1
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Scaringi S, Leforestier B, Mazet C. Remote Functionalization by Pd-Catalyzed Isomerization of Alkynyl Alcohols. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:18606-18615. [PMID: 38941513 PMCID: PMC11240579 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, progress has been made in the development of catalytic methods that allow remote functionalizations based on alkene isomerization. In contrast, protocols based on alkyne isomerization are comparatively rare. Herein, we report a general Pd-catalyzed long-range isomerization of alkynyl alcohols. Starting from aryl-, heteroaryl-, or alkyl-substituted precursors, the optimized system provides access preferentially to the thermodynamically more stable α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and is compatible with potentially sensitive functional groups. We showed that the migration of both π-components of the carbon-carbon triple bond can be sustained over several methylene units. Computational investigations served to shed light on the key elementary steps responsible for the reactivity and selectivity. These include an unorthodox phosphine-assisted deprotonation rather than a more conventional β-hydride elimination in the final tautomerization event.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Clément Mazet
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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2
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Talmazan RA, Podewitz M. PyConSolv: A Python Package for Conformer Generation of (Metal-Containing) Systems in Explicit Solvent. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:5400-5407. [PMID: 37606893 PMCID: PMC10498442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
We introduce PyConSolv, a freely available Python package that automates the generation of conformers of metal- and nonmetal-containing complexes in explicit solvent, through classical molecular dynamics simulations. Using a streamlined workflow and interfacing with widely used computational chemistry software, PyConSolv is an all-in-one tool for the generation of conformers in any solvent. Input requirements are minimal; only the geometry of the structure and the desired solvent in xyz (XMOL) format are needed. The package can also account for charged systems, by including arbitrary counterions in the simulation. A bonded model parametrization is performed automatically, utilizing AmberTools, ORCA, and Multiwfn software packages. PyConSolv provides a selection of preparametrized solvents and counterions for use in classical molecular dynamics simulations. We show the applicability of our package on a number of (transition-metal-containing) systems. The software is provided open source and free of charge.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. A. Talmazan
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, A-1060 Wien, Austria
| | - M. Podewitz
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, A-1060 Wien, Austria
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3
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Ou X, Occhipinti G, Boisvert EJY, Jensen VR, Fogg DE. Mesomeric Acceleration Counters Slow Initiation of Ruthenium–CAAC Catalysts for Olefin Metathesis (CAAC = Cyclic (Alkyl)(Amino) Carbene). ACS Catal 2023; 13:5315-5325. [PMID: 37123599 PMCID: PMC10127214 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium catalysts bearing cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (CAAC) ligands can attain very high productivities in olefin metathesis, owing to their resistance to unimolecular decomposition. Because the propagating methylidene species RuCl2(CAAC)(=CH2) is extremely susceptible to bimolecular decomposition, however, turnover numbers in the metathesis of terminal olefins are highly sensitive to catalyst concentration, and hence loadings. Understanding how, why, and how rapidly the CAAC complexes partition between the precatalyst and the active species is thus critical. Examined in a dual experimental-computational study are the rates and basis of initiation for phosphine-free catalysts containing the leading CAAC ligand C1 Ph , in which a CMePh group α to the carbene carbon helps retard degradation. The Hoveyda-class complex HC1 Ph (RuCl2(L)(=CHAr), where L = C1 Ph , Ar = C6H3-2-O i Pr-5-R; R = H) is compared with its nitro-Grela analogue (nG-C1 Ph ; R = NO2) and the classic Hoveyda catalyst HII (L = H2IMes; R = H). t-Butyl vinyl ether (tBuVE) was employed as substrate, to probe the reactivity of these catalysts toward olefins of realistic bulk. Initiation is ca. 100× slower for HC1 Ph than HII in C6D6, or 44× slower in CDCl3. The rate-limiting step for the CAAC catalyst is cycloaddition; for HII, it is tBuVE binding. Initiation is 10-13× faster for nG-C1 Ph than HC1 Ph in either solvent. DFT analysis reveals that this rate acceleration originates in an overlooked role of the nitro group. Rather than weakening the Ru-ether bond, as widely presumed, the NO2 group accelerates the ensuing, rate-limiting cycloaddition step. Faster reaction is caused by long-range mesomeric effects that modulate key bond orders and Ru-ligand distances, and thereby reduce the trans effect between the carbene and the trans-bound alkene in the transition state for cycloaddition. Mesomeric acceleration may plausibly be introduced via any of the ligands present, and hence offers a powerful, tunable control element for catalyst design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Ou
- Center for Catalysis Research & Innovation, and Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Giovanni Occhipinti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Eliza-Jayne Y. Boisvert
- Center for Catalysis Research & Innovation, and Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Vidar R. Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Deryn E. Fogg
- Center for Catalysis Research & Innovation, and Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
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4
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Kraka E, Quintano M, La Force HW, Antonio JJ, Freindorf M. The Local Vibrational Mode Theory and Its Place in the Vibrational Spectroscopy Arena. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:8781-8798. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c05962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elfi Kraka
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Ave, Dallas, Texas75275-0314, United States
| | - Mateus Quintano
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Ave, Dallas, Texas75275-0314, United States
| | - Hunter W. La Force
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Ave, Dallas, Texas75275-0314, United States
| | - Juliana J. Antonio
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Ave, Dallas, Texas75275-0314, United States
| | - Marek Freindorf
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Ave, Dallas, Texas75275-0314, United States
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5
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Borrego E, Tiessler-Sala L, Lázaro JJ, Caballero A, Pérez PJ, Lledós A. Direct Benzene Hydroxylation with Dioxygen Induced by Copper Complexes: Uncovering the Active Species by DFT Calculations. Organometallics 2022; 41:1892-1904. [PMID: 35936655 PMCID: PMC9344391 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The direct oxidation of benzene into phenol using molecular
oxygen
at very mild temperatures can be promoted in the presence of the copper
