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Park SJ, Kim YY, Han JY, Kim SW, Kim H, Ku SY. Advancements in Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research: Clinical Applications and Ethical Issues. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2024; 21:379-394. [PMID: 38502279 PMCID: PMC10987435 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-024-00627-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development and use of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) in regenerative medicine have been revolutionary, offering significant advancements in treating various diseases. These pluripotent cells, derived from early human embryos, are central to modern biomedical research. However, their application is mired in ethical and regulatory complexities related to the use of human embryos. METHOD This review utilized key databases such as ClinicalTrials.gov, EU Clinical Trials Register, PubMed, and Google Scholar to gather recent clinical trials and studies involving hESCs. The focus was on their clinical application in regenerative medicine, emphasizing clinical trials and research directly involving hESCs. RESULTS Preclinical studies and clinical trials in various areas like ophthalmology, neurology, endocrinology, and reproductive medicine have demonstrated the versatility of hESCs in regenerative medicine. These studies underscore the potential of hESCs in treating a wide array of conditions. However, the field faces ethical and regulatory challenges, with significant variations in policies and perspectives across different countries. CONCLUSION The potential of hESCs in regenerative medicine is immense, offering new avenues for treating previously incurable diseases. However, navigating the ethical, legal, and regulatory landscapes is crucial for the continued advancement and responsible application of hESC research in the medical field. Considering both scientific potential and ethical implications, a balanced approach is essential for successfully integrating hESCs into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Jin Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Young Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine and Population, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-Ro Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine and Population, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yup Ku
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-Ro Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine and Population, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Doğan A, Okumuş EB, Turhan SŞ. Conditioned medium of induced pluripotent stem cell derived neuromesodermal progenitors enhances cell migration in vitro. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:441. [PMID: 38520606 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09375-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of novel cell-based therapy sources has been of great interest in recent years to provide alternative and available therapy options in clinics. Conditioned medium (CM) can be a valuable supply for growth factors, cytokines and chemokines as a source of stem cell secretome. Exploring the role of new CM sources for tissue regeneration might be a promising approach for therapeutic purposes. METHODS AND RESULTS In the current study, neuromesodermal progenitors (NMPs) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were used to collect CM. Fibroblast derived iPSCs were successfully differentiated into NMPs and NMPs were characterized by double positive T/Bra and Sox2 staining. CM was collected from NMPs, and the content was characterized by membrane analysis. In vitro wound healing assay was used as a model system to observe potential activity of CM on cell migration. Fibroblasts, keratinocytes and endothelial cells were used to evaluate the effect of NMP-derived CM (NMP-CM) on cell migration in vitro. Several important proteins related to wound healing such as ANGPT 1, ANGPT 2, MCP-1, PDGF-AA, SDF-1α, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were increased in NMP-CM. NMP-CM increased cell proliferation and migration in vitro. CONCLUSIONS In vitro data obtained from three distinct cell types suggest a promising role of NMP-CM on cell migration. NMP-CM can be used for wound management in the further future after detailed in vitro and in vivo research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşegül Doğan
- Faculty of Engineering, Genetics and Bioengineering Department, Yeditepe University, İstanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ezgi Bulut Okumuş
- Faculty of Engineering, Genetics and Bioengineering Department, Yeditepe University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Selinay Şenkal Turhan
- Faculty of Engineering, Genetics and Bioengineering Department, Yeditepe University, İstanbul, Turkey
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Ishioka M, Nihashi Y, Sunagawa Y, Umezawa K, Shimosato T, Kagami H, Morimoto T, Takaya T. Myogenetic Oligodeoxynucleotide Induces Myocardial Differentiation of Murine Pluripotent Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14380. [PMID: 37762684 PMCID: PMC10532123 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
An 18-base myogenetic oligodeoxynucleotide (myoDN), iSN04, acts as an anti-nucleolin aptamer and induces myogenic differentiation of skeletal muscle myoblasts. This study investigated the effect of iSN04 on murine embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). In the undifferentiated state, iSN04 inhibited the proliferation of ESCs and iPSCs but did not affect the expression of pluripotent markers. In the differentiating condition, iSN04 treatment of ESCs/iPSCs from day 5 onward dramatically induced differentiation into Nkx2-5+ beating cardiomyocytes with upregulation of Gata4, Isl1, and Nkx2-5, whereas iSN04 treatment from earlier stages completely inhibited cardiomyogenesis. RNA sequencing revealed that iSN04 treatment from day 5 onward contributes to the generation of cardiac progenitors by modulating the Wnt signaling pathway. Immunostaining showed that iSN04 suppressed the cytoplasmic translocation of nucleolin and restricted it to the nucleoli. These results demonstrate that nucleolin inhibition by iSN04 facilitates the terminal differentiation of cardiac mesoderm into cardiomyocytes but interferes with the differentiation of early mesoderm into the cardiac lineage. This is the first report on the generation of cardiomyocytes from pluripotent stem cells using a DNA aptamer. Since iSN04 did not induce hypertrophic responses in primary-cultured cardiomyocytes, iSN04 would be useful and safe for the regenerative therapy of heart failure using stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Ishioka
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan; (M.I.); (T.S.)
