1
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Aguilera M, Gogoi AR, Lee W, Liu L, Brennessel WW, Gutierrez O, Neidig ML. Insight into Radical Initiation, Solvent Effects, and Biphenyl Production in Iron-Bisphosphine Cross-Couplings. ACS Catal 2023; 13:8987-8996. [PMID: 37441237 PMCID: PMC10334425 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c02008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Iron-bisphosphines have attracted broad interest as highly effective and versatile catalytic systems for two- and three-component cross-coupling strategies. While recent mechanistic studies have defined the role of organoiron(II)-bisphosphine species as key intermediates for selective cross-coupled product formation in these systems, mechanistic features that are essential for catalytic performance remain undefined. Specifically, key questions include the following: what is the generality of iron(II) intermediates for radical initiation in cross-couplings? What factors control reactivity toward homocoupled biaryl side-products in these systems? Finally, what are the solvent effects in these reactions that enable high catalytic performance? Herein, we address these key questions by examining the mechanism of enantioselective coupling between α-chloro- and α-bromoalkanoates and aryl Grignard reagents catalyzed by chiral bisphosphine-iron complexes. By employing freeze-trapped 57Fe Mössbauer and EPR studies combined with inorganic synthesis, X-ray crystallography, reactivity studies, and quantum mechanical calculations, we define the key in situ iron speciation as well as their catalytic roles. In contrast to iron-SciOPP aryl-alkyl couplings, where monophenylated species were found to be the predominant reactive intermediate or prior proposals of reduced iron species to initiate catalysis, the enantioselective system utilizes an iron(II)-(R,R)-BenzP* bisphenylated intermediate to initiate the catalytic cycle. A profound consequence of this radical initiation process is that halogen abstraction and subsequent reductive elimination result in considerable amounts of biphenyl side products, limiting the efficiency of this method. Overall, this study offers key insights into the broader role of iron(II)-bisphosphine species for radical initiation, factors contributing to biphenyl side product generation, and protocol effects (solvent, Grignard reagent addition rate) that are critical to minimizing biphenyl generation to obtain more selective cross-coupling methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria
Camila Aguilera
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Achyut Ranjan Gogoi
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Wes Lee
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Lei Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - William W. Brennessel
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Osvaldo Gutierrez
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Michael L. Neidig
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K.
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2
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Gayon E, Lefèvre G, Guerret O, Tintar A, Chourreu P. Total synthesis of insect sex pheromones: recent improvements based on iron-mediated cross-coupling chemistry. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:158-166. [PMID: 36814453 PMCID: PMC9940503 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current ecological context, use of insect sex pheromones as an alternative to conventional pesticides is in constant growth. In this report, we discuss the recent contributions brought by our groups in the field of iron-catalyzed cross-couplings applied to the synthesis of insect pheromones. The pivotal question of the development of sustainable synthetic procedures involving cheap, non-toxic and efficient additives is also discussed, as well as the mechanistic features guiding the reactivity of such catalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Gayon
- M2i Development, Bâtiment ChemStart’Up, 64170 Lacq, France
| | - Guillaume Lefèvre
- i-CLeHS, UMR 8060, CNRS Chimie ParisTech 11, rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Adrien Tintar
- M2i Development, Bâtiment ChemStart’Up, 64170 Lacq, France,i-CLeHS, UMR 8060, CNRS Chimie ParisTech 11, rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Pablo Chourreu
- M2i Development, Bâtiment ChemStart’Up, 64170 Lacq, France,i-CLeHS, UMR 8060, CNRS Chimie ParisTech 11, rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
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3
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Sun X, Hansen T, Poater J, Hamlin TA, Bickelhaupt FM. Rational design of iron catalysts for C-X bond activation. J Comput Chem 2023; 44:495-505. [PMID: 35137432 PMCID: PMC10078697 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We have quantum chemically studied the iron-mediated CX bond activation (X = H, Cl, CH3 ) by d8 -FeL4 complexes using relativistic density functional theory at ZORA-OPBE/TZ2P. We find that by either modulating the electronic effects of a generic iron-catalyst by a set of ligands, that is, CO, BF, PH3 , BN(CH3 )2 , or by manipulating structural effects through the introduction of bidentate ligands, that is, PH2 (CH2 )n PH2 with n = 6-1, one can significantly decrease the reaction barrier for the CX bond activation. The combination of both tuning handles causes a decrease of the CH activation barrier from 10.4 to 4.6 kcal mol-1 . Our activation strain and Kohn-Sham molecular orbital analyses reveal that the electronic tuning works via optimizing the catalyst-substrate interaction by introducing a strong second backdonation interaction (i.e., "ligand-assisted" interaction), while the mechanism for structural tuning is mainly caused by the reduction of the required activation strain because of the pre-distortion of the catalyst. In all, we present design principles for iron-based catalysts that mimic the favorable behavior of their well-known palladium analogs in the bond-activation step of cross-coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Sun
