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Smolobochkin AV, Gazizov AS, Burilov AR, Pudovik MA. Norhygrine Alkaloid and Its Derivatives: Synthetic Approaches and Applications to the Natural Products Synthesis. Helv Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.202100158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V. Smolobochkin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry FRC Kazan Scientific Center Russian Academy of Sciences Arbuzova str. 8 420088 Kazan Russian Federation
| | - Almir S. Gazizov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry FRC Kazan Scientific Center Russian Academy of Sciences Arbuzova str. 8 420088 Kazan Russian Federation
| | - Alexander R. Burilov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry FRC Kazan Scientific Center Russian Academy of Sciences Arbuzova str. 8 420088 Kazan Russian Federation
| | - Michail A. Pudovik
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry FRC Kazan Scientific Center Russian Academy of Sciences Arbuzova str. 8 420088 Kazan Russian Federation
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Huang JP, Wang YJ, Tian T, Wang L, Yan Y, Huang SX. Tropane alkaloid biosynthesis: a centennial review. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:1634-1658. [PMID: 33533391 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00076k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 1917 to 2020Tropane alkaloids (TAs) are a remarkable class of plant secondary metabolites, which are characterized by an 8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane (nortropane) ring. Members of this class, such as hyoscyamine, scopolamine, and cocaine, are well known for their long history as poisons, hallucinogens, and anaesthetic agents. Since the structure of the tropane ring system was first elucidated in 1901, organic chemists and biochemists have been interested in how these mysterious tropane alkaloids are assembled in vitro and in vivo. However, it was only in 2020 that the complete biosynthetic route of hyoscyamine and scopolamine was clarified, and their de novo production in yeast was also achieved. The aim of this review is to present the innovative ideas and results in exploring the story of tropane alkaloid biosynthesis in plants from 1917 to 2020. This review also highlights that Robinson's classic synthesis of tropinone, which is one hundred years old, is biomimetic, and underscores the importance of total synthesis in the study of natural product biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ping Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China. and State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Yong-Jiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China.
| | - Tian Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China. and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China.
| | - Yijun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China.
| | - Sheng-Xiong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China. and State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
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Smolobochkin AV, Melyashova AS, Gazizov AS, Kuznetsova EA, Burilov AR, Pudovik MA. Reaction of 3-(Arylmethylidene)-1-pyrrolines with Acetone. Synthesis of Norhygrine Derivatives. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428020060238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Wang A, Zhao S, Gu G, Xu D, Zhang X, Lai D, Zhou L. Rhizovagine A, an unusual dibenzo-α-pyrone alkaloid from the endophytic fungus Rhizopycnis vagum Nitaf22. RSC Adv 2020; 10:27894-27898. [PMID: 35519149 PMCID: PMC9055612 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05022a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhizovagine A (1), a novel dibenzo-α-pyrone alkaloid with an unprecedented 5/5/6/6/6 fused pentacyclic skeleton, was isolated from the endophytic fungus Rhizopycnis vagum Nitaf22. The structure was elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic analysis, in combination with quantum chemical 13C NMR and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations for configurational assignment. A plausible biosynthetic pathway for 1 was proposed. Compound 1 displayed acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. Rhizovagine A (1), a dibenzo-α-pyrone alkaloid with a 5/5/6/6/6 fused pentacyclic skeleton and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity, was isolated from the endophytic fungus Rhizopycnis vagum Nitaf22.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology
- College of Plant Protection
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing 100193
- China
| | - Siji Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology
- College of Plant Protection
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing 100193
- China
| | - Gan Gu
- Department of Plant Pathology
- College of Plant Protection
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing 100193
- China
| | - Dan Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology
- College of Plant Protection
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing 100193
- China
| | - Xuping Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology
- College of Plant Protection
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing 100193
- China
| | - Daowan Lai
- Department of Plant Pathology
- College of Plant Protection
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing 100193
- China
| | - Ligang Zhou
- Department of Plant Pathology
- College of Plant Protection
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing 100193
- China
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5
