1
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Cao Y, Huang C, Zhao X, Yu J. Regulation of SUMOylation on RNA metabolism in cancers. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1137215. [PMID: 36911524 PMCID: PMC9998694 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1137215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications of proteins play very important roles in regulating RNA metabolism and affect many biological pathways. Here we mainly summarize the crucial functions of small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) modification in RNA metabolism including transcription, splicing, tailing, stability and modification, as well as its impact on the biogenesis and function of microRNA (miRNA) in particular. This review also highlights the current knowledge about SUMOylation regulation in RNA metabolism involved in many cellular processes such as cell proliferation and apoptosis, which is closely related to tumorigenesis and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingting Cao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Caihu Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianxiu Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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2
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Molecular divergence with major morphological consequences: development and evolution of organ size and shape. Essays Biochem 2022; 66:707-716. [PMID: 36373649 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the causes of the morphological diversity among organisms is a topic of great interest to evolutionary developmental biologists. Although developmental biologists have had great success in identifying the developmental mechanisms and molecular processes that specify organ size and shape within species, only relatively recently have the molecular tools become available to study how variation in these mechanisms gives rise to the phenotypic differences that are observed among closely related species. In addition to these technological advances, researchers interested in understanding how molecular variation gives rise to phenotypic variation have used three primary strategies to identify the molecular differences underlying species-specific traits: the candidate gene approach, differential gene expression screens, and between-species genetic mapping experiments. In this review, we discuss how these approaches have been successful in identifying the genes and the cellular mechanisms by which they specify variation in one of the most recognizable examples of the evolution of organ size, the adaptive variation in beak morphology among Darwin's finches. We also discuss insect reproductive structures as a model with great potential to advance our understanding of the specification and evolution of organ size and shape differences among species. The results from these two examples, and those from other species, show that species-specific variation in organ size and shape typically evolves via changes in the timing, location, and amount of gene/protein expression that act on tissue growth processes.
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3
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Neferine inhibits the growth of human osteosarcoma cells through activating P38/JNK and suppressing Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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4
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Li S, Xie K. Ductal metaplasia in pancreas. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188698. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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5
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The MYC oncogene - the grand orchestrator of cancer growth and immune evasion. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2022; 19:23-36. [PMID: 34508258 PMCID: PMC9083341 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-021-00549-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 139.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The MYC proto-oncogenes encode a family of transcription factors that are among the most commonly activated oncoproteins in human neoplasias. Indeed, MYC aberrations or upregulation of MYC-related pathways by alternate mechanisms occur in the vast majority of cancers. MYC proteins are master regulators of cellular programmes. Thus, cancers with MYC activation elicit many of the hallmarks of cancer required for autonomous neoplastic growth. In preclinical models, MYC inactivation can result in sustained tumour regression, a phenomenon that has been attributed to oncogene addiction. Many therapeutic agents that directly target MYC are under development; however, to date, their clinical efficacy remains to be demonstrated. In the past few years, studies have demonstrated that MYC signalling can enable tumour cells to dysregulate their microenvironment and evade the host immune response. Herein, we discuss how MYC pathways not only dictate cancer cell pathophysiology but also suppress the host immune response against that cancer. We also propose that therapies targeting the MYC pathway will be key to reversing cancerous growth and restoring antitumour immune responses in patients with MYC-driven cancers.
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6
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Denk S, Schmidt S, Schurr Y, Schwarz G, Schote F, Diefenbacher M, Armendariz C, Dejure F, Eilers M, Wiegering A. CIP2A regulates MYC translation (via its 5'UTR) in colorectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis 2021; 36:911-918. [PMID: 33078202 PMCID: PMC8178152 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-020-03772-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deregulated expression of MYC is a driver of colorectal carcinogenesis, suggesting that decreasing MYC expression may have significant therapeutic value. CIP2A is an oncogenic factor that regulates MYC expression. CIP2A is overexpressed in colorectal cancer (CRC), and its expression levels are an independent marker for long-term outcome of CRC. Previous studies suggested that CIP2A controls MYC protein expression on a post-transcriptional level. METHODS To determine the mechanism by which CIP2A regulates MYC in CRC, we dissected MYC translation and stability dependent on CIP2A in CRC cell lines. RESULTS Knockdown of CIP2A reduced MYC protein levels without influencing MYC stability in CRC cell lines. Interfering with proteasomal degradation of MYC by usage of FBXW7-deficient cells or treatment with the proteasome inhibitor MG132 did not rescue the effect of CIP2A depletion on MYC protein levels. Whereas CIP2A knockdown had marginal influence on global protein synthesis, we could demonstrate that, by using different reporter constructs and cells expressing MYC mRNA with or without flanking UTR, CIP2A regulates MYC translation. This interaction is mainly conducted by the MYC 5'UTR. CONCLUSIONS Thus, instead of targeting MYC protein stability as reported for other tissue types before, CIP2A specifically regulates MYC mRNA translation in CRC but has only slight effects on global mRNA translation. In conclusion, we propose as novel mechanism that CIP2A regulates MYC on a translational level rather than affecting MYC protein stability in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Denk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany ,Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery (Department of Surgery I), University Hospital Würzburg, Oberduerrbacherstr. 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - S. Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany ,Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery (Department of Surgery I), University Hospital Würzburg, Oberduerrbacherstr. 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Y. Schurr
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - G. Schwarz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - F. Schote
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - M. Diefenbacher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - C. Armendariz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - F. Dejure
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - M. Eilers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany ,Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Armin Wiegering
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany ,Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery (Department of Surgery I), University Hospital Würzburg, Oberduerrbacherstr. 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany ,Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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7