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Hansen
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jordi Poater
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Trevor A Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Friedrich Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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4
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Ma X, Wang H, Liu Y, Zhao X, Zhang J. Mixed Alkyl/Aryl Diphos Ligands for Iron‐Catalyzed Negishi and Kumada Cross Coupling Towards the Synthesis of Diarylmethane. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202101237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xufeng Ma
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science and Technology 130 Mei Long Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Han Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science and Technology 130 Mei Long Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Yao Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science and Technology 130 Mei Long Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Xing Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science and Technology 130 Mei Long Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science and Technology 130 Mei Long Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
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5
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Neate PGN, Zhang B, Conforti J, Brennessel WW, Neidig ML. Dilithium Amides as a Modular Bis-Anionic Ligand Platform for Iron-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling. Org Lett 2021; 23:5958-5963. [PMID: 34310141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dilithium amides have been developed as a bespoke and general ligand for iron-catalyzed Kumada-Tamao-Corriu cross-coupling reactions, their design taking inspiration from previous mechanistic and structural studies. They allow for the cross-coupling of alkyl Grignard reagents with sp2-hybridized electrophiles as well as aryl Grignard reagents with sp3-hybridized electrophiles. This represents a rare example of a single iron-catalyzed system effective across diverse coupling reactions without significant modification of the catalytic protocol, as well as remaining operationally simple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G N Neate
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Bufan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Jessica Conforti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - William W Brennessel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Michael L Neidig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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6
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Siddiqui S, Bhawar R, Geetharani K. Iron-Based Catalyst for Borylation of Unactivated Alkyl Halides without Using Highly Basic Organometallic Reagents. J Org Chem 2021; 86:1948-1954. [PMID: 33356260 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The mild borylation of alkyl bromides and chlorides with bis(neopentylglycolato)diborane (B2neop2) mediated by iron-bis amide is described. The reaction proceeds with a broad substrate scope and good functional group compatibility. Moreover, sufficient catalytic activity was obtained for primary and secondary alkyl halides. Mechanistic studies indicate that the reaction proceeds through a radical pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheema Siddiqui
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Ramesh Bhawar
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - K Geetharani
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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7
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Hong Z, Ruan J, Chen X, Qian C, Ge X, Zhou S. On the Origin of the Promoting Effect Exerted by Magnesium in the ZnCl 2-Catalyzed Synthesis of N, N-Diisopropylethylamine. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:29903-29912. [PMID: 33251426 PMCID: PMC7689953 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of magnesium or zinc amides with alkyl or benzyl halides is an attractive approach to make C-N bonds, especially for electron-poor organic halides. The magnesium-promoted preparation of hindered non-nucleophilic amine (N,N-diisopropylethylamine) from ethyl chloride and zinc diisopropylamide has been studied. In this paper, instead of the application scope of this method, we focused on the mechanisms of the catalytic processes and the associated electronic origins. According to the calculations, the C-N coupling process in all selected systems proceed preferably in an ethylium-transfer mode. Further, rather than undergoing the Grignard reaction route, the more pronounced electronic interactions within the transition structure as induced by the "innocent" magnesium atom should be responsible for the observed high catalytic activity of the Mg/ZnCl2 combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng Hong
- College
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory
of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou P. R. China
- Institute
of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 78 Jiuhua Boulevard North, Quzhou 324000, P.R. China
| | - Jiancheng Ruan
- College
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory
of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou P. R. China
- Institute