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Zhang X, Wang Z, Jan S, Yang Q, Wang M. Expression and functional analysis of the lysine decarboxylase and copper amine oxidase genes from the endophytic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides ES026. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2766. [PMID: 28584293 PMCID: PMC5459845 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02834-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Huperzine A (HupA) isolated from Huperzia serrata is an important compound used to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recently, HupA was reported in various endophytic fungi, with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides ES026 previously isolated from H. serrata shown to produce HupA. In this study, we performed next-generation sequencing and de novo RNA sequencing of C. gloeosporioides ES026 to elucidate the molecular functions, biological processes, and biochemical pathways of these unique sequences. Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes assignments allowed annotation of lysine decarboxylase (LDC) and copper amine oxidase (CAO) for their conversion of L-lysine to 5-aminopentanal during HupA biosynthesis. Additionally, we constructed a stable, high-yielding HupA-expression system resulting from the overexpression of CgLDC and CgCAO from the HupA-producing endophytic fungus C. gloeosporioides ES026 in Escherichia coli. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed CgLDC and CgCAO expression, and quantitative determination of HupA levels was assessed by liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry, which revealed that elevated expression of CgLDC and CgCAO produced higher yields of HupA than those derived from C. gloeosporioides ES026. These results revealed CgLDC and CgCAO involvement in HupA biosynthesis and their key role in regulating HupA content in C. gloeosporioides ES026.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmei Zhang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhangqian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Saad Jan
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Yang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Mo Wang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Fu JG, Xu GQ, Ding R, Lin GQ, Sun BF. Asymmetric total synthesis of Lycopodium alkaloids α-obscurine, N-desmethyl-α-obscurine, β-obscurine and N-desmethyl-β-obscurine. Org Chem Front 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5qo00355e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report herein the asymmetric total synthesis of α-obscurine (1), β-obscurine (2), N-desmethyl-α-obscurine (3), and N-desmethyl-β-obscurine (4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Guo Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Guang-Qiang Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Rui Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Guo-Qiang Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Bing-Feng Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Shanghai 200032
- China
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8
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Shih YC, Tsai PH, Hsu CC, Chang CW, Jhong Y, Chen YC, Chien TC. Biomimetic Approach toward the Total Synthesis of rac-2-(Acylmethylene)pyrrolidine Alkaloids. J Org Chem 2015; 80:6669-78. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chiao Shih
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hua Tsai
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chun Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Yuandong Jhong
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Chung Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Tun-Cheng Chien
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
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9
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Zhang HX, Nie J, Cai H, Ma JA. Cyclic Aldimines as Superior Electrophiles for Cu-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Mannich Reaction of β-Ketoacids with a Broad Scope and High Enantioselectivity. Org Lett 2014; 16:2542-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol500929d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Xia Zhang
- Department of Chemistry,
Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (the Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, P. R. of China
| | - Jing Nie
- Department of Chemistry,
Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (the Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, P. R. of China
| | - Hua Cai
- Department of Chemistry,
Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (the Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, P. R. of China
| | - Jun-An Ma
- Department of Chemistry,
Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (the Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, P. R. of China
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10
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Ecija P, Vallejo-López M, Evangelisti L, Fernández JA, Lesarri A, Caminati W, Cocinero EJ. O-H⋅⋅⋅N and C-H⋅⋅⋅O hydrogen bonds control hydration of pivotal tropane alkaloids: tropinone⋅⋅⋅H(2)O complex. Chemphyschem 2014; 15:918-23. [PMID: 24616173 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201301213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The effect of monohydration in equatorial/axial isomerism of the common motif of tropane alkaloids is investigated in a supersonic expansion by using Fourier-transform microwave spectroscopy. The rotational spectrum reveals the equatorial isomer as the dominant species in the tropinone⋅⋅⋅H2 O complex. The monohydrated complex is stabilized primarily by a moderate OH⋅⋅⋅N hydrogen bond. In addition, two CH⋅⋅⋅O weak hydrogen bonds also support this structure, blocking the water molecule and avoiding any molecular dynamics in the complex. The water molecule acts as proton donor and chooses the ternary amine group over the carbonyl group as a proton acceptor. The experimental work is supported by theoretical calculations; the accuracy of the B3LYP, M06-2X, and MP2 methods is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Ecija
