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Sharma S, Sudhakara P, Singh J, Ilyas RA, Asyraf MRM, Razman MR. Critical Review of Biodegradable and Bioactive Polymer Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2623. [PMID: 34451161 PMCID: PMC8399915 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the determination of the bioavailability of drugs administered orally, the drugs' solubility and permeability play a crucial role. For absorption of drug molecules and production of a pharmacological response, solubility is an important parameter that defines the concentration of the drug in systemic circulation. It is a challenging task to improve the oral bioavailability of drugs that have poor water solubility. Most drug molecules are either poorly soluble or insoluble in aqueous environments. Polymer nanocomposites are combinations of two or more different materials that possess unique characteristics and are fused together with sufficient energy in such a manner that the resultant material will have the best properties of both materials. These polymeric materials (biodegradable and other naturally bioactive polymers) are comprised of nanosized particles in a composition of other materials. A systematic search was carried out on Web of Science and SCOPUS using different keywords, and 485 records were found. After the screening and eligibility process, 88 journal articles were found to be eligible, and hence selected to be reviewed and analyzed. Biocompatible and biodegradable materials have emerged in the manufacture of therapeutic and pharmacologic devices, such as impermanent implantation and 3D scaffolds for tissue regeneration and biomedical applications. Substantial effort has been made in the usage of bio-based polymers for potential pharmacologic and biomedical purposes, including targeted deliveries and drug carriers for regulated drug release. These implementations necessitate unique physicochemical and pharmacokinetic, microbiological, metabolic, and degradation characteristics of the materials in order to provide prolific therapeutic treatments. As a result, a broadly diverse spectrum of natural or artificially synthesized polymers capable of enzymatic hydrolysis, hydrolyzing, or enzyme decomposition are being explored for biomedical purposes. This summary examines the contemporary status of biodegradable naturally and synthetically derived polymers for biomedical fields, such as tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, bioengineering, targeted drug discovery and delivery, implantation, and wound repair and healing. This review presents an insight into a number of the commonly used tissue engineering applications, including drug delivery carrier systems, demonstrated in the recent findings. Due to the inherent remarkable properties of biodegradable and bioactive polymers, such as their antimicrobial, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities, certain materials have gained significant interest in recent years. These systems are also actively being researched to improve therapeutic activity and mitigate adverse consequences. In this article, we also present the main drug delivery systems reported in the literature and the main methods available to impregnate the polymeric scaffolds with drugs, their properties, and their respective benefits for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Sharma
- Regional Centre for Extension and Development, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Leather Complex, Kapurthala Road, Jalandhar 144021, India
- PhD Research Scholar, IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar-Kapurthala, Highway, VPO, Ibban 144603, India
| | - P. Sudhakara
- Regional Centre for Extension and Development, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Leather Complex, Kapurthala Road, Jalandhar 144021, India
| | - Jujhar Singh
- IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar-Kapurthala, Highway, VPO, Ibban 144603, India;
| | - R. A. Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia;
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
| | - M. R. M. Asyraf
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - M. R. Razman
- Research Centre for Sustainability Science and Governance (SGK), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia
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Abid U, Gill YQ, Irfan MS, Umer R, Saeed F. Potential applications of polycarbohydrates, lignin, proteins, polyacids, and other renewable materials for the formulation of green elastomers. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 181:1-29. [PMID: 33744249 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Renewable resources including polycarbohydrates, lignin, proteins, and polyacids are the intrinsically valuable class of materials that are naturally available in great quantities. Their utilization as green additives and reinforcing bio-fillers, in substitution of environmentally perilous petroleum-based fillers, for developing high-performance green rubber blends and composites is presently a highly tempting option. Blending of these renewable materials with elastomers is not straight-forward and research needs to exploit the high functionality of carbohydrates and other natural materials as proper physicochemical interactions are essential. Correlating and understanding the structural properties of lignin, carbohydrates, polyacids, and other biopolymers, before their incorporation in elastomers, is a potential approach towards the development of green elastomers for value-added applications. Promising properties i.e., biodegradability, biocompatibility, morphological characteristics, high mechanical properties, thermal stability, sustainability, and various other characteristics along with recent advancements in the development of green elastomers are reviewed in this paper. Structures, viability, interactions, properties, and use of most common natural polycarbohydrates (chitosan and starch), lignin, and proteins (collagen and gelatin) for elastomer modification are extensively reviewed. Challenges in commercialization, applications, and future perspectives of green elastomers are also discussed. Sustainability analysis of green elastomers is accomplished to elaborate their cost-effectiveness and environmental friendliness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umer Abid
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, G. T. Road, PO Box 54890, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Yasir Qayyum Gill
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, G. T. Road, PO Box 54890, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Shafiq Irfan
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, G. T. Road, PO Box 54890, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Aerospace Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Rehan Umer
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Farhan Saeed
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, G. T. Road, PO Box 54890, Lahore, Pakistan.