of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 78 Jiuhua Boulevard North, Quzhou 324000, P.R. China
| | - Xinzhi Chen
- College
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory
of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou P. R. China
- Institute
of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 78 Jiuhua Boulevard North, Quzhou 324000, P.R. China
| | - Chao Qian
- College
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory
of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou P. R. China
- Institute
of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 78 Jiuhua Boulevard North, Quzhou 324000, P.R. China
| | - Xin Ge
- School
of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan
University, Wuxi 214122, P.R China
| | - Shaodong Zhou
- College
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory
of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou P. R. China
- Institute
of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 78 Jiuhua Boulevard North, Quzhou 324000, P.R. China
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8
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Sandl S, Jacobi von Wangelin A. The Role of Organoferrates in Iron-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:5434-5437. [PMID: 31999050 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent groundbreaking studies on organoferrates have demonstrated that coordinatively unsaturated three-coordinate-σ-alkylferrates are active catalysts in Fe-catalyzed cross-couplings with Grignard reagents and that pronounced solvent and counterion effects dictate metalate speciation and catalyst activity. Thanks to modern spectroscopic methods, sensitive catalyst intermediates could be analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Sandl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin Luther King Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Axel Jacobi von Wangelin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin Luther King Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
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9
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10
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Neate PGN, Greenhalgh MD, Brennessel WW, Thomas SP, Neidig ML. Mechanism of the Bis(imino)pyridine-Iron-Catalyzed Hydromagnesiation of Styrene Derivatives. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:10099-10108. [PMID: 31150210 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b04869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Iron-catalyzed hydromagnesiation of styrene derivatives offers a rapid and efficient method to generate benzylic Grignard reagents, which can be applied in a range of transformations to provide products of formal hydrofunctionalization. While iron-catalyzed methodologies exist for the hydromagnesiation of terminal alkenes, internal alkynes, and styrene derivatives, the underlying mechanisms of catalysis remain largely undefined. To address this issue and determine the divergent reactivity from established cross-coupling and hydrofunctionalization reactions, a detailed study of the bis(imino)pyridine iron-catalyzed hydromagnesiation of styrene derivatives is reported. Using a combination of kinetic analysis, deuterium labeling, and reactivity studies as well as in situ 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, key mechanistic features and species were established. A formally iron(0) ate complex [ iPrBIPFe(Et)(CH2═CH2)]- was identified as the principle resting state of the catalyst. Dissociation of ethene forms the catalytically active species which can reversibly coordinate the styrene derivative and mediate a direct and reversible β-hydride transfer, negating the necessity of a discrete iron hydride intermediate. Finally, displacement of the tridentate bis(imino)pyridine ligand over the course of the reaction results in the formation of a tris-styrene-coordinated iron(0) complex, which is also a competent catalyst for hydromagnesiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G N Neate
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , University of Edinburgh , David Brewster Road , Edinburgh EH9 3FJ , U.K.,Department of Chemistry , University of Rochester , Rochester , New York 14627 , United States
| | - Mark D Greenhalgh
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , University of Edinburgh , David Brewster Road , Edinburgh EH9 3FJ , U.K
| | - William W Brennessel
- Department of Chemistry , University of Rochester , Rochester , New York 14627 , United States
| | - Stephen P Thomas
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , University of Edinburgh , David Brewster Road , Edinburgh EH9 3FJ , U.K
| | - Michael L Neidig
- Department of Chemistry , University of Rochester , Rochester , New York 14627 , United States
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11
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Arevalo R, Chirik PJ. Enabling Two-Electron Pathways with Iron and Cobalt: From Ligand Design to Catalytic Applications. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:9106-9123. [PMID: 31084022 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b03337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Homogeneous catalysis with Earth-abundant, first-row transition metals, including iron and cobalt, has gained considerable recent attention as a potentially cost-effective and sustainable alternative to more commonly and historically used precious metals. Because fundamental organometallic transformations, such as oxidative addition and reductive elimination, are two-electron processes and essential steps in many important catalytic cycles, controlling redox chemistry-in particular overcoming one-electron chemistry-has been as a central challenge with Earth-abundant metals. This Perspective focuses on approaches to impart sufficiently strong ligand fields to generate electron-rich metal complexes able to promote oxidative addition reactions where the redox changes are exclusively metal-based. Emphasis is placed on how ligand design and exploration of fundamental organometallic chemistry coupled with mechanistic understanding have been used to discover iron catalysts for the hydrogen isotope exchange in pharmaceuticals and cobalt catalysts for C(sp2)-H borylation reactions. A pervasive theme is that first-row metal complexes often promote unique chemistry from their precious-metal counterparts, demonstrating that these elements offer a host of new opportunities for reaction discovery and for more sustainable catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Arevalo
