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Díaz-Vázquez ED, Cuellar MA, Heredia MD, Barolo SM, González-Bakker A, Padrón JM, Budén ME, Martín SE, Uberman PM. Palladium nanoparticles for the synthesis of phenanthridinones and benzo[ c]chromenes via C-H activation reaction. RSC Adv 2024; 14:18703-18715. [PMID: 38863826 PMCID: PMC11166021 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02835j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In the present work, derivatives of phenanthridine-6(5H)-ones and benzo[c]chromenes were efficiently prepared through an intramolecular C-H bond functionalization reaction catalyzed by photochemically synthesized Pd-PVP nanoparticles. The heterocycles were obtained via intramolecular arylation of the corresponding N-methyl-N-aryl-2-halobenzamide or aryl-(2-halo)benzyl ethers using K2CO3 as base in a mixture of H2O : DMA as solvent without additives or ligands. High yields of the heterocyclic compounds were achieved (up to 95%) using a moderately low catalyst loading (1-5 mol%) under an air atmosphere at 100 °C. The reaction exhibited very good tolerance to diverse functional groups (OMe, Me, t Bu, Ph, OCF3, CF3, F, Cl, -CN, Naph), and both bromine and iodine substrates showed great reactivity. Finally, the in vitro antiproliferative activity of phenanthridine-6(5H)-ones and benzo[c]chromenes was evaluated against six human solid tumor cell lines. The more active compounds exhibit activity in the low micromolar range. 1-Isopropyl-4-methyl-6H-benzo[c]chromene was identified as the best compound with promising values of activity (GI50 range 3.9-8.6 μM). Thus, the benzochromene core was highlighted as a novel organic building block to prepare potential antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva D Díaz-Vázquez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Haya de La Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba-INFIQC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Haya de La Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
| | - Micaela A Cuellar
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Haya de La Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba-INFIQC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Haya de La Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
| | - Micaela D Heredia
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Haya de La Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba-INFIQC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Haya de La Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
| | - Silvia M Barolo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Haya de La Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba-INFIQC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Haya de La Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
| | - Aday González-Bakker
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González" (IUBO-AG), Universidad de La Laguna C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2 E-38206 La Laguna Spain
| | - José M Padrón
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González" (IUBO-AG), Universidad de La Laguna C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2 E-38206 La Laguna Spain
| | - María E Budén
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Haya de La Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba-INFIQC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Haya de La Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
| | - Sandra E Martín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Haya de La Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba-INFIQC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Haya de La Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
| | - Paula M Uberman
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Haya de La Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba-INFIQC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Haya de La Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
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Gu C, So CM. Regio- and Chemoselective Palladium-Catalyzed Additive-Free Direct C─H Functionalization of Heterocycles with Chloroaryl Triflates Using Pyrazole-Alkyl Phosphine Ligands. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2309192. [PMID: 38482750 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202309192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
A series of new pyrazole-alkyl phosphine ligands with varying cycloalkyl ring sizes that enable additive-free regio- and chemoselective C─H arylation of heterocycles are reported. Excellent α/β selectivity of various heterocycles such as benzo[b]thiophene, thiophene, furan, benzofuran, and thiazole can be achieved using these ligands, along with excellent chemoselectivity of C─Cl over C─OTf of chloroaryl triflates. Mechanistic studies supported by both experimental findings and density functional theory calculations indicate that the pyrazole phosphine ligands with optimal ring sizes allow the reaction to proceed with a lower energy barrier via a concerted metalation-deprotonation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxue Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Chau Ming So
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, P. R. China
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Albino M, Burden TJ, Piras CC, Whitwood AC, Fairlamb IJS, Smith DK. Mechanically Robust Hybrid Gel Beads Loaded with "Naked" Palladium Nanoparticles as Efficient, Reusable, and Sustainable Catalysts for the Suzuki-Miyaura Reaction. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2023; 11:1678-1689. [PMID: 36778525 PMCID: PMC9906743 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c05484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The increase in demand for Pd and its low abundance pose a significant threat to its future availability, rendering research into more sustainable Pd-based technologies essential. Herein, we report Pd scavenging mechanically robust hybrid gel beads composed of agarose, a polymer gelator (PG), and an active low-molecular-weight gelator (LMWG) based on 1,3:2,4-dibenzylidenesorbitol (DBS), DBS-CONHNH 2 . The robustness of the PG and the ability of the LMWG to reduce Pd(II) in situ to generate naked Pd(0) nanoparticles (PdNPs) combine within these gel beads to give them potential as practical catalysts for Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions. The optimized gel beads demonstrate good reusability, green metrics, and most importantly the ability to sustain stirring, improving reaction times and energy consumption compared to previous examples. In contrast to previous reports, the leaching of palladium from these next-generation beads is almost completely eliminated. Additionally, for the first time, a detailed investigation of these Pd-loaded gel beads explains precisely how the nanoparticles are formed in situ without a stabilizing ligand. Further, detailed catalytic investigations demonstrate that catalysis occurs within the gel beads. Hence, these beads can essentially be considered as robust "nonligated" heterogeneous PdNP catalysts. Given the challenges in developing ligand-free, naked Pd nanoparticles as stable catalysts, these gel beads may have future potential for the development of easily used systems to perform chemical reactions in "kit" form.
