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Glasing J, Cazotti JC, Fritz AT, Szych LS, Fakim D, Smeets NMB, Cunningham MF. Starch nanoparticles as
Pickering
emulsifiers in miniemulsion polymerization of styrene. CAN J CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.24326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joe Glasing
- Department of Chemical Engineering Queen's University Kingston Ontario Canada
| | - Jaime C. Cazotti
- Department of Chemical Engineering Queen's University Kingston Ontario Canada
| | - Alexander T. Fritz
- Department of Chemical Engineering Queen's University Kingston Ontario Canada
| | - Lilian S. Szych
- Department of Chemical Engineering Queen's University Kingston Ontario Canada
| | - Djalal Fakim
- Department of Chemical Engineering Queen's University Kingston Ontario Canada
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2
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Effect of polystyrene and silica compositions on formation of raspberry-like hollow nanoparticles: synthesis strategy and morphological study. Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-020-03441-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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3
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Oleshchuk D, Šálek P, Dvořáková J, Kučka J, Pavlova E, Francová P, Šefc L, Proks V. Biocompatible polypeptide nanogel: Effect of surfactants on nanogelation in inverse miniemulsion, in vivo biodistribution and blood clearance evaluation. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 126:111865. [PMID: 34082926 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.111865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Horseradish peroxidase (HRP)/H2O2-mediated crosslinking of polypeptides in inverse miniemulsion is a promising approach for the development of next-generation biocompatible and biodegradable nanogels. Herein, we present a fundamental investigation of the effects of three surfactants and their different concentrations on the (HRP)/H2O2-mediated nanogelation of poly[N5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-l-glutamine-ran-N5-propargyl-l-glutamine-ran-N5-(6-aminohexyl)-l-glutamine]-ran-N5-[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl)-l-glutamine] (PHEG-Tyr) in inverse miniemulsion. The surfactants sorbitan monooleate (SPAN 80), polyoxyethylenesorbitan trioleate (TWEEN 85), and dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt (AOT) were selected and their influence on the nanogel size, size distribution, and morphology was evaluated. The most effective nanogelation stabilization was achieved with 20 wt% nonionic surfactant SPAN 80. The diameter of the hydrogel nanoparticles was 230 nm (dynamic light scattering, DLS) and was confirmed also by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) which showed the diameters ranging from 200 to 300 nm. Microscopy and image analyses showed that the nanogel in the dry state was spherical in shape and had number-average diameter Dn = 26 nm and dispersity Ð = 1.91. In the frozen-hydrated state, the nanogel appeared porous and was larger in size with Dn = 182 nm and Ð = 1.52. Our results indicated that the nanogelation of the polymer precursor required a higher concentration of surfactant than classical inverse miniemulsion polymerization to ensure effective stabilization. The developed polypeptide nanogel was radiolabeled with 125I, and in vivo biodistribution and blood clearance evaluations were performed. We found that the 125I-labeled nanogel was well-biodistributed in the bloodstream, cleared from mouse blood during 48 h by renal and hepatic pathways and did not provoke any sign of toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Oleshchuk
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic; Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, 12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Šálek
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Dvořáková
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kučka
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ewa Pavlova
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Francová
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Imaging (CAPI), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Salmovská 3, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Luděk Šefc
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Imaging (CAPI), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Salmovská 3, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Proks
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Pham QT, Lin CT, Chen CH, Chern CS. Kinetics of miniemulsion polymerizations of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and/or methyl methacrylate. POLYM INT 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quoc-Thai Pham
- Department of Chemical Engineering; National Taiwan University of Science and Technology; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ta Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering; National Taiwan University of Science and Technology; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering; National Taiwan University of Science and Technology; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chorng-Shyan Chern
- Department of Chemical Engineering; National Taiwan University of Science and Technology; Taipei Taiwan
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He Y, Sun Y, Zhu L, Xiao X, Xu B, Si T, Wang H. A study on the nucleation mechanisms under critical micelle concentration (CMC) in emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA). IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-015-0381-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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7