| | - Yuma Nihashi
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Central 5-41, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Ibaraki, Japan;
| | - Yoichi Sunagawa
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; (Y.S.); (T.M.)
| | - Koji Umezawa
- Department of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan; (K.U.); (H.K.)
- Department of Biomolecular Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shimosato
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan; (M.I.); (T.S.)
- Department of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan; (K.U.); (H.K.)
- Department of Biomolecular Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kagami
- Department of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan; (K.U.); (H.K.)
| | - Tatsuya Morimoto
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; (Y.S.); (T.M.)
| | - Tomohide Takaya
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan; (M.I.); (T.S.)
- Department of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan; (K.U.); (H.K.)
- Department of Biomolecular Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
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Stefańska K, Nemcova L, Blatkiewicz M, Żok A, Kaczmarek M, Pieńkowski W, Mozdziak P, Piotrowska-Kempisty H, Kempisty B. Expression Profile of New Marker Genes Involved in Differentiation of Human Wharton's Jelly-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Chondrocytes, Osteoblasts, Adipocytes and Neural-like Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12939. [PMID: 37629120 PMCID: PMC10455417 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Wharton's jelly (WJ) contains mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exhibiting broad immunomodulatory properties and differentiation capacity, which makes them a promising tool for cellular therapies. Although the osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic differentiation is a gold standard for proper identification of MSCs, it is important to elucidate the exact molecular mechanisms governing these processes to develop safe and efficient cellular therapies. Umbilical cords were collected from healthy, full-term deliveries, for subsequent MSCs (WJ-MSCs) isolation. WJ-MSCs were cultivated in vitro for osteogenic, chondrogenic, adipogenic and neurogenic differentiation. The RNA samples were isolated and the transcript levels were evaluated using NovaSeq platform, which led to the identification of differentially expressed genes. Expression of H19 and SLPI was enhanced in adipocytes, chondrocytes and osteoblasts, and NPPB was decreased in all analyzed groups compared to the control. KISS1 was down-regulated in adipocytes, chondrocytes, and neural-like cells compared to the control. The most of identified genes were already implicated in differentiation of MSCs; however, some genes (PROK1, OCA2) have not yet been associated with initiating final cell fate. The current results indicate that both osteo- and adipo-induced WJ-MSCs share many similarities regarding the most overexpressed genes, while the neuro-induced WJ-MSCs are quite distinctive from the other three groups. Overall, this study provides an insight into the transcriptomic changes occurring during the differentiation of WJ-MSCs and enables the identification of novel markers involved in this process, which may serve as a reference for further research exploring the role of these genes in physiology of WJ-MSCs and in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Stefańska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
- Cellivia 3 S.A., 61-623 Poznan, Poland
| | - Lucie Nemcova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 27721 Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Małgorzata Blatkiewicz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Żok
- Division of Philosophy of Medicine and Bioethics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Mariusz Kaczmarek
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-866 Poznan, Poland
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, Department of Cancer Diagnostics and Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, 61-866 Poznan, Poland
| | - Wojciech Pieńkowski
- Division of Perinatology and Women’s Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-535 Poznan, Poland
| | - Paul Mozdziak
- Prestage Department of Poultry Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Hanna Piotrowska-Kempisty
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-631 Poznan, Poland
- Department of Basic and Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Bartosz Kempisty
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Masaryk University, 60177 Brno, Czech Republic
- Physiology Graduate Faculty, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Stefańska K, Nemcova L, Blatkiewicz M, Pieńkowski W, Ruciński M, Zabel M, Mozdziak P, Podhorska-Okołów M, Dzięgiel P, Kempisty B. Apoptosis Related Human Wharton's Jelly-Derived Stem Cells Differentiation into Osteoblasts, Chondrocytes, Adipocytes and Neural-like Cells-Complete Transcriptomic Assays. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10023. [PMID: 37373173 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) exhibit multilineage differentiation potential, adhere to plastic, and express a specific set of surface markers-CD105, CD73, CD90. Although there are relatively well-established differentiation protocols for WJ-MSCs, the exact molecular mechanisms involved in their in vitro long-term culture and differentiation remain to be elucidated. In this study, the cells were isolated from Wharton's jelly of umbilical cords obtained from healthy full-term deliveries, cultivated in vitro, and differentiated towards osteogenic, chondrogenic, adipogenic and neurogenic lineages. RNA samples were isolated after the differentiation regimen and analyzed using an RNA sequencing (RNAseq) assay, which led to the identification of differentially expressed genes belonging to apoptosis-related ontological groups. ZBTB16 and FOXO1 were upregulated in all differentiated groups as compared to controls, while TGFA was downregulated in all groups. In addition, several possible novel marker genes associated with the differentiation of WJ-MSCs were identified (e.g., SEPTIN4, ITPR1, CNR1, BEX2, CD14, EDNRB). The results of this study provide an insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in the long-term culture in vitro and four-lineage differentiation of WJ-MSCs, which is crucial to utilize WJ-MSCs in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Stefańska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
