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Molinari G, Parlanti P, Passaglia E, Aiello F, Gemmi M, Lazzeri A, Righetti MC. Dependence of the crystal structure on the d-units amount in semi-crystalline poly(lactic acid). Int J Biol Macromol 2024:136296. [PMID: 39368574 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.136296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Revised: 09/28/2024] [Accepted: 10/02/2024] [Indexed: 10/07/2024]
Abstract
The study investigates the impact of the d-lactic acid units content on the crystallinity and crystal structure of commercial poly(lactic acid) (PLA) grades, which are copolymers of poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) containing a minor amount of d-units. As the d-units content increases, a detectable decrease in crystallinity was observed along with a simultaneous rise in mobile amorphous fraction (MAF) and a reduction in rigid amorphous fraction (RAF). The percentage of d-units was found not to significantly affect RAF thickness, suggesting that the d-units are not completely excluded from the crystals. The inclusion of d-units as defects in the PLA crystal lattice was confirmed by XRD analysis, which disclosed that the crystal phase gets gradually richer of d-units as the crystallization time evolves. FT-IR analysis proved that the incorporation of d-units in the crystal phase is promoted by the formation of local CH3···O=C interactions, similar to those massively active between PLLA and poly(d-lactic acid) (PDLA) in the stereocomplex. The establishment of these interactions leads to a contraction of the interplanar distances and a decrease in the crystal cell volume with increasing the crystallization time and the d-units percentage. In summary, the study proves that for PLA copolymers containing a d-units percentage at least up to about 8 %, d-units are included in the crystal lattice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Molinari
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Paola Parlanti
- Center for Materials Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
| | - Elisa Passaglia
- CNR-ICCOM, National Research Council-Institute of Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Federica Aiello
- CNR-IPCF, National Research Council-Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes, 56124 Pisa, Italy; Center for Instrument Sharing, University of Pisa (CISUP), Lungarno Pacinotti 43, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Mauro Gemmi
- Center for Materials Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
| | - Andrea Lazzeri
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Righetti
- CNR-IPCF, National Research Council-Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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2
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Guseva DV, Glagolev MK, Lazutin AA, Vasilevskaya VV. Revealing Structural and Physical Properties of Polylactide: What Simulation Can Do beyond the Experimental Methods. POLYM REV 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2023.2174136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D. V. Guseva
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - M. K. Glagolev
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - A. A. Lazutin
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - V. V. Vasilevskaya
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds RAS, Moscow, Russia
- Chemistry Department, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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3
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Androsch R, Toda A, Furushima Y, Schick C. Insertion‐Crystallization‐Induced Low‐Temperature Annealing Peaks in Melt‐Crystallized Poly(
l
‐Lactic Acid). MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- René Androsch
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer‐oriented Research in Natural Sciences Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Saale Halle 06099 Germany
| | - Akihiko Toda
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering Hiroshima University Higashi Hiroshima 739‐8521 Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Furushima
- Materials Characterization Laboratories Toray Research Center Inc. 3–7, Sonoyama 3‐chome Otsu Shiga 520‐8567 Japan
| | - Christoph Schick
- Institute of Physics and Competence Center CALOR University of Rostock Rostock 18051 Germany
- Butlerov Institute of Chemistry Kazan Federal University 18 Kremlyovskaya Street Kazan 420008 Russia
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4
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Soudmand BH, Shelesh‐Nezhad K, Salimi Y. A combined differential scanning calorimetry‐dynamic mechanical thermal analysis approach for the estimation of constrained phases in thermoplastic polymer nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Behzad H. Soudmand
- Division of Plastics and Composites Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Tabriz Tabriz Iran
| | - Karim Shelesh‐Nezhad
- Division of Plastics and Composites Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Tabriz Tabriz Iran
| | - Yaghob Salimi
- Division of Plastics and Composites Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Tabriz Tabriz Iran
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5
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Monnier X, Cavallo D, Righetti MC, Di Lorenzo ML, Marina S, Martin J, Cangialosi D. Physical Aging and Glass Transition of the Rigid Amorphous Fraction in Poly( l-lactic acid). Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Monnier
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Dario Cavallo
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Righetti
- CNR-IPCF, National Research Council - Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Di Lorenzo
- CNR-IPCB, National Research Council - Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, Via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA Italy
| | - Sara Marina
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Av. de Tolosa 72, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Jaime Martin
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Av. de Tolosa 72, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque - Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Daniele Cangialosi
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales CFM (CSIC-UPV/EHU) and Materials Physics Center MPC, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
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6
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Aliotta L, Gazzano M, Lazzeri A, Righetti MC. Constrained Amorphous Interphase in Poly(l-lactic acid): Estimation of the Tensile Elastic Modulus. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:20890-20902. [PMID: 32875224 PMCID: PMC7450648 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of semicrystalline PLLA containing exclusively α'- or α-crystals have been investigated. The connection between experimental elastic moduli and phase composition has been analyzed as a function of the polymorphic crystalline form. For a complete interpretation of the mechanical properties, the contribution of the crystalline regions and the constrained amorphous interphase or rigid amorphous fraction (RAF) has been quantified by a three-phase mechanical model. The mathematical approach allowed the simultaneous quantification of the elastic moduli of (i) the α'- and α-phases (11.2 and 14.8 GPa, respectively, in excellent agreement with experimental and theoretical data reported in the literature) and (ii) the rigid amorphous fractions linked to the α'- and α-forms (5.4 and 6.1 GPa, respectively). In parallel, the densities of the RAF connected with α'- and α-crystals have been measured (1.17 and 1.11 g/cm3, respectively). The slightly higher value of the elastic modulus of the RAF connected to the α-crystals and its lower density have been associated to a stronger chain coupling at the amorphous/crystal interface. Thus, the elastic moduli at T room of the crystalline (E C), mobile amorphous (E MAF), and rigid amorphous (E RAF) fractions of PLLA turned out to be quantitatively in the order of E MAF < E RAF < E C, with the experimental E MAF value equal to 3.6 GPa. These findings can allow a better tailoring of the properties of PLLA materials in relation to specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Aliotta