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Lin CT, Chern CS. Modeling Ostwald ripening rate of styrene miniemulsions stabilized by a homolog of n-alkane costabilizers. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2014.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Penconi M, Lobry E, Jasinski F, Chemtob A, Croutxé-Barghorn C, Criqui A, Braun AM, Oliveros E. The use of chemical actinometry for the evaluation of the light absorption efficiency in scattering photopolymerizable miniemulsions. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2014; 14:308-19. [PMID: 25372069 DOI: 10.1039/c4pp00323c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Oil-in-water miniemulsions containing a mixture of monomers as the dispersed organic phase have been shown recently to be promising media for the development of photoinitiated polymerization processes. Albeit a crucial factor for a successful application, the efficiency of light absorption by the photoinitiator in these highly scattering systems is difficult to evaluate. In this work, a well-characterized water insoluble chemical actinometer (DFIS) replaced the oil-soluble photoinitiator, and was used as a probe and a model for UV light absorption in miniemulsions of variable droplet sizes and organic phase compositions (i.e. at different levels of scattered light). In the first step, the photon flux absorbed by the actinometer was determined in model miniemulsions based on an inert solvent (ethyl acetate), at a low oil phase content (3.0-6.0 wt%). For these low to moderately scattering systems, the photon flux absorbed by the actinometer in the miniemulsions was comparable to that in a homogeneous solution of ethyl acetate. In the second step, the absorbed photon flux was investigated in photopolymerizable miniemulsions (a mixture of acrylate monomers as oil phase). Surprisingly, in spite of much higher scattering coefficients than those found for ethyl acetate based miniemulsions of otherwise the same composition, the photon flux absorbed by the actinometer in photopolymerizable miniemulsions showed only a small decreasing trend. Such a result may be considered favorable for the further development of applications of photopolymerizations in miniemulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Penconi
- Laboratoire des Interactions Moléculaires et Réactivité Chimique et Photochimique (IMRCP), UMR CNRS/UPS 5623, Université Toulouse III (Paul Sabatier), 118, route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse cédex 9, France.
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Daniloska V, Carretero P, Tomovska R, Asua JM. High performance pressure sensitive adhesives by miniemulsion photopolymerization in a continuous tubular reactor. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Daniloska V, Carretero P, Tomovska R, Paulis M, Asua JM. High-performance adhesives resulting from spontaneous formation of nanogels within miniemulsion particles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:3559-3567. [PMID: 24484476 DOI: 10.1021/am405752k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Molecular structure plays a crucial role in determining the final properties of pressure-sensitive adhesives. Here, we demonstrate that the molecular structure of polyurethane/(meth)acrylic hybrids synthesized by miniemulsion photopolymerization changes during storage of the dispersion at room temperature because of the spontaneous formation of nanogels by the assembly of polymer chains within the polymer particles. Analysis of the nanogel structure by asymmetric-flow field-flow fractionation allows identification of the molecular structure that provides the unusual combination of high tack adhesion and excellent shear resistance at high temperature [maximum value of the shear-adhesion failure temperature (SAFT) test, >210 °C].
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Daniloska
- POLYMAT and Departamento de Química Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Joxe Mari Korta zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
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Asua JM. Mapping the Morphology of Polymer-Inorganic Nanocomposites Synthesized by Miniemulsion Polymerization. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201300696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José M. Asua
- POLYMAT and Departamento de Química Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Joxe Mari Korta Center Av. Tolosa 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian Spain
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Zhang Z, Ji X, Wang P. Preparation of polystyrene latex particles by miniemulsion polymerization using a predissolved fluorinated block copolymer as the sole co-stabilizer. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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14
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Effects of the molecular weight of polymeric costabilizers on the Ostwald ripening behavior and the polymerization kinetics of styrene miniemulsions. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Meliana Y, Chern CS. Effect of the Molecular Weight ofn-Alkane Costabilizers on the Ostwald Ripening of Styrene Miniemulsions. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2012.685847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Al-Sabagh AM, Kandile NG, El-Ghazawy RA, Noor El-Din MR, El-Sharaky EA. Novel Polymerizable Nonionic Surfactants (Surfmers) Corporate with Alkenylsuccinic Anhydride: Synthesis, Surface, and Thermodynamic Properties. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2011.620830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Janíčková S, Capek I, Vaško P, Sedlák P, Capek P. Sterically stabilized emulsion polymerization of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate. Des Monomers Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1163/1568555042474130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignác Capek
- a Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 842 36 Bratislava, Slovakia;,
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Effect of mixed costabilizers on Ostwald ripening of monomer miniemulsions. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2011.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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21