- Cellivia 3 S.A., 61-623 Poznan, Poland
| | - Lucie Nemcova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 27721 Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Małgorzata Blatkiewicz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
| | - Wojciech Pieńkowski
- Division of Perinatology and Women's Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-535 Poznan, Poland
| | - Marcin Ruciński
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
| | - Maciej Zabel
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
- Division of Anatomy and Histology, University of Zielona Góra, 65-046 Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Paul Mozdziak
- Prestage Department of Poultry Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Marzenna Podhorska-Okołów
- Division of Ultrastructural Research, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Dzięgiel
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Kempisty
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Masaryk University, 60177 Brno, Czech Republic
- Physiology Graduate Faculty, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Mayani H. Cellular Therapies: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow. Stem Cells Dev 2023; 32:163-169. [PMID: 36727603 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2022.0294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular therapy (CT) can be defined as the transference into a person of healthy cells to correct defective functions. Yesterday (1950-2010), CT consisted mostly of hematopoietic transplants for the treatment of a variety of hematological disorders. Interestingly, during that period of time other cell types with therapeutic potential-including certain lymphoid populations and other nonhematopoietic cells-were discovered and characterized; thus, CT became a promising discipline for the treatment of a broader diversity of diseases. Today (2011-2023), CT has significantly grownup through preclinical studies and clinical trials, and it is currently progressing toward its consolidation as one of the pillars of medicine in the 21st century. Indeed, different types of stem cells (e.g., hematopoietic, mesenchymal, neural, and pluripotent), as well as different lymphoid and myeloid cell populations (e.g., TILs, CAR-Ts, CAR-NKs, and DUOC-01) are being used in clinical settings or are being tested in clinical trials. For the past decade, several CT modalities have been developed, and today, many of them are being used in the clinic. Tomorrow (2024-2040), already established CT modalities will surely be improved and applied more frequently, and novel therapies (that will include cell types such as iPSCs) will enter and expand within the clinical ground. It is noteworthy, however, that despite significant advancements and achievements, problems still need to be solved and obstacles need to be overcome. Technical, ethical, and economic issues persist and they need to be addressed. Undoubtedly, exciting times of challenges and opportunities are coming ahead in the CT arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Mayani
- Oncology Research Unit, Oncology Hospital, IMSS National Medical Center, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Mexico City, Mexico
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Sharov AA, Nakatake Y, Wang W. Atlas of regulated target genes of transcription factors (ART-TF) in human ES cells. BMC Bioinformatics 2022; 23:377. [PMID: 36114445 PMCID: PMC9479252 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-022-04924-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transcription factors (TFs) play central roles in maintaining “stemness” of embryonic stem (ES) cells and their differentiation into several hundreds of adult cell types. The regulatory competence of TFs is routinely assessed by detecting target genes to which they bind. However, these data do not indicate which target genes are activated, repressed, or not affected by the change of TF abundance. There is a lack of large-scale studies that compare the genome binding of TFs with the expression change of target genes after manipulation of each TF. Results In this paper we associated human TFs with their target genes by two criteria: binding to genes, evaluated from published ChIP-seq data (n = 1868); and change of target gene expression shortly after induction of each TF in human ES cells. Lists of direction- and strength-specific regulated target genes are generated for 311 TFs (out of 351 TFs tested) with expected proportion of false positives less than or equal to 0.30, including 63 new TFs not present in four existing databases of target genes. Our lists of direction-specific targets for 152 TFs (80.0%) are larger that in the TRRUST database. In average, 30.9% of genes that respond greater than or equal to twofold to the induction of TFs are regulated targets. Regulated target genes indicate that the majority of TFs are either strong activators or strong repressors, whereas sets of genes that responded greater than or equal to twofold to the induction of TFs did not show strong asymmetry in the direction of expression change. The majority of human TFs (82.1%) regulated their target genes primarily via binding to enhancers. Repression of target genes is more often mediated by promoter-binding than activation of target genes. Enhancer-promoter loops are more abundant among strong activator and repressor TFs. Conclusions We developed an atlas of regulated targets of TFs (ART-TF) in human ES cells by combining data on TF binding with data on gene expression change after manipulation of individual TFs. Sets of regulated gene targets were identified with a controlled rate of false positives. This approach contributes to the understanding of biological functions of TFs and organization of gene regulatory networks. This atlas should be a valuable resource for ES cell-based regenerative medicine studies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12859-022-04924-3.