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Norman JP, Neufeldt SR. The Road Less Traveled: Unconventional Site Selectivity in Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings of Dihalogenated N-Heteroarenes. ACS Catal 2022; 12:12014-12026. [PMID: 36741273 PMCID: PMC9894105 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The vast majority (≥90%) of literature reports agree on the regiochemical outcomes of Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions for most classes of dihalogenated N-heteroarenes. Despite a well-established mechanistic rationale for typical selectivity, several examples reveal that changes to the catalyst can switch site selectivity, leading to the unconventional product. In this Perspective, we survey these unusual cases in which divergent selectivity is controlled by ligands or catalyst speciation. In some cases, the mechanistic origin of inverted selectivity has been established, but in others the mechanism remains unknown. This Perspective concludes with a discussion of remaining challenges and opportunities for the field of site-selective cross-coupling. These include developing a better understanding of oxidative addition mechanisms, understanding the role of catalyst speciation on selectivity, establishing an explanation for the influence of ring substituents on regiochemical outcome, inverting selectivity for some "stubborn" classes of substrates, and minimizing unwanted over-reaction of di- and polyhalogenated substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob P. Norman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Sharon R. Neufeldt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
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Jeddi N, Scott NWJ, Fairlamb IJS. Well-Defined Pd n Clusters for Cross-Coupling and Hydrogenation Catalysis: New Opportunities for Catalyst Design. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neda Jeddi
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire, U.K. YO10 5DD
| | - Neil W. J. Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire, U.K. YO10 5DD
| | - Ian J. S. Fairlamb
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire, U.K. YO10 5DD
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Horbaczewskyj CS, Fairlamb IJS. Pd-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings: On the Importance of the Catalyst Quantity Descriptors, mol % and ppm. Org Process Res Dev 2022; 26:2240-2269. [PMID: 36032362 PMCID: PMC9396667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
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This Review examines parts per million (ppm) palladium
concentrations
in catalytic cross-coupling reactions and their relationship with
mole percentage (mol %). Most studies in catalytic cross-coupling
chemistry have historically focused on the concentration ratio between
(pre)catalyst and the limiting reagent (substrate), expressed as mol
%. Several recent papers have outlined the use of “ppm level”
palladium as an alternative means of describing catalytic cross-coupling
reaction systems. This led us to delve deeper into the literature
to assess whether “ppm level” palladium is a practically
useful descriptor of catalyst quantities in palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling
reactions. Indeed, we conjectured that many reactions could, unknowingly,
have employed low “ppm levels” of palladium (pre)catalyst,
and generally, what would the spread of ppm palladium look like across
a selection of studies reported across the vast array of the cross-coupling
chemistry literature. In a few selected examples, we have examined
other metal catalyst systems for comparison with palladium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian J. S. Fairlamb
- University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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Athavan G, Tanner TFN, Whitwood AC, Fairlamb IJS, Perutz RN. Direct Evidence for Competitive C–H Activation by a Well-Defined Silver XPhos Complex in Palladium-Catalyzed C–H Functionalization. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Robin N. Perutz
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K
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Valentini F, Piermatti O, Vaccaro L. Metal Nanoparticles as Sustainable Tools for C-N Bond Formation via C-H Activation. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26134106. [PMID: 34279446 PMCID: PMC8272244 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of highly active metal nanoparticles to be employed as efficient heterogeneous catalysts is a key tool for the construction of complex organic molecules and the minimization of their environmental costs. The formation of novel C-N bonds via C-H activation is an effective atom-economical strategy to access high value materials in pharmaceuticals, polymers, and natural product production. In this contribution, the literature of the last ten years on the use of metal nanoparticles in the processes involving direct C-N bond formation will be discussed. Where possible, a discussion on the role and influence of the support used for the immobilization and/or the metal chosen is reported. Particular attention was given to the description of the experiments performed to elucidate the active mechanism.
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