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Han G, Boz U, Eriten M, Henak CR. Glycosaminoglycan depletion increases energy dissipation in articular cartilage under high-frequency loading. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 110:103876. [PMID: 32957186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High-frequency material behavior of cartilage at macroscopic lengths is not widely understood, despite a wide range of frequencies and contact lengths experienced in vivo. For example, cartilage at different stages of matrix integrity can experience high-frequency loading during traumatic impact, making high-frequency behavior relevant in the context of structural failure. Therefore, this study examined macroscopic dissipative and mechanical responses of intact and glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-depleted cartilage under previously unexplored high-frequency loading. These dynamic responses were complemented with the evaluation of quasi-static responses. A custom dynamic mechanical analyzer was used to obtain dynamic behavior, and stress relaxation testing was performed to obtain quasi-static behavior. Under high-frequency loading, cartilage energy dissipation increased with GAG depletion and decreased with strain; dynamic modulus exhibited opposite trends. Similarly, under quasi-static loading, equilibrium modulus and relaxation time of cartilage decreased with GAG depletion. The increased energy dissipation after GAG depletion under high-frequency loading was likely due to increased viscoelastic dissipation. These findings broaden our understanding of fundamental properties of cartilage as a function of solid matrix integrity in an unprecedented loading regime. They also provide a foundation for analyzing energy dissipation associated with cartilage failure induced by traumatic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guebum Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1513 University Ave., Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - Utku Boz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1513 University Ave., Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - Melih Eriten
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1513 University Ave., Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - Corinne R Henak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1513 University Ave., Madison, WI, 53706, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 University Ave., Madison, WI, 53706, USA; Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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Zitnay JL, Jung GS, Lin AH, Qin Z, Li Y, Yu SM, Buehler MJ, Weiss JA. Accumulation of collagen molecular unfolding is the mechanism of cyclic fatigue damage and failure in collagenous tissues. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba2795. [PMID: 32923623 PMCID: PMC7455178 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba2795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Overuse injuries to dense collagenous tissues are common, but their etiology is poorly understood. The predominant hypothesis that micro-damage accumulation exceeds the rate of biological repair is missing a mechanistic explanation. Here, we used collagen hybridizing peptides to measure collagen molecular damage during tendon cyclic fatigue loading and computational simulations to identify potential explanations for our findings. Our results revealed that triple-helical collagen denaturation accumulates with increasing cycles of fatigue loading, and damage is correlated with creep strain independent of the cyclic strain rate. Finite-element simulations demonstrated that biphasic fluid flow is a possible fascicle-level mechanism to explain the rate dependence of the number of cycles and time to failure. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated that triple-helical unfolding is rate dependent, revealing rate-dependent mechanisms at multiple length scales in the tissue. The accumulation of collagen molecular denaturation during cyclic loading provides a long-sought "micro-damage" mechanism for the development of overuse injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared L. Zitnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Gang Seob Jung
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Allen H. Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Zhao Qin
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - S. Michael Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Markus J. Buehler
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Weiss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics and School of Computing, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Corresponding author.