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Viola M, de Jager SCA, Sluijter JPG. Targeting Inflammation after Myocardial Infarction: A Therapeutic Opportunity for Extracellular Vesicles? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157831. [PMID: 34360595 PMCID: PMC8346058 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
After myocardial infarction (MI), a strong inflammatory response takes place in the heart to remove the dead tissue resulting from ischemic injury. A growing body of evidence suggests that timely resolution of this inflammatory process may aid in the prevention of adverse cardiac remodeling and heart failure post-MI. The present challenge is to find a way to stimulate this process without interfering with the reparative role of the immune system. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are natural membrane particles that are released by cells and carry different macromolecules, including proteins and non-coding RNAs. In recent years, EVs derived from various stem and progenitor cells have been demonstrated to possess regenerative properties. They can provide cardioprotection via several mechanisms of action, including immunomodulation. In this review, we summarize the role of the innate immune system in post-MI healing. We then discuss the mechanisms by which EVs modulate cardiac inflammation in preclinical models of myocardial injury through regulation of monocyte influx and macrophage function. Finally, we provide suggestions for further optimization of EV-based therapy to improve its potential for the treatment of MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Viola
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;
- UMC Utrecht Regenerative Medicine Center, Circulatory Health Laboratory, University Utrecht, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia C. A. de Jager
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;
- UMC Utrecht Regenerative Medicine Center, Circulatory Health Laboratory, University Utrecht, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (S.C.A.d.J.); (J.P.G.S.)
| | - Joost P. G. Sluijter
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;
- UMC Utrecht Regenerative Medicine Center, Circulatory Health Laboratory, University Utrecht, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (S.C.A.d.J.); (J.P.G.S.)
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Jing G, Li K, Sun F, Niu J, Zhu R, Qian Y, Wang S. Layer-Number-Dependent Effects of Graphene Oxide on the Pluripotency of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Through the Regulation of the Interaction Between the Extracellular Matrix and Integrins. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:3819-3832. [PMID: 34121840 PMCID: PMC8189697 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s301892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) possess great application prospects in biological research and regenerative medicine, so it is important to obtain ESCs with excellent and stable cellular states during in vitro expansion. The feeder layer culture system with the addition of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is currently applied in ESC cultures, but it has a series of disadvantages that could influence the culture efficiency and quality of the ESCs. With the development of nanotechnology, many studies have applied nanomaterials to optimize the stem cell culture system and regulate the fate of stem cells. In this study, we investigated the layer-number-dependent biofunction of graphene oxide (GO) on the pluripotency of ESCs from mice (mESCs). Methods Single-layer GO (SGO) and multi-layer GO (MGO) were characterized and their effects on the cytotoxicity and self-renewal of mESCs were detected in vitro. The differentiation potentials of mESCs were identified through the formation of embryoid bodies and teratomas. The regulatory mechanism of GO was verified by blocking the target receptors on the surface of mESCs using antibodies. Results Both SGO and MGO were biocompatible with mESCs, but only MGO effectively sustained their self-renewal and differentiation potential. In addition, GO influenced the cellular activities of mESCs by regulating the interactions between extracellular matrix proteins and integrins. Conclusion This work demonstrates the layer-number-dependent effects of GO on regulating the cell behavior of mESCs and reveals the extracellular regulatory mechanism of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxin Jing
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Li
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Feiyue Sun
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jintong Niu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongrong Zhu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yechang Qian
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Baoshan District Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shilong Wang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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10
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Sun JM, Kurtzberg J. Stem cell therapies in cerebral palsy and autism spectrum disorder. Dev Med Child Neurol 2021; 63:503-510. [PMID: 33398874 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.14789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Across disciplines, there is great anticipation that evolving cell therapies may finally provide a therapeutic option for conditions in dire need. These conditions are typically complex and their pathophysiology incompletely understood, hindering the development of robust preclinical models and the precise assessment of therapeutic effects in human studies. This article provides an overview of the status of cell therapy investigations in two common neurodevelopmental disorders, cerebral palsy and autism spectrum disorder. