1
|
Lohmann V, Jones GR, Truong NP, Anastasaki A. The thermodynamics and kinetics of depolymerization: what makes vinyl monomer regeneration feasible? Chem Sci 2024; 15:832-853. [PMID: 38239674 PMCID: PMC10793647 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05143a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Depolymerization is potentially a highly advantageous method of recycling plastic waste which could move the world closer towards a truly circular polymer economy. However, depolymerization remains challenging for many polymers with all-carbon backbones. Fundamental understanding and consideration of both the kinetics and thermodynamics are essential in order to develop effective new depolymerization systems that could overcome this problem, as the feasibility of monomer generation can be drastically altered by tuning the reaction conditions. This perspective explores the underlying thermodynamics and kinetics governing radical depolymerization of addition polymers by revisiting pioneering work started in the mid-20th century and demonstrates its connection to exciting recent advances which report depolymerization reaching near-quantitative monomer regeneration at much lower temperatures than seen previously. Recent catalytic approaches to monomer regeneration are also explored, highlighting that this nascent chemistry could potentially revolutionize depolymerization-based polymer recycling in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Lohmann
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Glen R Jones
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Nghia P Truong
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University 399 Royal Parade Parkville VIC 3152 Australia
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Biermann U, Klaassen G, Koch R, Metzger JO. Alkene Assisted Homolysis of the Si-H, Ge-H, and Sn-H Bond: New Examples of Molecule Assisted Homolysis (MAH). European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Biermann
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Oldenburg; Carl-von Ossietzky-Straße 9-11 26111 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Gerd Klaassen
- Hochschule Emden-Leer; Fachbereich Technik; Constantiaplatz 4 26723 Emden Germany
| | - Rainer Koch
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Oldenburg; Carl-von Ossietzky-Straße 9-11 26111 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Jürgen O. Metzger
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Oldenburg; Carl-von Ossietzky-Straße 9-11 26111 Oldenburg Germany
- abiosus e.V.; Bloherfelder Str. 239 26129 Oldenburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Qi C, Shao L, Lu Y, Wang C, Zhang XM. Thermolysis kinetics of diethyl 2,3-dicyano-2,3-di(p-substituted phenyl)succinates. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenze Qi
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry; University of Shaoxing; Shaoxing; Zhejiang; 312000; China
| | - Linjun Shao
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry; University of Shaoxing; Shaoxing; Zhejiang; 312000; China
| | - Yueqing Lu
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry; University of Shaoxing; Shaoxing; Zhejiang; 312000; China
| | - Chen Wang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry; University of Shaoxing; Shaoxing; Zhejiang; 312000; China
| | - Xian-Man Zhang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry; University of Shaoxing; Shaoxing; Zhejiang; 312000; China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mulzer J, Huisgen R, Arion V, Sustmann R. 1-[(E)-2-Arylethenyl]-2,2-diphenylcyclopropanes: Kinetics and Mechanism of Rearrangement to Cyclopentenes. Helv Chim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201100135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
5
|
Braun D. Initiation of free radical polymerization by thermal cleavage of carbon-carbon bonds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.19961110108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
6
|
Coote ML, Lin CY, Beckwith ALJ, Zavitsas AA. A comparison of methods for measuring relative radical stabilities of carbon-centred radicals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:9597-610. [DOI: 10.1039/c003880f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
7
|
Cherkasov AR, Jonsson M, Galkin VI, Cherkasov RA. Correlation analysis in the chemistry of free radicals. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2007. [DOI: 10.1070/rc2001v070n01abeh000574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
8
|
Peyman A, Beckhaus H, Kramer D, Peters K, Schnering HGV, Rüchardt C. Thermolabile Kohlenwasserstoffe, 31 Stereoselektive Bildung und Spaltung der Dimeren des 1‐(5,6,7,8‐Tetrahydro‐1‐naphyl)neopentyl‐Radikals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19911240918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anuschirwan Peyman