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Jeng J, Chiu WY. 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl-mediated living mini-emulsion polymerization of styrene under ambient pressure in a semi-batch process: effect of ascorbic acid. POLYM INT 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.2897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Meliana Y, Cala NA, Lin CT, Chern CS. Ostwald Ripening of Two-Component Disperse Phase Miniemulsions Containing Monomer and Reactive Costabilizer. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/01932690903294204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Kusdianto CL, Yu F, Chern C. Miniemulsion copolymerizations of styrene and reactive alkyl methacrylate costabilizers. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.32718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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24
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Capek I. On inverse miniemulsion polymerization of conventional water-soluble monomers. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2010; 156:35-61. [PMID: 20199767 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2010.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Inverse monomer miniemulsions can be generated by sonification of the polar monomer, water, stabilizer and costabilizer in organic solvents as the unpolar continuous phase. The inverse miniemulsion obtains its stability by using a combination of effective surfactant and osmotic pressure agent, so called lypophobe, which is practically insoluble in the continuous phase and prevents the minidroplets from Ostwald ripening. Inverse miniemulsions are typically sterically stabilized with a nonionic surfactant blend so as to provide a relatively condensed interface. The monomer droplet nucleation proceeds under an uncomplete coverage of the monomer and polymer particles with surfactant. Inverse monomer miniemulsions can be easily polymerized to latexes by using water and oil-soluble initiators. The rate of inverse miniemulsion polymerization of water-soluble monomers increased with increasing both initiator and emulsifier concentrations. The inverse polymerization is very fast and the high conversion is reached during a few minutes. The dependence of the polymerization rate vs. conversion can be described by a curve with the two rate intervals. The abrupt increase in the polymerization rate can be attributed to the increased number of reaction loci and the gel effect. The partitioning of unsaturated monomers between the aqueous and continuous phases favours the contribution of homogeneous nucleation. The desorption of monomeric radicals from the small polymer particles favours the polymerization in the continuous phase. The miniemulsion polymerization and copolymerization is ideal process for the preparation of composite nanoparticles with different structures. This procedure can be used to develop novel thermally responsive polymer microspheres, for example, based on N-isopropylacrylamide monomer. The composite magnetic nanoparticles are prepared by polymerization of both water-soluble and oil-soluble monomers in the presence of water- and oil-soluble iron oxide nanoparticles. The inverse miniemulsion copolymerization of acrylic acid and sodium acrylate in the presence of inorganic nanoparticles and substances produces poly(acrylic acid-co-sodium acrylate)/inorganic phase composite nanoparticles. The presence of hydrophobic monomer in the miniemulsion system favours the formation of hollow nanoparticles. The composite latex particles owned better thermal stability and higher colloidal stability than pure latex particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignác Capek
- Slovak Academy of Sciences, Polymer Institute, Dúbravská cesta, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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25
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Bhadra S, Khastgir D, Singha NK, Lee JH. Progress in preparation, processing and applications of polyaniline. Prog Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2009.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1093] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Synthesis and characterization of miniemulsion copolymers of methyl methacrylate (or styrene) and stearyl methacrylate. Colloid Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-009-2071-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Tang L, Jin J, Zhang S, Mao Y, Sun J, Yuan W, Zhao H, Xu H, Qin A, Tang BZ. Detection of the critical micelle concentration of cationic and anionic surfactants based on aggregation-induced emission property of hexaphenylsilole derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-009-0119-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Liu J, Lam JWY, Tang BZ. Aggregation-induced Emission of Silole Molecules and Polymers: Fundamental and Applications. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-009-9282-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Rotureau E, Raynaud J, Choquenet B, Marie E, Nouvel C, Six JL, Dellacherie E, Durand A. Application of amphiphilic polysaccharides as stabilizers in direct and inverse free-radical miniemulsion polymerization. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2008.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
The encapsulation of organic liquids in polyurethane nanocapsules by interfacial miniemulsion polycondensation of isophorone diisocyanate and propanetriol has been performed. The influence of type and amount of encapsulated organic liquid has been studied and it was found that the encapsulation efficiency is dependent on the water solubility of the organic liquids, their interfacial tension against water and their compatibility with polyurethane. It was also shown how different types of surfactants and variations in pH and ionic strength of the continuous phase affected the stability during polymerization and the diameter of the miniemulsion droplets and the resulting nanocapsules. The long-chained anionic surfactant Disponil FES77 can be utilized over a larger pH range than SDS due to the contribution of steric stabilization. Relatively narrow size distributions were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Johnsen
- Department of Synthesis and Properties, SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Trondheim, Norway.