complex TpBr3Cu(NCMe) in the homogeneous phase in the presence
of ascorbic acid as the source of protons and electrons. The stoichiometric
nature, relative to copper, of this transformation prompted a thorough
DFT study in order to understand the reaction pathway. As a result,
the dinuclear species TpBr3CuII(μ-O•)(μ-OH)CuIITpBr3 is proposed
as the relevant structure which is responsible for activating the
arene C–H bond leading to phenol formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Borrego
- Laboratorio de Catálisis Homogénea, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, CIQSO-Centro de Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento de Química, Universidad de Huelva, Huelva 21007, Spain
| | - Laura Tiessler-Sala
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del
Vallès, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Jesus J. Lázaro
- Cepsa Research Center, Compañía Española de Petróleos S.A., Alcalá de Henares, Madrid 28850, Spain
| | - Ana Caballero
- Laboratorio de Catálisis Homogénea, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, CIQSO-Centro de Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento de Química, Universidad de Huelva, Huelva 21007, Spain
| | - Pedro J. Pérez
- Laboratorio de Catálisis Homogénea, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, CIQSO-Centro de Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento de Química, Universidad de Huelva, Huelva 21007, Spain
| | - Agustí Lledós
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del
Vallès, Barcelona 08193, Spain
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Eisenstein O. From the Felkin‐Anh Rule to the Grignard Reaction: an Almost Circular 50 Year Adventure in the World of Molecular Structures and Reaction Mechanisms with Computational Chemistry**. Isr J Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202100138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Odile Eisenstein
- ICGM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, 34095 France Department of Chemistry and Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences University of Oslo Oslo 0315 Norway
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Artús Suàrez L, Balcells D, Nova A. Computational Studies on the Mechanisms for Deaminative Amide Hydrogenation by Homogeneous Bifunctional Catalysts. Top Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-021-01542-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe deaminative hydrogenation of amides is one of the most convenient pathways for the synthesis of amines and alcohols. The ideal source of reducing equivalents for this reaction is molecular hydrogen, though, in practice, this approach requires high pressures and temperatures, with many catalysts achieving only small turnover numbers and frequencies. Nonetheless, during the last ten years, this field has made major advances towards larger turnovers under milder conditions thanks to the development of bifunctional catalysts. These systems promote the heterolytic cleavage of hydrogen into proton and hydride by combining a basic ligand with an acidic metal centre. The present review focuses on the computational study of the reaction mechanism underlying bifunctional catalysis. This review is structured around the fundamental steps of this mechanism, namely the C=O and C–N hydrogenation of the amide, the C–N protonolysis of the hemiaminal, the C=O hydrogenation of the aldehyde, and the competition between hydrogen activation and catalyst deactivation. In line with the complexity of the mechanism, we also provide a perspective on the use of microkinetic models. Both Noyori- and Milstein-type catalysts are discussed and compared.
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8
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Laconsay CJ, Pla-Quintana A, Tantillo DJ. Effects of Axial Solvent Coordination to Dirhodium Complexes on the Reactivity and Selectivity in C–H Insertion Reactions: A Computational Study. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Croix J. Laconsay
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Anna Pla-Quintana
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona (UdG), C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69, Girona 17003, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Dean J. Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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9
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Norjmaa G, Ujaque G, Lledós A. Beyond Continuum Solvent Models in Computational Homogeneous Catalysis. Top Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-021-01520-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn homogeneous catalysis solvent is an inherent part of the catalytic system. As such, it must be considered in the computational modeling. The most common approach to include solvent effects in quantum mechanical calculations is by means of continuum solvent models. When they are properly used, average solvent effects are efficiently captured, mainly those related with solvent polarity. However, neglecting atomistic description of solvent molecules has its limitations, and continuum solvent models all alone cannot be applied to whatever situation. In many cases, inclusion of explicit solvent molecules in the quantum mechanical description of the system is mandatory. The purpose of this article is to highlight through selected examples what are the reasons that urge to go beyond the continuum models to the employment of micro-solvated (cluster-continuum) of fully explicit solvent models, in this way setting the limits of continuum solvent models in computational homogeneous catalysis. These examples showcase that inclusion of solvent molecules in the calculation not only can improve the description of already known mechanisms but can yield new mechanistic views of a reaction. With the aim of systematizing the use of explicit solvent models, after discussing the success and limitations of continuum solvent models, issues related with solvent coordination and solvent dynamics, solvent effects in reactions involving small, charged species, as well as reactions in protic solvents and the role of solvent as reagent itself are successively considered.
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Tantillo DJ, Laconsay CJ. Melding of Experiment and Theory Illuminates Mechanisms of Metal-Catalyzed Rearrangements: Computational Approaches and Caveats. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1720451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis review summarizes approaches and caveats in computational modeling of transition-metal-catalyzed sigmatropic rearrangements involving carbene transfer. We highlight contemporary examples of combined synthetic and theoretical investigations that showcase the synergy achievable by integrating experiment and theory.1 Introduction2 Mechanistic Models3 Theoretical Approaches and Caveats3.1 Recommended Computational Tools3.2 Choice of Functional and Basis Set3.3 Conformations and Ligand-Binding Modes3.4 Solvation4 Synergy of Experiment and Theory – Case Studies4.1 Metal-Bound or Free Ylides?4.2 Conformations and Ligand-Binding Modes of Paddlewheel Complexes4.3 No Metal, Just Light4.4 How To ‘Cope’ with Nonstatistical Dynamic Effects5 Outlook
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustí Lledós
- Departament de Química Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Campus UAB 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès Catalonia Spain
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