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, AlbertstraBe 21, W‐7800 Freiburg i. Br
| | - Hans‐Dieter Beckhaus
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, AlbertstraBe 21, W‐7800 Freiburg i. Br
| | - Dirk Kramer
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, AlbertstraBe 21, W‐7800 Freiburg i. Br
| | - Karl Peters
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Festkörperforschungb, Heisenbergstraße 1, W‐7000 Stuttgart 80
| | | | - Christoph Rüchardt
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Festkörperforschungb, Heisenbergstraße 1, W‐7000 Stuttgart 80
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Peyman A, Beckhaus H, Rüchardt C. Intramolecular reactions of 1,5‐diaryl‐1,5‐pentadiyl radicals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19881210603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anuschirwan Peyman
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, D‐7800 Freiburg i. Br
| | - Hans‐Dieter Beckhaus
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, D‐7800 Freiburg i. Br
| | - Christoph Rüchardt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, D‐7800 Freiburg i. Br
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zarkadis AK, Neumann WP, Dünnebacke D, Peñeñory A, Stapel R, Stewen U. Sterically Hindered Free Radicals, 21. 1,2‐ and 1,4‐Additions of Diphenylmethyl Radicals to Substituted Acrylonitriles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19931260518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonios K. Zarkadis
- FB Chemie – Organische Chemie der Universität Dortmund, Otto‐Hahn‐Straße 6, W‐4600 Dortmund 50, F.R.G
| | - Wilhelm P. Neumann
- FB Chemie – Organische Chemie der Universität Dortmund, Otto‐Hahn‐Straße 6, W‐4600 Dortmund 50, F.R.G
| | - Dieter Dünnebacke
- FB Chemie – Organische Chemie der Universität Dortmund, Otto‐Hahn‐Straße 6, W‐4600 Dortmund 50, F.R.G
| | - Alicia Peñeñory
- FB Chemie – Organische Chemie der Universität Dortmund, Otto‐Hahn‐Straße 6, W‐4600 Dortmund 50, F.R.G
| | - Ralf Stapel
- FB Chemie – Organische Chemie der Universität Dortmund, Otto‐Hahn‐Straße 6, W‐4600 Dortmund 50, F.R.G
| | - Ulrich Stewen
- FB Chemie – Organische Chemie der Universität Dortmund, Otto‐Hahn‐Straße 6, W‐4600 Dortmund 50, F.R.G
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Peyman A, Peters K, von Schnering HG, Rüchardt C. Struktur und Reaktivität des α,
p
‐Dimers aus 2,2‐Dimethyl‐1‐(1‐naphthyl)propyl‐Radikalen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19901230923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anuschirwan Peyman
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, D‐7800 Freiburg i. Br
| | - Karl Peters
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstraße 1, D‐7000 Stuttgart 80
| | | | - Christoph Rüchardt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, D‐7800 Freiburg i. Br
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Roth WR, Bauer F, Braun K, Offerhaus R. Energiedelle von Diradikalen; 4-Methylen-1,3-cyclopentandiyl. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19891010841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
13
|
|
14
|
Warzecha KD, Xing X, Demuth M, Goddard R, Kessler M, Krüger C. Cascade Cyclizations of Terpenoid Polyalkenes Triggered by Photoelectron Transfer - Biomimetics with Photons. Helv Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19950780815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
15
|
Fu Y, Liu L, Mou Y, Lin BL, Guo QX. Alfa and remote substituent effects on the homolytic dissociation energies of O–H bonds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-1280(03)00326-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
16
|
Ishiyama T, Miyaura N. Transition metal-catalyzed borylation of alkanes and arenes via CH activation. J Organomet Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(03)00176-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
17
|
Kitagawa T, Takeuchi K. Structural dependence of heterolytic bond dissociation energy of carbon–carbon σ bonds in hydrocarbons. J PHYS ORG CHEM 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1395(199803)11:3<157::aid-poc994>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshikazu Kitagawa
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Sakyo‐ku, Kyoto 606‐01, Japan
| | - Ken'ichi Takeuchi
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Sakyo‐ku, Kyoto 606‐01, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Brocks JJ, Welle FM, Beckhaus HD, Rüchardt C. Are α-centered peptide radicals stabilized by a capto-dative effect? Tetrahedron Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(97)10085-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
19
|
Battersby TR, VernonClark R, Siegel JS. Does π−σ−π Through-Bond Coupling Significantly Increase C−C Bond Lengths? J Am Chem Soc 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9622315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R. Battersby