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Yeo J, Jung GS, Martín-Martínez FJ, Beem J, Qin Z, Buehler MJ. Multiscale Design of Graphyne-Based Materials for High-Performance Separation Membranes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1805665. [PMID: 30645772 PMCID: PMC7252433 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201805665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
By varying the number of acetylenic linkages connecting aromatic rings, a new family of atomically thin graph-n-yne materials can be designed and synthesized. Generating immense scientific interest due to its structural diversity and excellent physical properties, graph-n-yne has opened new avenues toward numerous promising engineering applications, especially for separation membranes with precise pore sizes. Having these tunable pore sizes in combination with their excellent mechanical strength to withstand high pressures, free-standing graph-n-yne is theoretically posited to be an outstanding membrane material for separating or purifying mixtures of either gases or liquids, rivaling or even dramatically exceeding the capabilities of current, state-of-art separation membranes. Computational modeling and simulations play an integral role in the bottom-up design and characterization of these graph-n-yne materials. Thus, here, the state of the art in modeling α-, β-, γ-, δ-, and 6,6,12-graphyne nanosheets for synthesizing graph-2-yne materials and 3D architectures thereof is discussed. Different synthesis methods are described and a broad overview of computational characterizations of graph-n-yne's electrical, chemical, and thermal properties is provided. Furthermore, a series of in-depth computational studies that delve into the specifics of graph-n-yne's mechanical strength and porosity, which confer superior performance for separation and desalination membranes, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjie Yeo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138632
| | - Gang Seob Jung
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Francisco J. Martín-Martínez
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jennifer Beem
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Zhao Qin
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Markus J. Buehler
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Nagarajan S, Radhakrishnan S, Kalkura SN, Balme S, Miele P, Bechelany M. Overview of Protein‐Based Biopolymers for Biomedical Application. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sakthivel Nagarajan
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM–UMR 5635ENSCM, CNRS, University of Montpellier Montpellier 34090 France
| | | | | | - Sebastien Balme
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM–UMR 5635ENSCM, CNRS, University of Montpellier Montpellier 34090 France
| | - Philippe Miele
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM–UMR 5635ENSCM, CNRS, University of Montpellier Montpellier 34090 France
- Institut Universitaire de France MESRI, 1 rue Descartes, 75231 Paris cedex 05 France
| | - Mikhael Bechelany
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM–UMR 5635ENSCM, CNRS, University of Montpellier Montpellier 34090 France
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Yeo J, Jung GS, Martín-Martínez FJ, Ling S, Gu GX, Qin Z, Buehler MJ. Materials-by-Design: Computation, Synthesis, and Characterization from Atoms to Structures. PHYSICA SCRIPTA 2018; 93:053003. [PMID: 31866694 PMCID: PMC6924929 DOI: 10.1088/1402-4896/aab4e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In the 50 years that succeeded Richard Feynman's exposition of the idea that there is "plenty of room at the bottom" for manipulating individual atoms for the synthesis and manufacturing processing of materials, the materials-by-design paradigm is being developed gradually through synergistic integration of experimental material synthesis and characterization with predictive computational modeling and optimization. This paper reviews how this paradigm creates the possibility to develop materials according to specific, rational designs from the molecular to the macroscopic scale. We discuss promising techniques in experimental small-scale material synthesis and large-scale fabrication methods to manipulate atomistic or macroscale structures, which can be designed by computational modeling. These include recombinant protein technology to produce peptides and proteins with tailored sequences encoded by recombinant DNA, self-assembly processes induced by conformational transition of proteins, additive manufacturing for designing complex structures, and qualitative and quantitative characterization of materials at different length scales. We describe important material characterization techniques using numerous methods of spectroscopy and microscopy. We detail numerous multi-scale computational modeling techniques that complements these experimental techniques: DFT at the atomistic scale; fully atomistic and coarse-grain molecular dynamics at the molecular to mesoscale; continuum modeling at the macroscale. Additionally, we present case studies that utilize experimental and computational approaches in an integrated manner to broaden our understanding of the properties of two-dimensional materials and materials based on silk and silk-elastin-like proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjie Yeo
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138632
| | - Gang Seob Jung
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Francisco J. Martín-Martínez
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Shengjie Ling
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Grace X. Gu
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Zhao Qin
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Markus J. Buehler
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Yeo J, Jung G, Tarakanova A, Martín-Martínez FJ, Qin Z, Cheng Y, Zhang YW, Buehler MJ. Multiscale modeling of keratin, collagen, elastin and related human diseases: Perspectives from atomistic to coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. EXTREME MECHANICS LETTERS 2018; 20:112-124. [PMID: 33344740 PMCID: PMC7745951 DOI: 10.1016/j.eml.