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Ito Y, Nakajima K, Masubuchi Y, Kikuchi S, Okano H, Saito F, Akahori Y, Jin M, Yoshida T, Shibutani M. Downregulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor class A domain-containing protein 4 (Ldlrad4) in the liver of rats treated with nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogen to induce transforming growth factor β signaling promoting cell proliferation and suppressing apoptosis in early hepatocarcinogenesis. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 40:1467-1479. [PMID: 32596862 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We previously found downregulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor class A domain-containing protein 4 (LDLRAD4), a negative regulator of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling, in glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P) expressing (+ ) pre-neoplastic lesions produced by treatment with nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogens for up to 90 days in rats. Here, we investigated the relationship between LDLRAD4 downregulation and TGFβ signaling in nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogenesis. The transcripts of Tgfb and Hb-egf increased after ≥28 days of treatment. After 84 or 90 days, Snai1 increased transcripts and the subpopulation of GST-P+ foci downregulating LDLRAD4 co-expressed TGFβ1, phosphorylated EGFR, or phosphorylated AKT2, and downregulated PTEN, showing higher incidences than those in GST-P+ foci expressing LDLRAD4. The subpopulation of GST-P+ foci downregulating LDLRAD4 also co-expressed caveolin-1 or TACE/ADAM17, suggesting that disruptive activation of TGFβ signaling through a loss of LDLRAD4 enhances EGFR and PTEN/AKT-dependent pathways via caveolin-1-dependent activation of TACE/ADAM17 during nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogenesis. The numbers of c-MYC+ cells and PCNA+ cells were higher in LDLRAD4-downregulated GST-P+ foci than in LDLRAD4-expressing GST-P+ foci, suggesting a preferential proliferation of pre-neoplastic cells by LDLRAD4 downregulation. Nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogens markedly downregulated Nox4 after 28 days and later decreased cleaved caspase 3+ cells in LDLRAD4-downregulated GST-P+ foci, suggesting an attenuation of apoptosis by LDLRAD4 downregulation through activation of the EGFR pathway. At the late hepatocarcinogenesis stage in a two-stage model, LDLRAD4 downregulation was higher in adenoma and carcinoma than in pre-neoplastic cell foci, suggesting a role of LDLRAD4 downregulation in tumor development. Our results suggest that nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogens cause disruptive activation of TGFβ signaling through downregulating LDLRAD4 toward carcinogenesis in the rat liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Ito
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.,Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kota Nakajima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.,Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yasunori Masubuchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.,Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Satomi Kikuchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.,Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromu Okano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.,Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiyo Saito
- Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yumi Akahori
- Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Meilan Jin
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Animal Science and Technology Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Toshinori Yoshida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.,Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Shibutani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.,Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.,Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Dey P, Li J, Zhang J, Chaurasiya S, Strom A, Wang H, Liao WT, Cavallaro F, Denz P, Bernard V, Yen EY, Genovese G, Gulhati P, Liu J, Chakravarti D, Deng P, Zhang T, Carbone F, Chang Q, Ying H, Shang X, Spring DJ, Ghosh B, Putluri N, Maitra A, Wang YA, DePinho RA. Oncogenic KRAS-Driven Metabolic Reprogramming in Pancreatic Cancer Cells Utilizes Cytokines from the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancer Discov 2020; 10:608-625. [PMID: 32046984 PMCID: PMC7125035 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-19-0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A hallmark of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an exuberant stroma comprised of diverse cell types that enable or suppress tumor progression. Here, we explored the role of oncogenic KRAS in protumorigenic signaling interactions between cancer cells and host cells. We show that KRAS mutation (KRAS*) drives cell-autonomous expression of type I cytokine receptor complexes (IL2rγ-IL4rα and IL2rγ-IL13rα1) in cancer cells that in turn are capable of receiving cytokine growth signals (IL4 or IL13) provided by invading Th2 cells in the microenvironment. Early neoplastic lesions show close proximity of cancer cells harboring KRAS* and Th2 cells producing IL4 and IL13. Activated IL2rγ-IL4rα and IL2rγ-IL13rα1 receptors signal primarily via JAK1-STAT6. Integrated transcriptomic, chromatin occupancy, and metabolomic studies identified MYC as a direct target of activated STAT6 and that MYC drives glycolysis. Thus, paracrine signaling in the tumor microenvironment plays a key role in the KRAS*-driven metabolic reprogramming of PDAC. SIGNIFICANCE: Type II cytokines, secreted by Th2 cells in the tumor microenvironment, can stimulate cancer cell-intrinsic MYC transcriptional upregulation to drive glycolysis. This KRAS*-driven heterotypic signaling circuit in the early and advanced tumor microenvironment enables cooperative protumorigenic interactions, providing candidate therapeutic targets in the KRAS* pathway for this intractable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasenjit Dey
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Surendra Chaurasiya
- Center for Nuclear Receptor and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Anders Strom
- Center for Nuclear Receptor and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Huamin Wang
- Department of Pathology, Division of Pathology/Lab Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Wen-Ting Liao
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Frederick Cavallaro
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Parker Denz
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Vincent Bernard
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Er-Yen Yen
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Giannicola Genovese
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Pat Gulhati
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jielin Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Deepavali Chakravarti
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Pingna Deng
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Tingxin Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Federica Carbone
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Qing Chang
- Center for Nuclear Receptor and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Haoqiang Ying
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiaoying Shang
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Denise J Spring
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Bidyut Ghosh
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Nagireddy Putluri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Anirban Maitra
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Y Alan Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ronald A DePinho
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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9
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Insulin-dependent Non-canonical Activation of Notch in Drosophila: A Story of Notch-Induced Muscle Stem Cell Proliferation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1227:131-144. [PMID: 32072503 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36422-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Notch plays multiple roles both in development and in adult tissue homeostasis. Notch was first identified in Drosophila in which it has then been extensively studied. Among the flag-ship Notch functions we could mention its capacity to keep precursor and stem cells in a nondifferentiated state but also its ability to activate cell proliferation that in some contexts could led to cancer. In general, both these functions involve, canonical, ligand-dependent Notch activation. However, a ligand-independent Notch activation has also been described in a few cellular contexts. Here, we focus on one of such contexts, Drosophila muscle stem cells, called AMPs, and discuss how insulin-dependent noncanonical activation of Notch pushes quiescent AMPs to proliferation.