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093−0358, and San Diego Supercomputer Center, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-9784
| | - Russell VernonClark
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093−0358, and San Diego Supercomputer Center, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-9784
| | - Jay S. Siegel
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093−0358, and San Diego Supercomputer Center, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-9784
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rüchardt C, Gerst M, Ebenhoch J. Nichtkatalysierte Transferhydrierung und Transferhydrogenolyse: neue Wege der Wasserstoffübertragung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19971091306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
21
|
|
22
|
Welle FM, Verevkin SP, Beckhaus HD, Rüchardt C. Substituent Effects on the CC Bond Strength, 20. – Geminal Substituent Effects, 14. – Stabilization of the Cyano(dimethylamino)methyl Radical – Synergistic effect Due to Interaction Between α-Amino and α-Cyano Groups on the Radical Stabilization Energy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.199719970122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
23
|
de Meijere A, Teichmann S, Seyed-Mahdavi F, Kohlstruk S. Cyclopropyl Building Blocks for Organic Synthesis, 37. Synthesis and Diels—Alder Reactions of 2-Substituted 2-Cyclopropylideneacetates in Comparison with Allenecarboxylate and Ordinary Acrylates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.199619961208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
24
|
Roth WR, Hopf H, de Meijere A, Hunold F, Börner S, Neumann M, Wasser T, Szurowski J, Mlynek C. Zur Rekombinationsenthalpie von Radikalen — Thermochemie der Ringöffnung von Cyclophanen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.199619961229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
25
|
Roth WR, Hunold F, Neumann M, Bauer F. Sauerstoff-Abfang von Radikalen in überkritischem Kohlendioxid; Bildungsenthalpie und Rekombinationsbarriere des Cycloheptatrienyl-Radikals. European J Org Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.199619961029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
26
|
Rakufs K, Verevkin SP, Keller M, Beckhaus HD, Rüchardt C. Substituent effects on the CC bond strength, 19. Geminal substituent effects, 10. Radical stabilization enthalpies of α,α-bis(methoxycarbonyl)alkyl and tris(methoxycarbonyl)methyl radicals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.1995199508203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
27
|
Herberg C, Peyman A, Nölke M, Beckhaus HD, Rüchardt C. Substituent effects on the CC bond strength, 18. Stabilization of alkyl radicals by 4-pyridyl, 1-naphthyl or 2-naphthyl substituents in α-position. European J Org Chem 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.1995199505128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
28
|
Substituent effects on the CC bond strength, 17. Formation and stability of α-carbamoylbenzyl radicals. European J Org Chem 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.1995199505127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
29
|
Herberg C, Verevkin SP, Nölke M, Beckhaus HD, Rüchardt C. Thermolabile hydrocarbons, 34.. Kinetics of the generation of 1,3-di-tert-butylallyl radicals by thermal CC bond cleavage reactions. European J Org Chem 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.199519950371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
30
|
Patz M, Mayr H, Bartl J, Steenken S. Gemeinsame Ursache enthalpischer und entropischer Substituenteneffekte bei Reaktionen von Benzhydryl-Kationen mit Nucleophilen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19951070424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
31
|
Battersby TR, Gantzel P, Baldridge KK, Siegel JS. Long CC single bonds in anthracene dimers: The structure of bi(anthracene-9,10-dimethylene) photodimer is redetermined. Tetrahedron Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(94)02396-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
32
|
Nölke M, Verevkin SP, Beckhaus HD, Rüchardt C. Substituenteneffekte auf die CC-Bindungsstärke, 16. Thermische Stabilität und Bildungsenthalpie von β-Dicarbonylverbindungen. — Stabilisierung von α,α′-Diketoalkyl-Radikalen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.199519950108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
33
|
Ionic Dissociation of Carbon—Carbon σ Bonds in Hydrocarbons and the Formation of Authentic Hydrocarbon Salts. ADVANCES IN PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3160(08)60035-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
34
|