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Van Renterghem LM, Lammens M, Dervaux B, Viville P, Lazzaroni R, Du Prez FE. Design and use of organic nanoparticles prepared from star-shaped polymers with reactive end groups. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:10802-11. [PMID: 18627145 DOI: 10.1021/ja801055f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Star-shaped poly(isobornyl acrylate) (PiBA) was prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using multifunctional initiators. The optimal ATRP conditions were determined to minimize star-star coupling and to preserve high end group functionality (>90%). Star-shaped PiBA with a narrow polydispersity index was synthesized with 4, 6, and 12 arms and of varying molecular weight (10,000 to 100,000 g x mol(-1)) using 4 equiv of a Cu(I)Br/PMDETA catalyst system in acetone. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) analysis, NMR spectroscopy, and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) confirmed their controlled synthesis. The bromine end group of each arm was then transformed to a reactive end group by a nucleophilic substitution with methacrylic acid or cinnamic acid (conversion >90%). These reactive star polymers were used to prepare PiBA nanoparticles by intramolecular polymerization of the end groups. The successful preparation of this new type of organic nanoparticles on a multigram scale was proven by NMR spectroscopy and SEC. Subsequently, they have been used as additives for linear, rubbery poly(n-butyl acrylate). Rheology measurements indicated that the viscoelastic properties of the resulting materials can be fine-tuned by changing the amount of incorporated nanoparticles (1-20 wt %), as a result of the entanglements between the nanoparticles and the linear polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieven M Van Renterghem
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Cao ZH, Shan GR, Fevotte G, Sheibat-Othman N, Bourgeat-Lami E. Miniemulsion Copolymerization of Styrene and γ-Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane: Kinetics and Mechanism. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma800326x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z. H. Cao
- Chimie, Catalyse, Polymères, Procédés, C2P2/LCPP-UMR 5265 CNRS/CPE/UCBL, Bât. 308F, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918-69616 Villeurbanne, France; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China; LAGEP, CNRS/CPE/UCBL, Bât 308G, 43 Bd 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; and Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint Etienne, 138 cours Fauriel, 42000 Saint Etienne, France
| | - G. R. Shan
- Chimie, Catalyse, Polymères, Procédés, C2P2/LCPP-UMR 5265 CNRS/CPE/UCBL, Bât. 308F, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918-69616 Villeurbanne, France; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China; LAGEP, CNRS/CPE/UCBL, Bât 308G, 43 Bd 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; and Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint Etienne, 138 cours Fauriel, 42000 Saint Etienne, France
| | - G. Fevotte
- Chimie, Catalyse, Polymères, Procédés, C2P2/LCPP-UMR 5265 CNRS/CPE/UCBL, Bât. 308F, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918-69616 Villeurbanne, France; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China; LAGEP, CNRS/CPE/UCBL, Bât 308G, 43 Bd 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; and Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint Etienne, 138 cours Fauriel, 42000 Saint Etienne, France
| | - N. Sheibat-Othman
- Chimie, Catalyse, Polymères, Procédés, C2P2/LCPP-UMR 5265 CNRS/CPE/UCBL, Bât. 308F, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918-69616 Villeurbanne, France; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China; LAGEP, CNRS/CPE/UCBL, Bât 308G, 43 Bd 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; and Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint Etienne, 138 cours Fauriel, 42000 Saint Etienne, France
| | - E. Bourgeat-Lami
- Chimie, Catalyse, Polymères, Procédés, C2P2/LCPP-UMR 5265 CNRS/CPE/UCBL, Bât. 308F, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918-69616 Villeurbanne, France; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China; LAGEP, CNRS/CPE/UCBL, Bât 308G, 43 Bd 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; and Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint Etienne, 138 cours Fauriel, 42000 Saint Etienne, France
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Yoon H, Choi M, Lee KJ, Jang J. Versatile strategies for fabricating polymer nanomaterials with controlled size and morphology. Macromol Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03218836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Jeng J, Dai CA, Chiu WY, Young PY. Effect of cationic surfactant on homogenization and polymerization of methyl methacrylate miniemulsion modified by chitosan. POLYM INT 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.2199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Simms RW, Cunningham MF. Reverse atom transfer radical polymerization of butyl methacrylate in a miniemulsion stabilized with a cationic surfactant. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.21270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Jeng J, Dai CA, Chiu WY, Chern CS, Lin KF, Young PY. Influence of hexadecane on the formation of droplets and growth of particles for methyl methacrylate miniemulsion polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.21534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jang J, Yoon H. Multigram-scale fabrication of monodisperse conducting polymer and magnetic carbon nanoparticles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2005; 1:1195-9. [PMID: 17193418 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200500237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jyongsik Jang