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10
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Semaan C, Henderson BR, Molloy MP. Proteomic screen with the proto-oncogene beta-catenin identifies interaction with Golgi coatomer complex I. Biochem Biophys Rep 2019; 19:100662. [PMID: 31338436 PMCID: PMC6626114 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2019.100662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta-catenin is well-known as a key effector of Wnt signalling and aberrant expression is associated with several human cancers. Stabilisation of and atypical subcellular localisation of beta-catenin, regulated in part through specific protein-protein interactions has been linked to cancer development, however the mechanisms behind these pathologies is yet to be fully elucidated. Affinity purification and mass spectrometry were used to identify potential β-catenin interacting proteins in SW480 colon cancer cells. Recombinant β-catenin constructs were used to co-isolate interacting proteins from stable isotope labelled cells followed by detection using mass spectrometry. Several known and new putative interactors were observed. In particular, we identified interaction with a set of coatomer complex I subunits implicated in retrograde transport at the Golgi, and confirmed endogenous interaction of β-catenin with coatomer subunit COPB using immunoprecipitation assays and immunofluorescence microscopy. These observations suggest a hitherto unrecognised role for β-catenin in the secretory pathway and warrant further functional studies to unravel its activity at this cellular location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Semaan
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.,Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, NSW, Australia
| | - Beric R Henderson
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark P Molloy
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.,Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.,Bowel Cancer and Biomarker Laboratory, Kolling Institute, The University of Sydney, Australia
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11
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Paglia S, Sollazzo M, Di Giacomo S, Strocchi S, Grifoni D. Exploring MYC relevance to cancer biology from the perspective of cell competition. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 63:49-59. [PMID: 31102666 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer has long been regarded and treated as a foreign body appearing by mistake inside a living organism. However, now we know that cancer cells communicate with neighbours, thereby creating modified environments able to support their unusual need for nutrients and space. Understanding the molecular basis of these bi-directional interactions is thus mandatory to approach the complex nature of cancer. Since their discovery, MYC proteins have been showing to regulate a steadily increasing number of processes impacting cell fitness, and are consistently found upregulated in almost all human tumours. Of interest, MYC takes part in cell competition, an evolutionarily conserved fitness comparison strategy aimed at detecting weakened cells, which are then committed to death, removed from the tissue and replaced by fitter neighbours. During physiological development, MYC-mediated cell competition is engaged to eliminate cells with suboptimal MYC levels, so as to guarantee selective growth of the fittest and proper homeostasis, while transformed cells expressing high levels of MYC coopt cell competition to subvert tissue constraints, ultimately disrupting homeostasis. Therefore, the interplay between cells with different MYC levels may result in opposite functional outcomes, depending on the nature of the players. In the present review, we describe the most recent findings on the role of MYC-mediated cell competition in different contexts, with a special emphasis on its impact on cancer initiation and progression. We also discuss the relevance of competition-associated cell death to cancer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Paglia
- CanceЯEvolutionLab, University of Bologna, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Via Selmi 3, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Manuela Sollazzo
- CanceЯEvolutionLab, University of Bologna, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Via Selmi 3, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Simone Di Giacomo
- CanceЯEvolutionLab, University of Bologna, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Via Selmi 3, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Silvia Strocchi
- CanceЯEvolutionLab, University of Bologna, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Via Selmi 3, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Daniela Grifoni
- CanceЯEvolutionLab, University of Bologna, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Via Selmi 3, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
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12
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Ali A, Al-Tobasei R, Lourenco D, Leeds T, Kenney B, Salem M. Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Genomic Loci Affecting Filet Firmness and Protein Content in Rainbow Trout. Front Genet 2019; 10:386. [PMID: 31130980 PMCID: PMC6509548 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Filet quality traits determine consumer satisfaction and affect profitability of the aquaculture industry. Soft flesh is a criterion for fish filet downgrades, resulting in loss of value. Filet firmness is influenced by many factors, including rate of protein turnover. A 50K transcribed gene SNP chip was used to genotype 789 rainbow trout, from two consecutive generations, produced in the USDA/NCCCWA selective breeding program. Weighted single-step GBLUP (WssGBLUP) was used to perform genome-wide association (GWA) analyses to identify quantitative trait loci affecting filet firmness and protein content. Applying genomic sliding windows of 50 adjacent SNPs, 212 and 225 SNPs were associated with genetic variation in filet shear force and protein content, respectively. Four common SNPs in the ryanodine receptor 3 gene (RYR3) affected the aforementioned filet traits; this association suggests common mechanisms underlying filet shear force and protein content. Genes harboring SNPs were mostly involved in calcium homeostasis, proteolytic activities, transcriptional regulation, chromatin remodeling, and apoptotic processes. RYR3 harbored the highest number of SNPs (n = 32) affecting genetic variation in shear force (2.29%) and protein content (4.97%). Additionally, based on single-marker analysis, a SNP in RYR3 ranked at the top of all SNPs associated with variation in shear force. Our data suggest a role for RYR3 in muscle firmness that may be considered for genomic- and marker-assisted selection in breeding programs of rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ali
- Department of Biology and Molecular Biosciences Program, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, United States
| | - Rafet Al-Tobasei
- Computational Science Program, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, United States.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Daniela Lourenco
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Tim Leeds
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | - Brett Kenney
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Mohamed Salem
- Department of Biology and Molecular Biosciences Program, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, United States.,Computational Science Program, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, United States
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13
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Dräger J, Simon-Keller K, Pukrop T, Klemm F, Wilting J, Sticht C, Dittmann K, Schulz M, Leuschner I, Marx A, Hahn H. LEF1 reduces tumor progression and induces myodifferentiation in a subset of rhabdomyosarcoma. Oncotarget 2018; 8:3259-3273. [PMID: 27965462 PMCID: PMC5356880 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children and show characteristics of skeletal muscle differentiation. The two major RMS subtypes in children are alveolar (ARMS) and embryonal RMS (ERMS). We demonstrate that approximately 50% of ARMS and ERMS overexpress the LEF1/TCF transcription factor LEF1 when compared to normal skeletal muscle and that LEF1 can restrain aggressiveness especially of ARMS cells. LEF1 knockdown experiments in cell lines reveal that depending on the cellular context, LEF1 can induce pro-apoptotic signals. LEF1 can also suppress proliferation, migration and invasiveness of RMS cells both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, LEF1 can induce myodifferentiation of the tumor cells. This may involve regulation of other LEF1/TCF factors i.e. TCF1, whereas β-catenin activity plays a subordinate role. Together these data suggest that LEF1 rather has tumor suppressive functions and attenuates aggressiveness in a subset of RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Dräger
- Department of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Göttingen 37073, Germany
| | - Katja Simon-Keller
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim 68167, Germany
| | - Tobias Pukrop
- Clinic for Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany.,Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37099, Germany
| | - Florian Klemm
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37099, Germany
| | - Jörg Wilting
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Carsten Sticht
- Center of Medical Research, Bioinformatic and Statistic, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim 68167, Germany
| | - Kai Dittmann
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37073, Germany
| | - Matthias Schulz
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37099, Germany
| | - Ivo Leuschner
- Kiel Paediatric Tumor Registry, Department of Paediatric Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel 24105, Germany
| | - Alexander Marx
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim 68167, Germany
| | - Heidi Hahn