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Scleroproteins are an important category of proteins within the human body that adopt filamentous, elongated conformations in contrast with typical globular proteins. These include keratin, collagen, and elastin, which often serve a common mechanical function in structural support of cells and tissues. Genetic mutations alter these proteins, disrupting their functions and causing diseases. Computational characterization of these mutations has proven to be extremely valuable in identifying the intricate structure-function relationships of scleroproteins from the molecular scale up, especially if combined with multiscale experimental analysis and the synthesis of model proteins to test specific structure-function relationships. In this work, we review numerous critical diseases that are related to keratin, collagen, and elastin, and through several case studies, we propose ways of extensively utilizing multiscale modeling, from atomistic to coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, to uncover the molecular origins for some of these diseases and to aid in the development of novel cures and therapies. As case studies, we examine the effects of the genetic disease Epidermolytic Hyperkeratosis (EHK) on the structure and aggregation of keratins 1 and 10; we propose models to understand the diseases of Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) and Alport syndrome (AS) that affect the mechanical and aggregation properties of collagen; and we develop atomistic molecular dynamics and elastic network models of elastin to determine the role of mutations in diseases such as Cutis Laxa and Supravalvular Aortic Stenosis on elastin's structure and molecular conformational motions and implications for assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjie Yeo
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138632
| | - GangSeob Jung
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Anna Tarakanova
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Francisco J. Martín-Martínez
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Zhao Qin
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138632
| | - Yong-Wei Zhang
- Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138632
| | - Markus J. Buehler
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Lamour G, Nassar R, Chan PHW, Bozkurt G, Li J, Bui JM, Yip CK, Mayor T, Li H, Wu H, Gsponer JA. Mapping the Broad Structural and Mechanical Properties of Amyloid Fibrils. Biophys J 2017; 112:584-594. [PMID: 28256219 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloids are fibrillar nanostructures of proteins that are assembled in several physiological processes in human cells (e.g., hormone storage) but also during the course of infectious (prion) and noninfectious (nonprion) diseases such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob and Alzheimer's diseases, respectively. How the amyloid state, a state accessible to all proteins and peptides, can be exploited for functional purposes but also have detrimental effects remains to be determined. Here, we measure the nanomechanical properties of different amyloids and link them to features found in their structure models. Specifically, we use shape fluctuation analysis and sonication-induced scission in combination with full-atom molecular dynamics simulations to reveal that the amyloid fibrils of the mammalian prion protein PrP are mechanically unstable, most likely due to a very low hydrogen bond density in the fibril structure. Interestingly, amyloid fibrils formed by HET-s, a fungal protein that can confer functional prion behavior, have a much higher Young's modulus and tensile strength than those of PrP, i.e., they are much stiffer and stronger due to a tighter packing in the fibril structure. By contrast, amyloids of the proteins RIP1/RIP3 that have been shown to be of functional use in human cells are significantly stiffer than PrP fibrils but have comparable tensile strength. Our study demonstrates that amyloids are biomaterials with a broad range of nanomechanical properties, and we provide further support for the strong link between nanomechanics and β-sheet characteristics in the amyloid core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Lamour
- Michael Smith Laboratories-Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Roy Nassar
- Michael Smith Laboratories-Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Patrick H W Chan
- Michael Smith Laboratories-Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gunes Bozkurt
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jixi Li
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jennifer M Bui
- Michael Smith Laboratories-Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Calvin K Yip
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Thibault Mayor
- Michael Smith Laboratories-Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hongbin Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jörg A Gsponer
- Michael Smith Laboratories-Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Kurniawan NA, Vos BE, Biebricher A, Wuite GJL, Peterman EJG, Koenderink GH. Fibrin Networks Support Recurring Mechanical Loads by Adapting their Structure across Multiple Scales. Biophys J 2017; 111:1026-34. [PMID: 27602730 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissues and cells sustain recurring mechanical loads that span a wide range of loading amplitudes and timescales as a consequence of exposure to blood flow, muscle activity, and external impact. Both tissues and cells derive their mechanical strength from fibrous protein scaffolds, which typically have a complex hierarchical structure. In this study, we focus on a prototypical hierarchical biomaterial, fibrin, which is one of the most resilient naturally occurring biopolymers and forms the structural scaffold of blood clots. We show how fibrous networks composed of fibrin utilize irreversible changes in their hierarchical structure at different scales to maintain reversible stress stiffening up to large strains. To trace the origin of this paradoxical resilience, we systematically tuned the microstructural parameters of fibrin and used a combination of optical tweezers and fluorescence microscopy to measure the interactions of single fibrin fibers for the first time, to our knowledge. We demonstrate that fibrin networks adapt to moderate strains by remodeling at the network scale through the spontaneous formation of new bonds between fibers, whereas they adapt to high strains by plastic remodeling of the fibers themselves. This multiscale adaptation mechanism endows fibrin gels with the remarkable ability to sustain recurring loads due to shear flows and wound stretching. Our findings therefore reveal a microscopic mechanism by which tissues and cells can balance elastic nonlinearity and plasticity, and thus can provide microstructural insights into cell-driven remodeling of tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Kurniawan
- Department of Systems Biophysics, FOM Institute AMOLF, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bart E Vos
- Department of Systems Biophysics, FOM Institute AMOLF, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Biebricher
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs J L Wuite
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin J G Peterman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gijsje H Koenderink
- Department of Systems Biophysics, FOM Institute AMOLF, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Seob Jung
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Markus J. Buehler
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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