- Hyperstructured Organic Materials Research Center and School of Chemical Engineering, Seoul National University, Shinlimdong 56-1, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
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do Amaral M, Bogner A, Gauthier C, Thollet G, Jouneau PH, Cavaillé JY, Asua JM. Novel Experimental Technique for the Determination of Monomer Droplet Size Distribution in Miniemulsion. Macromol Rapid Commun 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200400539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
This article summarizes the studies on the degradation of the thermodynamically unstable o/w (nano)emulsion--a dispersion of one liquid in another, where each liquid is immiscible, or poorly miscible in the other. Emulsions are unstable exhibiting flocculation, coalescence, creaming and degradation. The physical degradation of emulsions is due to the spontaneous trend toward a minimal interfacial area between the dispersed phase and the dispersion medium. Minimizing the interfacial area is mainly achieved by two mechanisms: first coagulation possibly followed by coalescence and second by Ostwald ripening. Coalescence is often considered as the most important destabilization mechanism leading to coursing of dispersions and can be prevented by a careful choice of stabilizers. The molecular diffusion of solubilizate (Ostwald ripening), however, will continuously occur as soon as curved interfaces are present. Mass transfers in emulsion may be driven not only by differences in droplet curvatures, but also by differences in their compositions. This is observed when two or more chemically different oils are emulsified separately and the resulting emulsions are mixed. Compositional ripening involves the exchange of oil molecules between emulsion droplets with different compositions. The stability of the electrostatically- and sterically-stabilized dispersions can be controlled by the charge of the electrical double layer and the thickness of the droplet surface layer formed by non-ionic emulsifier. In spite of the similarities between electrostatically- and sterically-stabilized emulsions, there are large differences in the partitioning of molecules of ionic and non-ionic emulsifiers between the oil and water phases and the thickness of the interfacial layers at the droplet surface. The thin interfacial layer (the electrical double layer) at the surface of electrostatically stabilized droplets does not create any steric barrier for mass transfer. This may not be true for the thick interfacial layer formed by non-ionic emulsifier. The interactive sterically-stabilized oil droplets, however, can favor the transfer of materials within the intermediate agglomerates. The stability of electrosterically-stabilized emulsion is controlled by the ratio of the thickness of the non-ionic emulsifier adsorption layer (delta) to the thickness of the electrical double layer (kappa(-1)) around the oil droplets (delta/(kappa(-1))) = (deltakappa). The monomer droplet degradation can be somewhat depressed by transformation of coarse emulsions to nano-emulsion (miniemulsion) by intensive homogenization and by the addition of a surface active agent (coemulsifier) or/and a water-insoluble compound (hydrophobe). The addition of hydrophobe (hexadecane) to the dispersed phase significantly retards the rate of ripening. A long chain alcohol (coemulsifier) resulted in a marked improvement in stability, as well, which was attributed to a specific interaction between alcohol and emulsifier and to the alcohols tendency to concentrate at the o/w interface to form stronger interfacial film. The rate of ripening, according to the Lifshitz-Slyozov-Wagner (LSW) model, is directly proportional to the solubility of the dispersed phase in the dispersion medium. The increased polarity of the dispersed phase (oil) decreases the stability of the emulsion. The molar volume of solubilizate is a further parameter, which influences the stability of emulsion or the transfer of materials through the aqueous phase. The interparticle interaction is expected to favor the transfer of solubilizate located at the interfacial layer. The kinetics of solubilization of non-polar oils by ionic micelles is strongly related to the aqueous solubility of the oil phase (the diffusion approach), whilst their solubilization into non-ionic micelles can be contributed by interparticle collisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignác Capek
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava, Slovakia 842 36, Slovak Republic.
