1
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Nagy BS, Kappe CO, Ötvös SB. N
‐Hydroxyphthalimide Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation of Aldehydes under Continuous Flow Conditions. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bence S. Nagy
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 A-8010 Graz Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 A-8010 Graz Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 A-8010 Graz Austria
| | - Sándor B. Ötvös
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 A-8010 Graz Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 A-8010 Graz Austria
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2
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Vanoye L, Favre-Réguillon A. Mechanistic Insights into the Aerobic Oxidation of Aldehydes: Evidence of Multiple Reaction Pathways during the Liquid Phase Oxidation of 2-Ethylhexanal. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Vanoye
- Université Lyon, Catalyse Polymérisation Procédés & Matériaux (CP2M), UMR 5128 CNRS − CPE Lyon, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Alain Favre-Réguillon
- Université Lyon, Catalyse Polymérisation Procédés & Matériaux (CP2M), UMR 5128 CNRS − CPE Lyon, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, EPN 7, 2 rue Conté, 75003 Paris, France
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3
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Asano Y, Ito Y. Study on a Recirculation Microreactor System for Gas–Liquid Reactions. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1252/jcej.21we055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuzuru Ito
- Machinery Systems Division, Hitachi Industrial Products, Ltd
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4
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Yang L, Liu P, Zhang HY, Zhang Y, Zhao J. Catalytic Oxidation of o-Chlorotoluene with Oxygen to o-Chlorobenzaldehyde in a Microchannel Reactor. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, P. R. China
- Tianjin Taipu Pharmaceutical Ltd., Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Peng Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, P. R. China
| | - Hong-yu Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, P. R. China
| | - Yuecheng Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, P. R. China
- Hebei Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Technology and High Efficient Energy Saving, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P. R. China
| | - Jiquan Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, P. R. China
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6
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Hone CA, Kappe CO. The Use of Molecular Oxygen for Liquid Phase Aerobic Oxidations in Continuous Flow. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2018; 377:2. [PMID: 30536152 PMCID: PMC6290733 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-018-0226-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Molecular oxygen (O2) is the ultimate “green” oxidant for organic synthesis. There has been recent intensive research within the synthetic community to develop new selective liquid phase aerobic oxidation methodologies as a response to the necessity to reduce the environmental impact of chemical synthesis and manufacture. Green and sustainable chemical processes rely not only on effective chemistry but also on the implementation of reactor technologies that enhance reaction performance and overall safety. Continuous flow reactors have facilitated safer and more efficient utilization of O2, whilst enabling protocols to be scalable. In this article, we discuss recent advancements in the utilization of continuous processing for aerobic oxidations. The translation of aerobic oxidation from batch protocols to continuous flow processes, including process intensification (high T/p), is examined. The use of “synthetic air”, typically consisting of less than 10% O2 in N2, is compared to pure O2 (100% O2) as an oxidant source in terms of process efficiency and safety. Examples of homogeneous catalysis and heterogeneous (packed bed) catalysis are provided. The application of flow photoreactors for the in situ formation of singlet oxygen (1O2) for use in organic reactions, as well as the implementation of membrane technologies, green solvents and recent reactor solutions for handling O2 are covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Hone
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria. .,Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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7
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Wang D, Weinstein AB, White PB, Stahl SS. Ligand-Promoted Palladium-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation Reactions. Chem Rev 2017; 118:2636-2679. [PMID: 28975795 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed aerobic oxidation reactions have been the focus of industrial application and extensive research efforts for nearly 60 years. A significant transition occurred in this field approximately 20 years ago, with the introduction of catalysts supported by ancillary ligands. The ligands play crucial roles in the reactions, including promotion of direct oxidation of palladium(0) by O2, bypassing the typical requirement for Cu salts or related redox cocatalysts to facilitate oxidation of the reduced Pd catalyst; facilitation of key bond-breaking and bond-forming steps during substrate oxidation; and modulation of chemo-, regio-, or stereoselectivity of a reaction. The use of ligands has contributed to significant expansion of the scope of accessible aerobic oxidation reactions. Increased understanding of the role of ancillary ligands should promote the development of new synthetic transformations, enable improved control over the reaction selectivity, and improve catalyst activity and stability. This review surveys the different ligands that have been used to support palladium-catalyzed aerobic oxidation reactions and, where possible, describes mechanistic insights into the role played by the ancillary ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Wang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Adam B Weinstein
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Paul B White
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
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8
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Hone CA, O'Kearney-McMullan A, Munday R, Kappe CO. A Continuous-Flow Process for Palladium-Catalyzed Olefin Cleavage by using Oxygen within the Explosive Regime. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201700671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Hone
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Graz, NAWI Graz; Heinrichstrasse 28 A-8010 Graz Austria
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE); Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
| | | | - Rachel Munday
- AstraZeneca; Silk Road Business Park; Macclesfield SK10 2NA United Kingdom
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Graz, NAWI Graz; Heinrichstrasse 28 A-8010 Graz Austria