- Department of Chemistry , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , United States
| | - Paul J Chirik
- Department of Chemistry , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , United States
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12
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Sun X, J. Rocha MV, Hamlin TA, Poater J, Bickelhaupt FM. Understanding the differences between iron and palladium in cross-coupling reactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:9651-9664. [PMID: 30847454 PMCID: PMC8610147 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp07671e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We aim at developing design principles, based on quantum chemical analyses, for a novel type of iron-based catalysts that mimic the behavior of their well-known palladium analogs in the bond activation step of cross coupling reactions. To this end, we have systematically explored C-X bond activation via oxidative addition of CH3X substrates (X = H, Cl, CH3) to model catalysts mFe(CO)4q (q = 0, -2; m = singlet, triplet) and, for comparison, Pd(PH3)2 and Pd(CO)2, using relativistic density functional theory at the ZORA-OPBE/TZ2P level. We find that the neutral singlet iron catalyst 1Fe(CO)4 activates all three C-X bonds via barriers that are lower than those for Pd(PH3)2 and Pd(CO)2. This is a direct consequence of the capability of the iron complex to engage not only in π-backdonation, but also in comparably strong σ-donation. Interestingly, whereas the palladium complexes favor C-Cl activation, 1Fe(CO)4 shows a strong preference for activating the C-H bond, with a barrier as low as 10.4 kcal mol-1. Our results suggest a high potential for iron to feature in palladium-type cross-coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Sun
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), VU University AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081 HV AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marcus V. J. Rocha
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), VU University AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081 HV AmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Institute of Chemistry – Departament of Physical Chemistry, Fluminense Federal UniversityOuteiro De São João Baptista24020-141 NiteroiRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Trevor A. Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), VU University AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081 HV AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jordi Poater
- ICREAPg. Lluís Companys 2308010 BarcelonaSpain
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona08028BarcelonaCataloniaSpain
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), VU University AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081 HV AmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Radboud University NijmegenHeyendaalseweg 1356525 AJ NijmegenThe Netherlands
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13
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Iwamoto T, Okuzono C, Adak L, Jin M, Nakamura M. Iron-catalysed enantioselective Suzuki–Miyaura coupling of racemic alkyl bromides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:1128-1131. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc09523j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The first iron-catalyzed enantioselective Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction has been established by using electron-deficient P-chiral bisphosphine ligand (R,R)-QuinoxP*.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Iwamoto
- Institute for Chemical Research
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 611-0011
- Japan
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry
| | - Chiemi Okuzono
- Institute for Chemical Research
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 611-0011
- Japan
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry
| | - Laksmikanta Adak
- Institute for Chemical Research
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 611-0011
- Japan
| | - Masayoshi Jin
- Process Technology Research Laboratories
- Pharmaceutical Technology Division
- Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
- Hiratsuka
- Japan
| | - Masaharu Nakamura
- Institute for Chemical Research
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 611-0011
- Japan
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry
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14