- Department
of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University
of Pisa, Largo L. Lazzarino 1, Pisa 56122, Italy
| | - Massimo Gazzano
- CNR-ISOF,
National Research Council−Institute of Organic Synthesis and
Photoreactivity, Via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna 40129, Italy
| | - Andrea Lazzeri
- Department
of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University
of Pisa, Largo L. Lazzarino 1, Pisa 56122, Italy
- CNR-IPCF,
National Research Council−Institute for Chemical and Physical
Processes, Via G. Moruzzi
1, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Righetti
- CNR-IPCF,
National Research Council−Institute for Chemical and Physical
Processes, Via G. Moruzzi
1, Pisa 56124, Italy
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7
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Khorloo M, Cheng Y, Zhang H, Chen M, Sung HHY, Williams ID, Lam JWY, Tang BZ. Polymorph selectivity of an AIE luminogen under nano-confinement to visualize polymer microstructures. Chem Sci 2019; 11:997-1005. [PMID: 34084354 PMCID: PMC8146380 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04239c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the huge progress of luminescent molecular assemblies over the past decade, it is still challenging to understand their confined behavior in semi-crystalline polymers for constrained space recognition. Here, we report a polymorphic luminogen with aggregation-induced emission (AIE), capable of selective growth in polymer amorphous and crystalline phases with distinct color. The polymorphic behaviors of the AIE luminogen embedded within the polymer network are dependent on the size of nano-confinement: a thermodynamically stable polymorph of the AIE luminogen with green emission is stabilized in the amorphous phase, while a metastable polymorph with yellow emission is confined in the crystalline phase. The information on polymer crystalline and amorphous phases is transformed into distinct fluorescence colors, allowing a single AIE luminogen as a fluorescent marker for visualization of polymer microstructures in terms of amorphous and crystalline phase distribution, quantitative polymer crystallinity measurement, and spatial morphological arrangement. Our findings demonstrate that confinement of the AIE luminogen in the polymer network can achieve free space recognition and also provide a correlation between microscopic morphologies and macroscopic optical signals. We envision that our strategy will inspire the development of other materials with spatial confinement to incorporate AIE luminogens for various applications. A polymorphic AIEgen is capable of selective growth in amorphous and crystalline polymer phases with distinct color for microstructure visualization.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Michidmaa Khorloo
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study and Development of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Yanhua Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study and Development of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China .,State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Haoke Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study and Development of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China .,HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan Shenzhen 518057 China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study and Development of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Herman H Y Sung
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study and Development of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Ian D Williams
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study and Development of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Jacky W Y Lam
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study and Development of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China .,HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan Shenzhen 518057 China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study and Development of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China .,HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan Shenzhen 518057 China.,Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, SCUT-HKUST Joint Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
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8
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Di Lorenzo ML, Androsch R. Influence of α′-/α-crystal polymorphism on properties of poly(l-lactic acid). POLYM INT 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - René Androsch
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer-oriented Research in Natural Sciences (IWE TFN); Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle/Saale Germany
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9
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Di Lorenzo ML, Righetti MC. Crystallization-induced formation of rigid amorphous fraction. POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pcr2.10023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura Di Lorenzo
- CNR-IPCB, National Research Council; Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, c/o Comprensorio Olivetti; Pozzuoli Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Righetti
- CNR-IPCF, National Research Council; Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes; Pisa Italy
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10
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11
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Righetti MC. Crystallization of Polymers Investigated by Temperature-Modulated DSC. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10040442. [PMID: 28772807 PMCID: PMC5506965 DOI: 10.3390/ma10040442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to summarize studies conducted by temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry (TMDSC) on polymer crystallization. This technique can provide several advantages for the analysis of polymers with respect to conventional differential scanning calorimetry. Crystallizations conducted by TMDSC in different experimental conditions are analysed and discussed, in order to illustrate the type of information that can be deduced. Isothermal and non-isothermal crystallizations upon heating and cooling are examined separately, together with the relevant mathematical treatments that allow the evolution of the crystalline, mobile amorphous and rigid amorphous fractions to be determined. The phenomena of ‘reversing’ and ‘reversible‘ melting are explicated through the analysis of the thermal response of various semi-crystalline polymers to temperature modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Righetti
- National Research Council of Italy-Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes (CNR-IPCF), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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