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV-EHU), Apartado 644, 48940 Bilbao (Spain) http://grupodeespectroscopia.es/MW/
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11
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Ding R, Fu JG, Xu GQ, Sun BF, Lin GQ. Divergent Total Synthesis of the Lycopodium Alkaloids Huperzine A, Huperzine B, and Huperzine U. J Org Chem 2013; 79:240-50. [DOI: 10.1021/jo402419h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic
Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jian-Guo Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic
Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guang-Qiang Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic
Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bing-Feng Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic
Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic
Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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12
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Siengalewicz P, Mulzer J, Rinner U. Lycopodium alkaloids--synthetic highlights and recent developments. THE ALKALOIDS. CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2013; 72:1-151. [PMID: 24712098 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407774-4.00001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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13
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Medley JW, Movassaghi M. Robinson's landmark synthesis of tropinone. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:10775-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc44461a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sun J, Morita H, Chen G, Noguchi H, Abe I. Molecular cloning and characterization of copper amine oxidase from Huperzia serrata. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:5784-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.07.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Davis FA, Theddu N, Edupuganti R. Asymmetric Total Synthesis of (S)-(+)-Cocaine and the First Synthesis of Cocaine C-1 Analogs from N-Sulfinyl β-Amino Ester Ketals. Org Lett 2010; 12:4118-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ol1017118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Franklin A. Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122
| | - Naresh Theddu
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122
| | - Ram Edupuganti
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122
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Vasylyev M, Alper H. Diastereoselective Synthesis of Hexahydropyrrolo[2,1-b]oxazoles by a Rhodium-Catalyzed Hydroformylation / Silica-Promoted Deformylation Sequence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:1287-90. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200802550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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17
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Vasylyev M, Alper H. Diastereoselective Synthesis of Hexahydropyrrolo[2,1-b]oxazoles by a Rhodium-Catalyzed Hydroformylation / Silica-Promoted Deformylation Sequence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200802550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Biastoff
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
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19
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Affolter O, Baro A, Laschat S, Fischer P. Enzymatic Resolution ofO-(Methoxymethyl)-Protected Tropane-diols. Helv Chim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200790206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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20
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Ma X, Tan C, Zhu D, Gang DR, Xiao P. Huperzine A from Huperzia species--an ethnopharmacolgical review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 113:15-34. [PMID: 17644292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2007] [Revised: 05/28/2007] [Accepted: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Huperzine A (HupA), isolated originally from a traditional Chinese medicine Qiang Ceng Ta, whole plant of Huperzia serrata (Thunb. ex Murray) Trev., a member of the Huperziaceae family, has attracted intense attention since its marked anticholinesterase activity was discovered by Chinese scientists. Several members of the Huperziaceae (Huperzia and Phlegmariurus species) have been used as medicines in China for contusions, strains, swellings, schizophrenia, myasthenia gravis and organophosphate poisoning. HupA has been marketed in China as a new drug for Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment and its derivative ZT-1 is being developed as anti-AD new drug candidate both in China and in Europe. A review of the chemistry, bioactivities, toxicology, clinical trials and natural resources of HupA source plants is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Dräger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle, Germany.
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Abstract
The current methods for tropane alkaloid chromatographic separation and determination are summarised. The alkaloids included are: the medicinally applied tropic acid esters hyoscyamine and scopolamine and their derivatives, cocaine and derivatives, the metabolites and degradation products of these compounds occurring in plant material, calystegines as nortropane alkaloids, anatoxins as homonortropane alkaloids, pelletierines and pseudopelletierines as alkaloids with isomeric structures. Developments in GC, HPLC, CE and TLC are presented and the advantages of each method for plant analysis are discussed. A summary for each chromatographic method lists the instrumentation and parameters applied for tropane alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Dräger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany.
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