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The highly surprising behaviour of diphosphine ligands in iron-catalysed Negishi cross-coupling. Nat Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-018-0197-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Brewer SM, Wilson KR, Jones DG, Reinheimer EW, Archibald SJ, Prior TJ, Ayala MA, Foster AL, Hubin TJ, Green KN. Increase of Direct C-C Coupling Reaction Yield by Identifying Structural and Electronic Properties of High-Spin Iron Tetra-azamacrocyclic Complexes. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:8890-8902. [PMID: 30024738 PMCID: PMC7067264 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Macrocyclic ligands have been explored extensively as scaffolds for transition metal catalysts for oxygen and hydrogen atom transfer reactions. C-C reactions facilitated using earth abundant metals bound to macrocyclic ligands have not been well-understood but could be a green alternative to replacing the current expensive and toxic precious metal systems most commonly used for these processes. Therefore, the yields from direct Suzuki-Miyaura C-C coupling of phenylboronic acid and pyrrole to produce 2-phenylpyrrole facilitated by eight high-spin iron complexes ([Fe3+L1(Cl)2]+, [Fe3+L4(Cl)2]+, [Fe2+L5(Cl)]+, [Fe2+L6(Cl)2], [Fe3+L7(Cl)2]+, [Fe3+L8(Cl)2]+, [Fe2+L9(Cl)]+, and [Fe2+L10(Cl)]+) were compared to identify the effect of structural and electronic properties on catalytic efficiency. Specifically, catalyst complexes were compared to evaluate the effect of five properties on catalyst reaction yields: (1) the coordination requirements of the catalyst, (2) redox half-potential of each complex, (3) topological constraint/rigidity, (4) N atom modification(s) increasing oxidative stability of the complex, and (5) geometric parameters. The need for two labile cis-coordination sites was confirmed based on a 42% decrease in catalytic reaction yield observed when complexes containing pentadentate ligands were used in place of complexes with tetradentate ligands. A strong correlation between iron(III/II) redox potential and catalytic reaction yields was also observed, with [Fe2+L6(Cl)2] providing the highest yield (81%, -405 mV). A Lorentzian fitting of redox potential versus yields predicts that these catalysts can undergo more fine-tuning to further increase yields. Interestingly, the remaining properties explored did not show a direct, strong relationship to catalytic reaction yields. Altogether, these results show that modifications to the ligand scaffold using fundamental concepts of inorganic coordination chemistry can be used to control the catalytic activity of macrocyclic iron complexes by controlling redox chemistry of the iron center. Furthermore, the data provide direction for the design of improved catalysts for this reaction and strategies to understand the impact of a ligand scaffold on catalytic activity of other reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M. Brewer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, 2950 S. Bowie, Fort Worth, TX 76129, United States
| | - Kevin R. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK 73096, United States
| | - Donald G. Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK 73096, United States
| | - Eric W. Reinheimer
- Rigaku Oxford Diffraction, 9009 New Trails Drive The Woodlands, TX, United States
| | - Stephen J. Archibald
- Department of Chemistry and Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Timothy J. Prior
- Department of Chemistry and Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Megan A. Ayala
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK 73096, United States
| | - Alexandria L. Foster
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK 73096, United States
| | - Timothy J. Hubin
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK 73096, United States
| | - Kayla N. Green
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, 2950 S. Bowie, Fort Worth, TX 76129, United States
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16
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17
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Brewer SM, Palacios PM, Johnston HM, Pierce BS, Green KN. Isolation and identification of the pre-catalyst in iron-catalyzed direct arylation of pyrrole with phenylboronic acid. Inorganica Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2018.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Shakhmaev RN, Sunagatullina AS, Zorin VV. Iron-Catalyzed Synthesis of 2-[(2E)-Hex-2-en-1-yl]cyclopentanone. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428018030193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Wu G, Jacobi von Wangelin A. Stereoselective cobalt-catalyzed halofluoroalkylation of alkynes. Chem Sci 2018; 9:1795-1802. [PMID: 29675224 PMCID: PMC5892352 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc04916a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stereoselective additions of highly functionalized reagents to available unsaturated hydrocarbons are an attractive synthetic tool due to their high atom economy, modularity, and rapid generation of complexity. We report efficient cobalt-catalyzed (E)-halofluoroalkylations of alkynes/alkenes that enable the construction of densely functionalized, stereodefined fluorinated hydrocarbons. The mild conditions (2 mol% cat., 20 °C, acetone/water, 3 h) tolerate various functional groups, i.e. halides, alcohols, aldehydes, nitriles, esters, and heteroarenes. This reaction is the first example of a highly stereoselective cobalt-catalyzed halo-fluoroalkylation. Unlike related cobalt-catalyzed reductive couplings and Heck-type reactions, it operates via a radical chain mechanism involving terminal halogen atom transfer which obviates the need for a stoichiometric sacrificial reductant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojiao Wu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , University of Regensburg , Universitaetsstr. 31 , 93053 Regensburg , Germany
| | - Axel Jacobi von Wangelin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , University of Regensburg , Universitaetsstr. 31 , 93053 Regensburg , Germany
- Department of Chemistry , University of Hamburg , Martin Luther King Pl. 6 , 20146 Hamburg , Germany .