- Department of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Göttingen 37073, Germany
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14
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Mizukami S, Watanabe Y, Saegusa Y, Nakajima K, Ito Y, Masubuchi Y, Yoshida T, Shibutani M. Downregulation of UBE2E2 in rat liver cells after hepatocarcinogen treatment facilitates cell proliferation and slowing down of DNA damage response in GST-P-expressing preneoplastic lesions. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 334:207-216. [PMID: 28899750 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We previously found downregulation of ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2E 2 (UBE2E2) in GST-P-positive (+) proliferative lesions produced by tumor promotion from early hepatocarcinogenesis stages in rats. Here we investigated the role of UBE2E2 downregulation in preneoplastic lesions of the liver and other target organs produced by tumor promotion in rats. Increased number of UBE2E2-related ubiquitination target proteins, phosphorylated c-MYC, KDM4A and KMT5A, was found in the UBE2E2-downregulated GST-P+ foci, compared with GST-P+ foci expressing UBE2E2. However, p21WAF1/CIP1, another UBE2E2 target protein, did not increase in the positive cells. Furthermore, the numbers of PCNA+ cells and γH2AX+ cells were increased in UBE2E2-downregulated foci. These results suggest sustained activation of c-MYC and stabilization of KMT5A to result in c-MYC-mediated transcript upregulation and following KMT5A-mediated protein stabilization of PCNA in GST-P+ foci, as well as KDM4A stabilization resulting in slowing down of DNA damage response in these lesions. Similar results were also observed in GST-P+ foci produced by repeated treatment of rats with a hepatocarcinogen, thioacetamide, for 90days. Hepatocarcinogen treatment for 28 or 90days also increased the numbers of liver cells expressing UBE2E2-related ubiquitination target proteins, as well as PCNA+ or γH2AX+ cells. Conversely, UBE2E2 downregulation was lacking in PPARα agonist-induced hepatocarcinogenesis, as well as in carcinogenic processes targeting other organs, suggestive of the loss of UBE2E2-related ubiquitination limited to hepatocarcinogenesis producing GST-P+ proliferative lesions. Our results suggest that repeated hepatocarcinogen treatment of rats causes stabilization of UBE2E2-related ubiquitination target proteins in liver cells to promote carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Mizukami
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Yousuke Watanabe
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Yukie Saegusa
- Environment Health and Safety Division, Environment Directorate, OECD, 2, rue André Pascal, 75775 Paris, Cedex 16, France.
| | - Kota Nakajima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Yuko Ito
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Yasunori Masubuchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Toshinori Yoshida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Makoto Shibutani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
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15
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Alikarami F, Safa M, Faranoush M, Hayat P, Kazemi A. Inhibition of DNA-PK enhances chemosensitivity of B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells to doxorubicin. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 94:1077-1093. [PMID: 28821159 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage repair pathways greatly affect the response to genotoxic drugs in cancer cells, so inhibition of such pathways could be a potentially useful strategy to enhance chemosensitivity. DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) plays a crucial role in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) that are probably one of the most detrimental types of DNA damage. It has been shown that DNA-PK is highly expressed in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) cells. Less well appreciated was the effect of DNA-PK inhibition on sensitivity of BCP-ALL cells to DNA-damaging agents. Here, we show that the DNA-PK inhibitor NU7441 increased doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in BCP-ALL cell lines (NALM-6, SUP-B15), correlating with a reduction in DSB repair measured by γ-H2AX foci. NU7441 affected the cell cycle distribution and the cell cycle regulatory molecules in combination with doxorubicin treatment. Doxorubicin-induced DNA-PK phosphorylation was decreased in the presence of NU7441. Apoptosis induction by the combined treatment was associated with marked reduction of Bcl-2 and survivin and a significant increase of Bax mRNA expression levels. In conclusion, our data indicate that inhibition of DNA-PK might be an effective approach to enhance the tumor-cell-killing effects of DNA-damaging agents such as doxorubicin in BCP-ALL and may deliver novel, targeted therapy into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Alikarami
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Safa
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Faranoush
- Pediatric Growth and Development Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Hayat
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Kazemi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Koch H, Wilhelm M, Ruprecht B, Beck S, Frejno M, Klaeger S, Kuster B. Phosphoproteome Profiling Reveals Molecular Mechanisms of Growth-Factor-Mediated Kinase Inhibitor Resistance in EGFR-Overexpressing Cancer Cells. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:4490-4504. [PMID: 27794612 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Although substantial progress has been made regarding the use of molecularly targeted cancer therapies, resistance almost invariably develops and presents a major clinical challenge. The tumor microenvironment can rescue cancer cells from kinase inhibitors by growth-factor-mediated induction of pro-survival pathways. Here we show that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibition by Gefitinib is counteracted by growth factors, notably FGF2, and we assessed the global molecular consequences of this resistance at the proteome and phosphoproteome level in A431 cells. Tandem mass tag peptide labeling and quantitative mass spectrometry allowed the identification and quantification of 22 000 phosphopeptides and 8800 proteins in biological triplicates without missing values. The data show that FGF2 protects the cells from the antiproliferative effect of Gefitinib and largely prevents reprogramming of the proteome and phosphoproteome. Simultaneous EGFR/FGFR or EGFR/GSG2 (Haspin) inhibition overcomes this resistance, and the phosphoproteomic experiments further prioritized the RAS/MEK/ERK as well as the PI3K/mTOR axis for combination treatment. Consequently, the MEK inhibitor Trametinib prevented FGF2-mediated survival of EGFR inhibitor-resistant cells when used in combination with Gefitinib. Surprisingly, the PI3K/mTOR inhibitor Omipalisib reversed resistance mediated by all four growth factors tested, making it an interesting candidate for mitigating the effects of the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiner Koch
- Chair for Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich , 85354 Freising, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) , 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mathias Wilhelm
- Chair for Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich , 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Benjamin Ruprecht
- Chair for Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich , 85354 Freising, Germany.,Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM) , 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Scarlet Beck
- Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry , 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Martin Frejno
- Chair for Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich , 85354 Freising, Germany.,Department of Oncology, University of Oxford , OX3 7DQ Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Klaeger
- Chair for Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich , 85354 Freising, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) , 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Kuster
- Chair for Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich , 85354 Freising, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) , 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM) , 81377 Munich, Germany.,Bavarian Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Center, Technische Universität München , 85354 Freising, Germany
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17
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O-linked mannose β-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 1 correlated with the malignancy in glioma. J Craniofac Surg 2015; 24:1441-6. [PMID: 23851827 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0b013e318295378b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
O-linked mannose β-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 1 (PomGnT1) constitutes one third of the O-linked glycoproteins in brain tissue. However, its functions have been seldom investigated in brain cancers. In this study, immunohistochemistry was used for the detection of the PomGnT1 protein in 133 cases of glioma tissues. Spearman correlation analysis was used for the relationship between PomGnT1 staining and the glioma grade. Receiver operating characteristic curve was used to measure the diagnostic value of PomGnT1 protein in the degree of glioma malignance. We found that PomGnT1 expression was correlated with glioma grade, and it could be used as a marker to distinguish low- and high-grade gliomas. Stably transfected U87 cells were constructed to overexpress short hairpin RNA of PomGnT1. Immunofluorescence test detected that this protein also could restrain the generation of U87 cells' pseudopodia. Western blotting further showed that the PomGnT1 protein had an impact on the c-myc protein level. In conclusion, our data suggest that PomGnT1 protein was correlated with the malignance of glioma progression, the mechanism involved in glioma cell's pseudopodium formation, and the expression of c-myc protein.