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Chern CS, Lin CH. Miniemulsion polymerization of styrene with polymeric costabilizers. J Appl Polym Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/app.20154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Do Amaral M, Asua JM. Synthesis of large, high-solid-content latexes by miniemulsion polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.20287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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On the inverse miniemulsion copolymerization and terpolymerization of acrylamide, N, N′-methylenebis(acrylamide) and methacrylic acid. OPEN CHEM 2003. [DOI: 10.2478/bf02476230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe kinetics of free-radical copolymerization and terpolymerization of acrylamide (AAm), N, N′-methylenebis(acrylamide) (MBA) and methacrylic acid (MA) in the inverse water/monomer/cyclohexane/Tween 85 miniemulsion was investigated. Polymerizable sterically-stable miniemulsions were formulated in cyclohexane as a continuous medium. Polymerizations are very fast and reach the final conversion within several minutes. The dependence of the polymerization rate vs. conversion is described by a curve with two nonstationary rate intervals. The maximum rate of polymerization slightly increases with increasing concentration of crosslinking monomer (MBA) and strongly decreases by the addition of MA. The rate of polymerization is inversely proportional to the 0.9th and 1.8th power of the particle concentration without and with MA, respectively. The number of polymer particles is inversely proportional to the 0.18th and 0.13th power of MBA concentration. The kinetic and colloidal parameters of the miniemulsion polymerization are discussed in terms of microemulsion polymerization model.
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Chern CS, Chang HT. A competitive particle nucleation mechanism in the polymerization of homogenized styrene emulsions. Eur Polym J 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0014-3057(02)00387-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Capek I, Chudej J, Jan�?kov� S. Sterically stabilized emulsion polymerization of styrene: Pseudo-semicontinuous approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.10627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Capek I. Sterically and electrosterically stabilized emulsion polymerization. Kinetics and preparation. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2002; 99:77-162. [PMID: 12405397 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-8686(02)00005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The principal subject discussed in the current paper is the radical polymerization in the aqueous emulsions of unsaturated monomers (styrene, alkyl (meth)acrylates, etc.) stabilized by non-ionic and ionic/non-ionic emulsifiers. The sterically and electrosterically stabilized emulsion polymerization is a classical method which allows to prepare polymer lattices with large particles and a narrow particle size distribution. In spite of the similarities between electrostatically and sterically stabilized emulsion polymerizations, there are large differences in the polymerization rate, particle size and nucleation mode due to varying solubility of emulsifiers in oil and water phases, micelle sizes and thickness of the interfacial layer at the particle surface. The well-known Smith-Ewart theory mostly applicable for ionic emulsifier, predicts that the number of particles nucleated is proportional to the concentration of emulsifier up to 0.6. The thin interfacial layer at the particle surface, the large surface area of relatively small polymer particles and high stability of small particles lead to rapid polymerization. In the sterically stabilized emulsion polymerization the reaction order is significantly above 0.6. This was ascribed to limited flocculation of polymer particles at low concentration of emulsifier, due to preferential location of emulsifier in the monomer phase. Polymerization in the large particles deviates from the zero-one approach but the pseudo-bulk kinetics can be operative. The thick interfacial layer can act as a barrier for entering radicals due to which the radical entry efficiency and also the rate of polymerization are depressed. The high oil-solubility of non-ionic emulsifier decreases the initial micellar amount of emulsifier available for particle nucleation, which induces non-stationary state polymerization. The continuous release of emulsifier from the monomer phase and dismantling of the non-micellar aggregates maintained a high level of free emulsifier for additional nucleation. In the mixed ionic/non-ionic emulsifiers, the released non-ionic emulsifier can displace the ionic emulsifier at the particle surface, which then takes part in additional nucleation. The non-stationary state polymerization can be induced by the addition of a small amount of ionic emulsifier or the incorporation of ionic groups onto the particle surface. Considering the ionic sites as no-adsorption sites, the equilibrium adsorption layer can be thought of as consisting of a uniform coverage with holes. The de-organization of the interfacial layer can be increased by interparticle interaction via extended PEO chains--a bridging flocculation mechanism. The low overall activation energy for the sterically stabilized emulsion polymerization resulted from a decreased barrier for entering radicals at high temperature and increased particle flocculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignác Capek
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava.
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Chern CS, Chang HT. Particle nucleation and growth mechanisms in miniemulsion polymerization of styrene. POLYM INT 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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