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE); Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
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9
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Lee D, Amara Z, Clark CA, Xu Z, Kakimpa B, Morvan HP, Pickering SJ, Poliakoff M, George MW. Continuous Photo-Oxidation in a Vortex Reactor: Efficient Operations Using Air Drawn from the Laboratory. Org Process Res Dev 2017; 21:1042-1050. [PMID: 28781513 PMCID: PMC5526652 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We report the construction and use of a vortex reactor which uses a rapidly rotating cylinder to generate Taylor vortices for continuous flow thermal and photochemical reactions. The reactor is designed to operate under conditions required for vortex generation. The flow pattern of the vortices has been represented using computational fluid dynamics, and the presence of the vortices can be easily visualized by observing streams of bubbles within the reactor. This approach presents certain advantages for reactions with added gases. For reactions with oxygen, the reactor offers an alternative to traditional setups as it efficiently draws in air from the lab without the need specifically to pressurize with oxygen. The rapid mixing generated by the vortices enables rapid mass transfer between the gas and the liquid phases allowing for a high efficiency dissolution of gases. The reactor has been applied to several photochemical reactions involving singlet oxygen (1O2) including the photo-oxidations of α-terpinene and furfuryl alcohol and the photodeborylation of phenyl boronic acid. The rotation speed of the cylinder proved to be key for reaction efficiency, and in the operation we found that the uptake of air was highest at 4000 rpm. The reactor has also been successfully applied to the synthesis of artemisinin, a potent antimalarial compound; and this three-step synthesis involving a Schenk-ene reaction with 1O2, Hock cleavage with H+, and an oxidative cyclization cascade with triplet oxygen (3O2), from dihydroartemisinic acid was carried out as a single process in the vortex reactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren
S. Lee
- School of Chemistry, Department of Mechanical, Materials
and Manufacturing
Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Zacharias Amara
- School of Chemistry, Department of Mechanical, Materials
and Manufacturing
Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Charlotte A. Clark
- School of Chemistry, Department of Mechanical, Materials
and Manufacturing
Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Zeyuan Xu
- School of Chemistry, Department of Mechanical, Materials
and Manufacturing
Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Bruce Kakimpa
- School of Chemistry, Department of Mechanical, Materials
and Manufacturing
Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Herve P. Morvan
- School of Chemistry, Department of Mechanical, Materials
and Manufacturing
Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Stephen J. Pickering
- School of Chemistry, Department of Mechanical, Materials
and Manufacturing
Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Martyn Poliakoff
- School of Chemistry, Department of Mechanical, Materials
and Manufacturing
Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Michael W. George
- School of Chemistry, Department of Mechanical, Materials
and Manufacturing
Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K.
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315100, China
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10
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Chen Y, Hone CA, Gutmann B, Kappe CO. Continuous Flow Synthesis of Carbonylated Heterocycles via Pd-Catalyzed Oxidative Carbonylation Using CO and O2 at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuesu Chen
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christopher A. Hone
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Bernhard Gutmann
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
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11
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Design and Development of Pd-Catalyzed AerobicN-Demethylation Strategies for the Synthesis of Noroxymorphone in Continuous Flow Mode. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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12
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Hone CA, Roberge DM, Kappe CO. The Use of Molecular Oxygen in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing: Is Flow the Way to Go? CHEMSUSCHEM 2017; 10:32-41. [PMID: 27863103 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201601321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Molecular oxygen is arguably the greenest reagent available to the organic chemist. Most commonly, a diluted form of oxygen gas, consisting of less than 10 % O2 in N2 ("synthetic air"), is used in pharmaceutical and fine chemical batch manufacturing to effectively address safety concerns when handling molecular oxygen. Concentrations of O2 in N2 below 10 % are generally required to prevent the risk of combustions in the presence of flammable organic solvents ("limiting oxygen concentration"). Nonetheless, the use of pure oxygen is more efficient than using O2 diluted with N2 and can often provide enhanced reaction rates, resulting in significant improvements in product quality and process efficiency. This Concept takes into account recent studies to make the argument that, for liquid-phase aerobic oxidations, pure oxygen can indeed be handled safely on large scale by employing continuous-flow reactors, while also providing highly convincing synthetic and manufacturing benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Hone
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010, Graz, Austria
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | | | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010, Graz, Austria
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
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13
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Glotz G, Gutmann B, Hanselmann P, Kulesza A, Roberge D, Kappe CO. Continuous flow synthesis of indoles by Pd-catalyzed deoxygenation of 2-nitrostilbenes with carbon monoxide. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra01087g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The palladium-catalyzed cyclization of o-vinylnitrobenzenes employing carbon monoxide as terminal reductant is investigated. The reaction proceeds with 1 to 2 mol% of Pd(OAc)2 and generates carbon dioxide as the only stoichiometric side-product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Glotz
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Graz
- NAWI Graz
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Bernhard Gutmann
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Graz
- NAWI Graz
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | | | | | | | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Graz
- NAWI Graz
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