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18
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A Critical Role of the mTOR/eIF2α Pathway in Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130806. [PMID: 26120832 PMCID: PMC4487252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced proliferation of pulmonary arterial vascular smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) is a key pathological component of vascular remodeling in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (HPH). Mammalian targeting of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling has been shown to play a role in protein translation and participate in the progression of pulmonary hypertension. Eukaryotic translation initiation factor-2α (eIF2α) is a key factor in regulation of cell growth and cell cycle, but its role in mTOR signaling and PASMCs proliferation remains unknown. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) rat model was established by hypoxia. Rapamycin was used to treat rats as an mTOR inhibitor. Proliferation of primarily cultured rat PASMCs was induced by hypoxia, rapamycin and siRNA of mTOR and eIF2α were used in loss-of-function studies. The expression and activation of eIF2α, mTOR and c-myc were analyzed. Results showed that mTOR/eIF2α signaling was significantly activated in pulmonary arteries from hypoxia exposed rats and PASMCs cultured under hypoxia condition. Treatment with mTOR inhibitor for 21 days attenuated vascular remodeling, suppressed mTOR and eIF2α activation, inhibited c-myc expression in HPH rats. In hypoxia-induced PASMCs, rapamycin and knockdown of mTOR and eIF2α by siRNA significantly abolished proliferation and increased c-myc expression. These results suggest a critical role of the mTOR/eIF2αpathway in hypoxic vascular remodeling and PASMCs proliferation of HPH.
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19
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Liu Q, Nguyen E, Døskeland S, Ségal-Bendirdjian É. cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinase A (PKA)–Mediated c-Myc Degradation Is Dependent on the Relative Proportion of PKA-I and PKA-II Isozymes. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 88:469-76. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.097915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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20
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Yousef H, Conboy MJ, Mamiya H, Zeiderman M, Schlesinger C, Schaffer DV, Conboy IM. Mechanisms of action of hESC-secreted proteins that enhance human and mouse myogenesis. Aging (Albany NY) 2015; 6:602-20. [PMID: 25109702 PMCID: PMC4169857 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adult stem cells grow poorly in vitro compared to embryonic stem cells, and in vivo stem cell maintenance and proliferation by tissue niches progressively deteriorates with age. We previously reported that factors produced by human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) support a robust regenerative capacity for adult and old mouse muscle stem/progenitor cells. Here we extend these findings to human muscle progenitors and investigate underlying molecular mechanisms. Our results demonstrate that hESC-conditioned medium enhanced the proliferation of mouse and human muscle progenitors. Furthermore, hESC-produced factors activated MAPK and Notch signaling in human myogenic progenitors, and Delta/Notch-1 activation was dependent on MAPK/pERK. The Wnt, TGF-β and BMP/pSmad1,5,8 pathways were unresponsive to hESC-produced factors, but BMP signaling was dependent on intact MAPK/pERK. c-Myc, p57, and p18 were key effectors of the enhanced myogenesis promoted by the hECS factors. To define some of the active ingredients of the hESC-secretome which may have therapeutic potential, a comparative proteomic antibody array analysis was performed and identified several putative proteins, including FGF2, 6 and 19 which as ligands for MAPK signaling, were investigated in more detail. These studies emphasize that a “youthful” signaling of multiple signaling pathways is responsible for the pro-regenerative activity of the hESC factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanadie Yousef
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. co-first authors
| | - Michael J Conboy
- Department of Bioengineering and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. co-first authors
| | - Hikaru Mamiya
- Department of Bioengineering and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Matthew Zeiderman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Christina Schlesinger
- Department of Bioengineering and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - David V Schaffer
- Department of Bioengineering and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Irina M Conboy
- Department of Bioengineering and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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21
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Safa M, Tavasoli B, Manafi R, Kiani F, Kashiri M, Ebrahimi S, Kazemi A. Indole-3-carbinol suppresses NF-κB activity and stimulates the p53 pathway in pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:3919-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-3035-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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22
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Comparison of selected gene expression profiles in sensitive and resistant cancer cells treated with doxorubicin and Selol. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2014; 18:90-4. [PMID: 24966790 PMCID: PMC4068809 DOI: 10.5114/wo.2014.40558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Cellular resistance is strongly correlated with the risk of failure in doxorubicin (DOX) treatment, and the knowledge of the mechanisms of resistance and its possible modulation is still very limited. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this study, we assessed the effect of 5% Selol and DOX on the expression of genes that affect cell proliferation in the resistant KB-V1 and sensitive HeLa cell lines, using RT2 ProfilerTM PCR Array matrix "Human Cancer Drug Resistance and Metabolism" (SABiosciences). RESULTS We showed that HeLa and KB-V1 cell lines, characterised by varying susceptibility to DOX, have different genetic profiles as regards the studied genes. KB-V1 cells show overexpression of MYC and BCL2 genes, which encode proteins with anti apoptotic properties. Selol, when used in KB-V1 cells, reduced the expression of MYC and BCL2 genes, suggested as a new therapeutic target in the treatment of cancers resistant to cytostatic drugs. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that Selol could be used as a modulator that enhances the cytotoxic effects of doxorubicin, particularly in cells resistant to this drug.