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20
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Fleischauer VE, Muñoz Iii SB, Neate PGN, Brennessel WW, Neidig ML. NHC and nucleophile chelation effects on reactive iron(ii) species in alkyl-alkyl cross-coupling. Chem Sci 2018; 9:1878-1891. [PMID: 29675234 PMCID: PMC5890793 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc04750a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
While iron-NHC catalysed cross-couplings have been shown to be effective for a wide variety of reactions (e.g. aryl-aryl, aryl-alkyl, alkyl-alkyl), the nature of the in situ formed and reactive iron species in effective catalytic systems remains largely undefined. In the current study, freeze-trapped Mössbauer spectroscopy, and EPR studies combined with inorganic synthesis and reaction studies are utilised to define the key in situ formed and reactive iron-NHC species in the Kumada alkyl-alkyl cross-coupling of (2-(1,3-dioxan-2-yl)ethyl)magnesium bromide and 1-iodo-3-phenylpropane. The key reactive iron species formed in situ is identified as (IMes)Fe((1,3-dioxan-2-yl)ethyl)2, whereas the S = 1/2 iron species previously identified in this chemistry is found to be only a very minor off-cycle species (<0.5% of all iron). Reaction and kinetic studies demonstrate that (IMes)Fe((1,3-dioxan-2-yl)ethyl)2 is highly reactive towards the electrophile resulting in two turnovers with respect to iron (kobs > 24 min-1) to generate cross-coupled product with overall selectivity analogous to catalysis. The high resistance of this catalytic system to β-hydride elimination of the alkyl nucleophile is attributed to its chelation to iron through ligation of carbon and one oxygen of the acetal moiety of the nucleophile. In fact, alternative NHC ligands such as SIPr are less effective in catalysis due to their increased steric bulk inhibiting the ability of the alkyl ligands to chelate. Overall, this study identifies a novel alkyl chelation method to achieve effective alkyl-alkyl cross-coupling with iron(ii)-NHCs, provides direct structural insight into NHC effects on catalytic performance and extends the importance of iron(ii) reactive species in iron-catalysed cross-coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie E Fleischauer
- Department of Chemistry , University of Rochester , Rochester , New York 14627 , USA .
| | - Salvador B Muñoz Iii
- Department of Chemistry , University of Rochester , Rochester , New York 14627 , USA .
| | - Peter G N Neate
- Department of Chemistry , University of Rochester , Rochester , New York 14627 , USA .
| | - William W Brennessel
- Department of Chemistry , University of Rochester , Rochester , New York 14627 , USA .
| | - Michael L Neidig
- Department of Chemistry , University of Rochester , Rochester , New York 14627 , USA .
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21
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Piontek A, Szostak M. Iron-Catalyzed C(sp2)-C(sp3) Cross-Coupling of Alkyl Grignard Reagents with Polyaromatic Tosylates. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Piontek
- Department of Chemistry; Opole University; 48 Oleska Street 45-052 Opole Poland
| | - Michal Szostak
- Department of Chemistry; Opole University; 48 Oleska Street 45-052 Opole Poland
- Department of Chemistry; Rutgers University; 73 Warren Street 07102 Newark NJ USA
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22
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Shakhmaev RN, Sunagatullina AS, Akimova DA, Zorin VV. Stereoselective Synthesis of Pear Ester. Chem Nat Compd 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-017-2191-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Harris CF, Bayless MB, van Leest NP, Bruch QJ, Livesay BN, Bacsa J, Hardcastle KI, Shores MP, de Bruin B, Soper JD. Redox-Active Bis(phenolate) N-Heterocyclic Carbene [OCO] Pincer Ligands Support Cobalt Electron Transfer Series Spanning Four Oxidation States. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:12421-12435. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caleb F. Harris
- School of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Michael B. Bayless
- School of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Nicolaas P. van Leest
- Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Quinton J. Bruch
- School of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Brooke N. Livesay
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - John Bacsa
- School of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
- X-ray Crystallography Center, Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Kenneth I. Hardcastle
- X-ray Crystallography Center, Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Matthew P. Shores
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jake D. Soper
- School of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Eike B. Bauer
- University of Missouri - St. Louis; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; One University Boulevard St. Louis, MO 63121 USA
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiko Yoshikai
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
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26
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Shakhmaev RN, Sunagatullina AS, Akimova DA, Zorin VV. Fe-catalyzed synthesis of methyl-(2E,4Z)-deca-2,4-dienoate, a component of sex pheromones of Pityogenes chalcographus and Acanthoscelides obtectus. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363217070325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Kneebone JL, Brennessel WW, Neidig ML. Intermediates and Reactivity in Iron-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings of Alkynyl Grignards with Alkyl Halides. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:6988-7003. [PMID: 28445045 PMCID: PMC5539525 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b02363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Iron-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions using alkynyl nucleophiles represent an attractive approach for the incorporation of alkynyl moieties into organic molecules. In the present study, a multitechnique approach combining inorganic spectroscopic methods, inorganic synthesis, and reaction studies is applied to iron-SciOPP catalyzed alkynyl-alkyl cross-couplings, providing the first detailed insight into the effects of variation from sp2- to sp-hybridized nucleophiles on iron speciation and reactivity. Reaction studies demonstrate that reaction of FeBr2(SciOPP) with 1 equiv (triisopropylsilyl)ethynylmagnesium bromide (TIPS-CC-MgBr) leads to a distribution of mono-, bis-, and tris-alkynylated iron(II)-SciOPP species due to rapid alkynyl ligand redistribution. While solvents such as THF promote these complex redistribution pathways, nonpolar solvents such as toluene enable increased stabilization of these iron species and further enabled assessment of their reactivity with electrophile. While the tris-alkynylated iron(II)-SciOPP species was found to be unreactive with the cycloheptyl bromide electrophile over the average turnover time of catalysis, the in situ formed neutral mono- and bis-alkynylated iron(II)-SciOPP complexes are consumed upon reaction with the electrophile with concomitant generation of cross-coupled product at catalytically relevant rates, indicating the ability of one or both of these species to react selectively with the electrophile. The nature of the reaction solvent and Grignard reagent addition rate were found to have broader implications in overall reaction selectivity, reaction rate, and accessibility of off-cycle iron(I)-SciOPP species. Additionally, the effects of steric substitution of the alkynyl Grignard reagent on catalytic performance were investigated. Fundamental insight into iron speciation and reactivity with alkynyl nucleophiles reported herein provides an essential foundation for the continued development of this important class of reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared L. Kneebone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - William W. Brennessel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Michael L. Neidig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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28
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Shakhmaev RN, Sunagatullina AS, Zorin VV. Fe-Catalyzed Synthesis of (13Z)-Eicos-13-en-10-one, the Main Sex Pheromone Component of Carposina niponensis. Chem Nat Compd 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-017-1925-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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29
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Guérinot A, Cossy J. Iron-Catalyzed C-C Cross-Couplings Using Organometallics. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2016; 374:49. [PMID: 27573401 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-016-0047-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decades, iron-catalyzed cross-couplings have emerged as an important tool for the formation of C-C bonds. A wide variety of alkenyl, aryl, and alkyl (pseudo)halides have been coupled to organometallic reagents, the most currently used being Grignard reagents. Particular attention has been devoted to the development of iron catalysts for the functionalization of alkyl halides that are generally challenging substrates in classical cross-couplings. The high functional group tolerance of iron-catalyzed cross-couplings has encouraged organic chemists to use them in the synthesis of bioactive compounds. Even if some points remain obscure, numerous studies have been carried out to investigate the mechanism of iron-catalyzed cross-coupling and several hypotheses have been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Guérinot
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Institute of Chemistry, Biology and Innovation (CBI)-UMR 8231, ESPCI Paris/CNRS/PSL* Research Institute, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Janine Cossy
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Institute of Chemistry, Biology and Innovation (CBI)-UMR 8231, ESPCI Paris/CNRS/PSL* Research Institute, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France
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30
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Rivera ACP, Still R, Frantz DE. Iron-Catalyzed Stereoselective Cross-Coupling Reactions of Stereodefined Enol Carbamates with Grignard Reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201601899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Raymond Still
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Texas at San Antonio; San Antonio TX 78249 USA
| | - Doug E. Frantz
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Texas at San Antonio; San Antonio TX 78249 USA
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31
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Rivera ACP, Still R, Frantz DE. Iron-Catalyzed Stereoselective Cross-Coupling Reactions of Stereodefined Enol Carbamates with Grignard Reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:6689-93. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201601899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Raymond Still
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Texas at San Antonio; San Antonio TX 78249 USA
| | - Doug E. Frantz
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Texas at San Antonio; San Antonio TX 78249 USA
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32
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Cassani C, Bergonzini G, Wallentin CJ. Active Species and Mechanistic Pathways in Iron-Catalyzed C–C Bond-Forming Cross-Coupling Reactions. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b02441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Cassani
- Department of Chemistry and
Molecular Biology, Gothenburg University, SE-412 58 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Giulia Bergonzini
- Department of Chemistry and
Molecular Biology, Gothenburg University, SE-412 58 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carl-Johan Wallentin
- Department of Chemistry and
Molecular Biology, Gothenburg University, SE-412 58 Gothenburg, Sweden
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33
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Bedford RB, Brenner PB, Elorriaga D, Harvey JN, Nunn J. The influence of the ligand chelate effect on iron-amine-catalysed Kumada cross-coupling. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:15811-15817. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt01823h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The performance of Fe-amine pre-catalysts in a representative Kumada reaction is inversely proportional to the lability of the chelate ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jeremy N. Harvey