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14
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Bottecchia C, Erdmann N, Tijssen PMA, Milroy LG, Brunsveld L, Hessel V, Noël T. Batch and Flow Synthesis of Disulfides by Visible-Light-Induced TiO2 Photocatalysis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2016; 9:1781-1785. [PMID: 27329945 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201600602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A mild and practical method for the preparation of disulfides through visible-light-induced photocatalytic aerobic oxidation of thiols has been developed. The method involves the use of TiO2 as a heterogeneous photocatalyst. The catalyst's high stability and recyclability makes this method highly practical. The reaction can be substantially accelerated in a continuous-flow packed-bed reactor, which enables a safe and reliable scale-up of the reaction conditions. The batch and flow protocol described herein can be applied to a diverse set of thiol substrates for the preparation of homo- and hetero-dimerized disulfides. Furthermore, biocompatible reaction conditions (i.e., room temperature, visible light, neutral buffer solution, and no additional base) have been developed, which permits the rapid and chemoselective modification of densely functionalized peptide substrates without recourse to complex purification steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Bottecchia
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Nico Erdmann
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia M A Tijssen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Lech-Gustav Milroy
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and, Institute of Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Luc Brunsveld
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and, Institute of Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Volker Hessel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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15
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Gutmann B, Weigl U, Cox DP, Kappe CO. Batch- and Continuous-Flow Aerobic Oxidation of 14-Hydroxy Opioids to 1,3-Oxazolidines-A Concise Synthesis of Noroxymorphone. Chemistry 2016; 22:10393-8. [PMID: 27172347 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
14-Hydroxymorphinone is converted to noroxymorphone, the immediate precursor of important opioid antagonists, such as naltrexone and naloxone, in a three-step reaction sequence. The initial oxidation of the N-methyl group in 14-hydroxymorphinone with in situ generated colloidal palladium(0) as the catalyst and molecular oxygen as the terminal oxidant constitutes the key transformation in this new route. This oxidation results in the formation of an unexpected oxazolidine ring structure. Subsequent hydrolysis of the oxazolidine under reduced pressure followed by hydrogenation in a packed-bed flow reactor using palladium(0) as the catalyst provides noroxymorphone in high purity and good overall yield. To overcome challenges associated with gas-liquid reactions with molecular oxygen, the key oxidation reaction was translated to a continuous-flow process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Gutmann
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Ulrich Weigl
- Cilag AG, Hochstrasse 201, 8200, Schaffhausen, Switzerland
| | - D Phillip Cox
- Noramco Inc., 503 Carr Rd, Suite 200, Wilmington, DE, 19809, USA
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria. .,Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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16
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Erdmann N, Su Y, Bosmans B, Hessel V, Noël T. Palladium-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Coupling of o-Xylene in Flow: A Safe and Scalable Protocol for Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nico Erdmann
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Yuanhai Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Bosmans
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Volker Hessel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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17
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Cambié D, Bottecchia C, Straathof NJW, Hessel V, Noël T. Applications of Continuous-Flow Photochemistry in Organic Synthesis, Material Science, and Water Treatment. Chem Rev 2016; 116:10276-341. [PMID: 26935706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 882] [Impact Index Per Article: 110.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Continuous-flow photochemistry in microreactors receives a lot of attention from researchers in academia and industry as this technology provides reduced reaction times, higher selectivities, straightforward scalability, and the possibility to safely use hazardous intermediates and gaseous reactants. In this review, an up-to-date overview is given of photochemical transformations in continuous-flow reactors, including applications in organic synthesis, material science, and water treatment. In addition, the advantages of continuous-flow photochemistry are pointed out and a thorough comparison with batch processing is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Cambié
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Cecilia Bottecchia
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Natan J W Straathof
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Volker Hessel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University , Krijgslaan 281 (S4), 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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18
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Su Y, Kuijpers K, Hessel V, Noël T. A convenient numbering-up strategy for the scale-up of gas–liquid photoredox catalysis in flow. REACT CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5re00021a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
An operationally simple numbering-up strategy for the scale-up of gas–liquid photocatalytic reactions was developed, which provides an excellent flow distribution (SDw < 10%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhai Su
- Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Koen Kuijpers
- Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Volker Hessel
- Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
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19
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Plutschack MB, Correia CA, Seeberger PH, Gilmore K. Organic Photoredox Chemistry in Flow. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2015_155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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20
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Noël T, Su Y, Hessel V. Beyond Organometallic Flow Chemistry: The Principles Behind the Use of Continuous-Flow Reactors for Synthesis. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2015_152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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21
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