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23
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Maurer M, Müller AC, Parapatics K, Pickl WF, Wagner C, Rudashevskaya EL, Breitwieser FP, Colinge J, Garg K, Griss J, Bennett KL, Wagner SN. Comprehensive comparative and semiquantitative proteome of a very low number of native and matched epstein-barr-virus-transformed B lymphocytes infiltrating human melanoma. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:2830-45. [PMID: 24803318 DOI: 10.1021/pr401270y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer, is highly immunogenic and frequently infiltrated with immune cells including B cells. The role of tumor-infiltrating B cells (TIBCs) in melanoma is as yet unresolved, possibly due to technical challenges in obtaining TIBCs in sufficient quantity for extensive studies and due to the limited life span of B cells in vitro. A comprehensive workflow has thus been developed for successful isolation and proteomic analysis of a low number of TIBCs from fresh, human melanoma tissue. In addition, we generated in vitro-proliferating TIBC cultures using simultaneous stimulation with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and the TLR9 ligand CpG-oligodesoxynucleotide (CpG ODN). The FASP method and iTRAQ labeling were utilized to obtain a comparative, semiquantitative proteome to assess EBV-induced changes in TIBCs. By using as few as 100 000 B cells (∼5 μg protein)/sample for our proteomic study, a total number of 6507 proteins were identified. EBV-induced changes in TIBCs are similar to those already reported for peripheral B cells and largely involve changes in cell cycle proliferation, apoptosis, and interferon response, while most of the proteins were not significantly altered. This study provides an essential, further step toward detailed characterization of TIBCs including functional in vitro analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Maurer
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna , Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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24
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Abstract
Most transcription factors specify the subset of genes that will be actively transcribed in the cell by stimulating transcription initiation at these genes, but MYC has a fundamentally different role. MYC binds E-box sites in the promoters of active genes and stimulates recruitment of the elongation factor P-TEFb and thus transcription elongation. Consequently, rather than specifying the set of genes that will be transcribed in any particular cell, MYC's predominant role is to increase the production of transcripts from active genes. This increase in the transcriptional output of the cell's existing gene expression program, called transcriptional amplification, has a profound effect on proliferation and other behaviors of a broad range of cells. Transcriptional amplification may reduce rate-limiting constraints for tumor cell proliferation and explain MYC's broad oncogenic activity among diverse tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B Rahl
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
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25
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Gómez-Gómez Y, Organista-Nava J, Gariglio P. Deregulation of the miRNAs expression in cervical cancer: human papillomavirus implications. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:407052. [PMID: 24490161 PMCID: PMC3899709 DOI: 10.1155/2013/407052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non coding RNAs of 18-25 nucleotides in length. The temporal or short-lived expression of the miRNAs modulates gene expression post transcriptionally. Studies have revealed that miRNAs deregulation correlates and is involved with the initiation and progression of human tumors. Cervical cancer (CC) displays notably increased or decreased expression of a large number of cellular oncogenic or tumor suppressive miRNAs, respectively. However, understanding the potential role of miRNAs in CC is still limited. In CC, the high-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs) infection can affect the miRNAs expression through oncoprotein E6 and E7 that contribute to viral pathogenesis, although other viral proteins might also be involved. This deregulation in the miRNAs expression has an important role in the hallmarks of CC. Interestingly, the miRNA expression profile in CC can discriminate between normal and tumor tissue and the extraordinary stability of miRNAs makes it suitable to serve as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of cancer. In this review, we will summarize the role of the HR-HPVs in miRNA expression, the role of miRNAs in the hallmarks of CC, and the use of miRNAs as potential prognostic biomarkers in CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazmín Gómez-Gómez
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular (IFC), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 04510 México, DF, Mexico
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios, Avanzados, 07360 México, DF, Mexico
| | - Jorge Organista-Nava
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular (IFC), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 04510 México, DF, Mexico
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios, Avanzados, 07360 México, DF, Mexico
| | - Patricio Gariglio
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios, Avanzados, 07360 México, DF, Mexico
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26
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The effect of STAT3 inhibition on status epilepticus and subsequent spontaneous seizures in the pilocarpine model of acquired epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 62:73-85. [PMID: 24051278 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE), which results in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) in rodents, activates the JAK/STAT pathway. In the current study, we evaluate whether brief exposure to a selective inhibitor of the JAK/STAT pathway (WP1066) early after the onset of SE affects the severity of SE or reduces later spontaneous seizure frequency via inhibition of STAT3-regulated gene transcription. Rats that received systemic WP1066 or vehicle at the onset of SE were continuously video-EEG monitored during SE and for one month to assess seizure frequency over time. Protein and/or mRNA levels for pSTAT3, and STAT3-regulated genes including: ICER, Gabra1, c-myc, mcl-1, cyclin D1, and bcl-xl were evaluated in WP1066 and vehicle-treated rats during stages of epileptogenesis to determine the acute effects of WP1066 administration on SE and chronic epilepsy. WP1066 (two 50mg/kg doses) administered within the first hour after onset of SE results in transient inhibition of pSTAT3 and long-term reduction in spontaneous seizure frequency. WP1066 alters the severity of chronic epilepsy without affecting SE or cell death. Early WP1066 administration reduces known downstream targets of STAT3 transcription 24h after SE including cyclin D1 and mcl-1 levels, known for their roles in cell-cycle progression and cell survival, respectively. These findings uncover a potential effect of the JAK/STAT pathway after brain injury that is physiologically important and may provide a new therapeutic target that can be harnessed for the prevention of epilepsy development and/or progression.
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27
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Padmanabhan A, Li X, Bieberich CJ. Protein kinase A regulates MYC protein through transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms in a catalytic subunit isoform-specific manner. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:14158-14169. [PMID: 23504319 PMCID: PMC3656272 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.432377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
MYC levels are tightly regulated in cells, and deregulation is associated with many cancers. In this report, we describe the existence of a MYC-protein kinase A (PKA)-polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) signaling loop in cells. We report that sequential MYC phosphorylation by PKA and PLK1 protects MYC from proteasome-mediated degradation. Interestingly, short term pan-PKA inhibition diminishes MYC level, whereas prolonged PKA catalytic subunit α (PKACα) knockdown, but not PKA catalytic subunit β (PKACβ) knockdown, increases MYC. We show that the short term effect of pan-PKA inhibition on MYC is post-translational and the PKACα-specific long term effect on MYC is transcriptional. These data also reveal distinct functional roles among PKA catalytic isoforms in MYC regulation. We attribute this effect to differential phosphorylation selectivity among PKA catalytic subunits, which we demonstrate for multiple substrates. Further, we also show that MYC up-regulates PKACβ, transcriptionally forming a proximate positive feedback loop. These results establish PKA as a regulator of MYC and highlight the distinct biological roles of the different PKA catalytic subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achuth Padmanabhan
- Department of Biological Sciences, the University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, the University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250
| | - Charles J Bieberich
- Department of Biological Sciences, the University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250; Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201.
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Vallespinós M, Fernández D, Rodríguez L, Alvaro-Blanco J, Baena E, Ortiz M, Dukovska D, Martínez D, Rojas A, Campanero MR, Moreno de Alborán I. B Lymphocyte Commitment Program Is Driven by the Proto-Oncogene c-myc. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:6726-36. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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29
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Pereira ELR, Lima PDL, Khayat AS, Bahia MO, Bezerra FS, Andrade-Neto M, Montenegro RC, Pessoa C, Costa-Lotufo LV, Moraes MO, Yoshioka FKN, Pinto GR, Burbano RR. Inhibitory effect of pisosterol on human glioblastoma cell lines with C-MYC amplification. J Appl Toxicol 2010; 31:554-60. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 08/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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30
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Aurora kinases A and B are up-regulated by Myc and are essential for maintenance of the malignant state. Blood 2010; 116:1498-505. [PMID: 20519624 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-11-251074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Myc oncoproteins promote continuous cell growth, in part by controlling the transcription of key cell cycle regulators. Here, we report that c-Myc regulates the expression of Aurora A and B kinases (Aurka and Aurkb), and that Aurka and Aurkb transcripts and protein levels are highly elevated in Myc-driven B-cell lymphomas in both mice and humans. The induction of Aurka by Myc is transcriptional and is directly mediated via E-boxes, whereas Aurkb is regulated indirectly. Blocking Aurka/b kinase activity with a selective Aurora kinase inhibitor triggers transient mitotic arrest, polyploidization, and apoptosis of Myc-induced lymphomas. These phenotypes are selectively bypassed by a kinase inhibitor-resistant Aurkb mutant, demonstrating that Aurkb is the primary therapeutic target in the context of Myc. Importantly, apoptosis provoked by Aurk inhibition was p53 independent, suggesting that Aurka/Aurkb inhibitors will show efficacy in treating primary or relapsed malignancies having Myc involvement and/or loss of p53 function.
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31
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Liu X, Xiong F, Wei X, Yang H, Zhou R. LAPTM4B-35, a novel tetratransmembrane protein and its PPRP motif play critical roles in proliferation and metastatic potential of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:2335-40. [PMID: 19843073 PMCID: PMC11158284 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal protein transmembrane 4 beta (LAPTM4B) was originally identified as a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)-associated gene. This gene and its protein product LAPTM4B-35, are both overexpressed in a variety of human cancers. However, its specific role in cell transformation and malignancy has remained elusive. In the present study we investigated the effects of LAPTM4B-35 overexpression on the malignant phenotypic features in the HLE cell line. Our data show that overexpression of LAPTM4B-35 promotes cell proliferation, exogenous growth-stimulating factor-independent and anchorage-independent growth, and enhances metastatic potential, including promotion of both cell migration and invasion. Study of the underlying mechanisms demonstrated alterations of molecular events involved in these processes, which included upregulation of proliferation-promoting transcription factors such as c-Myc, c-Jun, and c-Fos, and cell cycle-promoting proteins such as cyclin D1 and cyclin E. In addition, mutagenesis study showed that the PPRP motif in the N-terminal region of LAPTM4B-35 plays a critical role in promoting proliferation, migration, and invasion, as well as in the upregulation of the oncoproteins noted above. These data offer insight into the mechanism by which this novel tetratransmembrane protein contributes to the pathogenesis of liver cancer, and suggest that it may be a potential target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrong Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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32
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Abstract
Gene expression signatures can be developed as comprehensive pathway readouts and used as pharmacodynamic or patient-stratification biomarkers. While a consensus on the best practices for selecting gene expression signatures from microarray data is evolving, we have developed basic guidelines to ensure consistency and quality. Here we illustrate these guidelines through the identification of a growth factor gene expression signature that is responsive to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway perturbations in vitro and related to phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) deregulation in vivo.
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33
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Identification of domains responsible for ubiquitin-dependent degradation of dMyc by glycogen synthase kinase 3beta and casein kinase 1 kinases. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 29:3424-34. [PMID: 19364825 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01535-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we report that ubiquitin-mediated degradation of dMyc, the Drosophila homologue of the human c-myc proto-oncogene, is regulated in vitro and in vivo by members of the casein kinase 1 (CK1) family and by glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta). Using Drosophila S2 cells, we demonstrate that CK1alpha promotes dMyc ubiquitination and degradation with a mechanism similar to the one mediated by GSK3beta in vertebrates. Mutation of ck1alpha or -epsilon or sgg/gsk3beta in Drosophila wing imaginal discs results in the accumulation of dMyc protein, suggesting a physiological role for these kinases in vivo. Analysis of the dMyc amino acid sequence reveals the presence of conserved domains containing potential phosphorylation sites for mitogen kinases, GSK3beta, and members of the CK1 family. We demonstrate that mutations of specific residues within these phosphorylation domains regulate dMyc protein stability and confer resistance to degradation by CK1alpha and GSK3beta kinases. Expression of the dMyc mutants in the compound eye of the adult fly results in a visible defect that is attributed to the effect of dMyc on growth, cell death, and inhibition of ommatidial differentiation.
