of isolated peptide chains, the intra-residue interactions of serine and cysteine residues, i.e., OH/SH···OC(i) C6 and NH(i···)O/S C5 interactions in Ser/Cys residues, are probed by laser spectroscopy of isolated peptides. The strength of these local side chain-main chain interactions, elegantly documented from their IR spectral features for well-defined conformations of the main chain, demonstrates that a subtle competition exists between the two types of intra-residue bond: the C6 H-bond is the major interaction with Ser, in contrast to Cys where C5 interaction takes over. The restricted number of conformers observed in the gas phase experiment with Ser compared to Cys (where both extended and folded forms are observed) also suggests a significant mediation role of these intra-residue interactions on the competition between the several main chain folding patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Alauddin
- CEA, IRAMIS, Laboratoire Interactions, Dynamique et Lasers, CEA Saclay, Bât 522, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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33
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Loquais Y, Gloaguen E, Habka S, Vaquero-Vara V, Brenner V, Tardivel B, Mons M. Secondary Structures in Phe-Containing Isolated Dipeptide Chains: Laser Spectroscopy vs Quantum Chemistry. J Phys Chem A 2014; 119:5932-41. [DOI: 10.1021/jp509494c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Loquais
- CEA,
IRAMIS, Laboratoire
Interactions, Dynamique et Lasers, CEA Saclay, Bât 522, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- CNRS, INP, Laboratoire
Francis Perrin, URA 2453, CEA Saclay,
Bât 522, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Eric Gloaguen
- CEA,
IRAMIS, Laboratoire
Interactions, Dynamique et Lasers, CEA Saclay, Bât 522, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- CNRS, INP, Laboratoire
Francis Perrin, URA 2453, CEA Saclay,
Bât 522, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sana Habka
- CEA,
IRAMIS, Laboratoire
Interactions, Dynamique et Lasers, CEA Saclay, Bât 522, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- CNRS, INP, Laboratoire
Francis Perrin, URA 2453, CEA Saclay,
Bât 522, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Vanesa Vaquero-Vara
- CEA,
IRAMIS, Laboratoire
Interactions, Dynamique et Lasers, CEA Saclay, Bât 522, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- CNRS, INP, Laboratoire
Francis Perrin, URA 2453, CEA Saclay,
Bât 522, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Valérie Brenner
- CEA,
IRAMIS, Laboratoire
Interactions, Dynamique et Lasers, CEA Saclay, Bât 522, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- CNRS, INP, Laboratoire
Francis Perrin, URA 2453, CEA Saclay,
Bât 522, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Benjamin Tardivel
- CEA,
IRAMIS, Laboratoire
Interactions, Dynamique et Lasers, CEA Saclay, Bât 522, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- CNRS, INP, Laboratoire
Francis Perrin, URA 2453, CEA Saclay,
Bât 522, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Michel Mons
- CEA,
IRAMIS, Laboratoire
Interactions, Dynamique et Lasers, CEA Saclay, Bât 522, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- CNRS, INP, Laboratoire
Francis Perrin, URA 2453, CEA Saclay,
Bât 522, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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34
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Rijs AM, Oomens J. IR Spectroscopic Techniques to Study Isolated Biomolecules. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2014; 364:1-42. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2014_621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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