Rakus K, Verevkin SP, Beckhaus HD, Rüchardt C. Substituent Effects on the C-C Bond Strength, 15[1] Geminal Substituent Effects, 7[2]. Thermochemistry and Thermal Decomposition of Alkyl-substituted Tricyanomethyl Compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.1491271122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
35
|
Herberg C, Beckhaus HD, Rüchardt C. Thermische Stabilität von 9,9′-Bixanthen und 9,9′,10,10′-Tetrahydro- 10,10,10′,10′-tetramethyl-9,9′-bianthracen Stabilisierungsenergie planarer Benzhydryl-Radikale[2]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19941271032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
36
|
Rakus K, Verevkin SP, Schätzer J, Beckhaus HD, Rüchardt C. Thermolabile Hydrocarbons, 33. Thermochemistry and Thermal Decomposition of 9,9′-Bifluorenyl and 9,9′-Dimethyl-9,9′-bifluorenyl – The Stabilization Energy of 9-Fluorenyl Radicals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19941270619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
37
|
Welle F, Verevkin SP, Keller M, Beckhaus HD, Rüchardt C. Substituenteneffekte auf die CC-Bindungsstärke, 14. Kinetische und thermodynamische Stabilität von 2,3-Bis(dialkylamino)-1,4-diketonen — Stabilisierungsenergie capto-dativ substituierter a-Dialkylamino-a-Carbonylalkyl-Radikale. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19941270420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
38
|
Maslak P, Vallombroso TM, Chapman WH, Narvaez JN. Free-Energy Relationship for Mesolytic Cleavage of C?C Bonds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.199400731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
39
|
Maslak P, Chapman WH, Narvaez JN, Vallombroso TM. Gibbs-Energie-Beziehung für die mesolytische Spaltung von C-C-Bindungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19941060123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
40
|
Gerst M, Rühardt C. Transfer hydrogenation of p-substituted α-methylstyrenes by 9,10-dihydroanthracene. Tetrahedron Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)61551-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
41
|
Boche G, Bosold F, Lohrenz JCW, Opel A, Zulauf P. α-Oxygen-Substituted Organolithium Compounds and their Carbenoid Nature: Reactions with RLi and Other Nucleophiles, Experimental and IGLO-Calculated13C-NMR Shifts of the Carbenoid C Atom. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19931260819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
42
|
Birkhofer H, Beckhaus HD, Peters K, Schnering HGV, Rüchardt C. Substituenteneffekte auf die C–C-Bindungsstärke, 12[1]. Thermolysen aromatischer Pinakol-dimethylether zur Bestimmung der Stabilisierungsenergie von α-Methoxybenzyl-Radikalen[2]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19931260728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
43
|
Gerst M, Rüchardt C. Bimolekulare Radikalbildung durch H-Transfer, 2. H-Transferreaktionen mit Phenalen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19931260426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
44
|
Schulze R, Beckhaus HD, Rüchardt C. Substituenteneffekte auf die CC-Bindungsstärke, 13. Kinetische und thermodynamische Stabilität von α1-alkylierten α1-Amino-carbonsäureestern – Stabilisierungsenergie von α1-Amino-α1-(ethoxycarbonyl)alkyl-Radikalen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19931260425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
45
|
Maslak P. Fragmentations by photoinduced electron transfer. Fundamentals and practical aspects. PHOTOINDUCED ELECTRON TRANSFER V 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-56746-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
46
|
Rüchardt C, Gerst M, Nölke M. Nichtkatalysierte Transferhydrierung von α-Methylstyrol durch Dihydroanthracen oder Xanthen als Radikalreaktion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19921041122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
47
|
Roth WR, Langer R, Ebbrecht T, Beitat A, Lennartz HW. Zur Energie-Delle von Diradikalen; III1) 2,3,5,6-Tetramethylen-1,4-cyclohexadiyl. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19911241218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
48
|
Rüchardt C, Meier M, Haaf K, Pakusch J, Wolber EKA, Müller B. Die Isocyanid-Cyanid-Umlagerung - Mechanismus und präparative Anwendung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19911030804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
49
|
Bis(2,6-difluorophenyl)benzoylmethyl cation: α-ketocarbenium ion as a single-electron acceptor. Tetrahedron Lett 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)79718-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
50
|
Pakusch J, Beckhaus HD, Rüchardt C. Substituenteneffekte auf die CC-Bindungsstärke, 10. Resonanzstabilisierung von Alkylradikalen durch zwei geminale Cyangruppen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19911240535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|