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34
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Rodrigues CO, Nerlick ST, White EL, Cleveland JL, King ML. A Myc-Slug (Snail2)/Twist regulatory circuit directs vascular development. Development 2008; 135:1903-11. [PMID: 18469221 DOI: 10.1242/dev.011296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Myc-deficient mice fail to develop normal vascular networks and Myc-deficient embryonic stem cells fail to provoke a tumor angiogenic response when injected into immune compromised mice. However, the molecular underpinnings of these defects are poorly understood. To assess whether Myc indeed contributes to embryonic vasculogenesis we evaluated Myc function in Xenopus laevis embryogenesis. Here, we report that Xc-Myc is required for the normal assembly of endothelial cells into patent vessels during both angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Accordingly, the specific knockdown of Xc-Myc provokes massive embryonic edema and hemorrhage. Conversely, Xc-Myc overexpression triggers the formation of ectopic vascular beds in embryos. Myc is required for normal expression of Slug/Snail2 and Twist, and either XSlug/Snail2 or XTwist could compensate for defects manifest by Xc-Myc knockdown. Importantly, knockdown of Xc-Myc, XSlug/Snail2 or XTwist within the lateral plate mesoderm, but not the neural crest, provoked embryonic edema and hemorrhage. Collectively, these findings support a model in which Myc, Twist and Slug/Snail2 function in a regulatory circuit within lateral plate mesoderm that directs normal vessel formation in both the vascular and lymphatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia O Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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35
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Faria MH, Khayat AS, Burbano RR, Rabenhorst SH. c -MYC amplification and expression in astrocytic tumors. Acta Neuropathol 2008; 116:87-95. [PMID: 18369647 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-008-0368-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2007] [Revised: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the nuclear and cytoplasmic expression of c-MYC protein in human astrocytic tumors of different histopathological grades and to determine whether its expression correlates with c-MYC gene amplification. An immunohistochemical study of c-MYC protein was performed in 140 paraffin-embedded astrocytic tumors of different grades. Among them, 30 specimens were analyzed for c-MYC gene amplification by FISH. Expression of nuclear and cytoplasmic c-MYC was observed, respectively, in 65.0 and 66.4% of the cases studied. The distribution of the positive cases according to the tumor grade increased in both nuclear and cytoplasmic staining with malignancy. The median nuclear LI also increased with tumor grade, with highest c-MYC nuclear expression in grade III. The median cytoplasmic labeling scores showed a significant difference between grade I tumors and diffuse tumors, which presented high and similar median scores. Cytoplasmic c-MYC localization was linked to high nuclear c-MYC expression. FISH results disclosed that the presence of two signals was inversely correlated with histopathological grade, while the presence of >/=5 signals increased according to degree of malignancy. Moreover, the presence of two signals was associated with low nuclear LI and the presence of four or more signals with high nuclear LI. These results indicate that c-MYC expression in astrocytic tumors is strongly associated with increased c-MYC gene copy number and suggest that c-MYC plays a role in the early tumorigenesis of astrocytomas.
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36
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Huang W, Nevins JR, Ohler U. Phylogenetic simulation of promoter evolution: estimation and modeling of binding site turnover events and assessment of their impact on alignment tools. Genome Biol 2008; 8:R225. [PMID: 17956628 PMCID: PMC2246299 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2007-8-10-r225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2007] [Revised: 10/20/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phenomenon of functional site turnover has important implications for the study of regulatory region evolution, such as for promoter sequence alignments and transcription factor binding site (TFBS) identification. At present, it remains difficult to estimate TFBS turnover rates on real genomic sequences, as reliable mappings of functional sites across related species are often not available. As an alternative, we introduce a flexible new simulation system, Phylogenetic Simulation of Promoter Evolution (PSPE), designed to study functional site turnovers in regulatory sequences. RESULTS Using PSPE, we study replacement turnover rates of different individual TFBSs and simple modules of two sites under neutral evolutionary functional constraints. We find that TFBS replacement turnover can happen rapidly in promoters, and turnover rates vary significantly among different TFBSs and modules. We assess the influence of different constraints such as insertion/deletion rate and translocation distances. Complementing the simulations, we give simple but effective mathematical models for TFBS turnover rate prediction. As one important application of PSPE, we also present a first systematic evaluation of multiple sequence aligners regarding their capability of detecting TFBSs in promoters with site turnovers. CONCLUSION PSPE allows researchers for the first time to investigate TFBS replacement turnovers in promoters systematically. The assessment of alignment tools points out the limitations of current approaches to identify TFBSs in non-coding sequences, where turnover events of functional sites may happen frequently, and where we are interested in assessing the similarity on the functional level. PSPE is freely available at the authors' website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichun Huang
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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37
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Wang H, Mannava S, Grachtchouk V, Zhuang D, Soengas MS, Gudkov AV, Prochownik EV, Nikiforov MA. c-Myc depletion inhibits proliferation of human tumor cells at various stages of the cell cycle. Oncogene 2007; 27:1905-15. [PMID: 17906696 PMCID: PMC3144565 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A major role for c-Myc in the proliferation of normal cells is attributed to its ability to promote progression through G(1) and into S phase of the cell cycle. The absolute requirement of c-Myc for cell cycle progression in human tumor cells has not been comprehensively addressed. In the present work, we used a lentiviral-based short hairpin RNA (shRNA) expression vector to stably reduce c-Myc expression in a large number of human tumor cell lines and in three different types of normal human cells. In all cases, cell proliferation was severely inhibited, with normal cells ultimately undergoing G(0)/G(1) growth arrest. In contrast, tumor cells demonstrated a much more variable cell cycle response with cells from several lines accumulating in S or G(2)/M phases. Moreover, in some tumor lines, the phase of cell cycle arrest caused by inhibition of c-Myc could be altered by depleting tumor suppressor protein p53 or its transcriptional target p21(CIP/WAF). Our data suggest that, as in the case of normal cells, c-Myc is essential for sustaining proliferation of human tumor cells. However its rate-limiting role in cell cycle control is variable and is reliant upon the status of other cell cycle regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wang
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Rangos Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - S Mannava
- Department of Dermatology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - V Grachtchouk
- Department of Dermatology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - D Zhuang
- Department of Dermatology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - MS Soengas
- Department of Dermatology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - AV Gudkov
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - EV Prochownik
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Rangos Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - MA Nikiforov
- Department of Dermatology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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