- Quantum Chemistry and Physical Chemistry Section
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Leuven (KU Leuven)
- Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Joshua Nunn
- School of Chemistry
- University of Bristol
- Bristol
- UK
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34
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Mako TL, Byers JA. Recent advances in iron-catalysed cross coupling reactions and their mechanistic underpinning. Inorg Chem Front 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5qi00295h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Advances in iron-catalysed cross coupling from 2010–2015 are critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. L. Mako
- Department of Chemistry
- Boston College
- Chestnut Hill
- USA
| | - J. A. Byers
- Department of Chemistry
- Boston College
- Chestnut Hill
- USA
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35
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Maddock LCH, Cadenbach T, Kennedy AR, Borilovic I, Aromí G, Hevia E. Accessing Sodium Ferrate Complexes Containing Neutral and Anionic N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands: Structural, Synthetic, and Magnetic Insights. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:9201-10. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lewis C. H. Maddock
- WestCHEM,
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, U.K. G1 1XL
| | - Thomas Cadenbach
- WestCHEM,
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, U.K. G1 1XL
| | - Alan R. Kennedy
- WestCHEM,
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, U.K. G1 1XL
| | - Ivana Borilovic
- Departament
de Quı́mica Inorgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillem Aromí
- Departament
de Quı́mica Inorgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Hevia
- WestCHEM,
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, U.K. G1 1XL
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36
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Bedford RB. How low does iron go? Chasing the active species in fe-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:1485-93. [PMID: 25916260 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic cross-coupling reactions of organic halides or related substrates with organometallic nucleophiles form the cornerstone of many carbon-carbon bond-forming processes. While palladium-based catalysts typically mediate such reactions, there are increasing concerns about the long-term sustainability of palladium in synthesis. This is due to the high cost of palladium, coupled with its low natural abundance, environmentally deleterious extraction (∼6 g of metal are produced per ton of ore), toxicity, and competition for its use from the automotive and consumer electronics sectors. Therefore, there is a growing interest in replacing palladium-based catalysts with those incorporating more earth-abundant elements. With its low cost, high natural abundance, and low toxicity, iron makes a particularly appealing alternative, and accordingly, the development of iron-catalyzed cross-coupling is undergoing explosive growth. However, our understanding of the mechanisms that underpin the iron-based catalytic cycles is still very much in its infancy. Mechanistic insight into catalytic reactions is not only academically important but also allows us to maximize the efficiency of processes or even to develop entirely new transformations. Key to the development of robust mechanistic models for cross-coupling is knowing the lowest oxidation state in the cycle. Once this is established, we can explore subsequent redox processes and build the catalytic manifold. Until we know with confidence what the lowest oxidation state is, any cycles proposed are largely just guesswork. To date, Fe(-II), Fe(-I), Fe(0), Fe(I), and Fe(II) have been proposed as contenders for the lowest-oxidation-state species in the cycle in iron-catalyzed cross-coupling; the aim of this Account is to pull together the various pieces of evidence in support, or otherwise, of each of these suggestions in turn. There currently exists no direct evidence that oxidation states below Fe(0) are active in the catalytic cycle. Meanwhile, the reactivity required of the lowest-oxidation-state species has been observed with model compounds in higher oxidation states, implying that there is no need to invoke such low oxidation states. While subzero-valent complexes do indeed act as effective precatalysts, it is important to recognize that this tells us that they are efficiently converted to an active catalyst but says nothing about the oxidation states of the species in the catalytic cycle. Zero-valent heterogeneous iron nanoparticles can be formed under typical catalytic conditions, but there is no evidence to suggest that homogeneous Fe(0) complexes can be produced under comparable conditions. It seems likely that the zero-valent nanoparticles act as a reservoir for soluble higher-oxidation-state species. Fe(II) complexes can certainly be formed under catalytically relevant conditions, and when bulky nucleophilic coupling partners are exploited, potential intermediates can be isolated. However, the bulky reagents act as poor proxies for most nucleophiles used in cross-coupling, as they give Fe(II) organometallic intermediates that are kinetically stabilized with respect to reductive elimination. When more realistic substrates are exploited, reduction or disproportionation to Fe(I) is widely observed, and while it still has not been conclusively proved, this oxidation state currently represents a likely candidate for the lowest one active in many iron-catalyzed cross-coupling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin B. Bedford
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
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37
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38
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Dunsford JJ, Clark ER, Ingleson MJ. Highly nucleophilic dipropanolamine chelated boron reagents for aryl-transmetallation to iron complexes. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:20577-83. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt03835a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
New arylborates chelated by dipropanolamine are readily synthesised from boronic acids and demonstrated to be highly nucleophilic reagents.
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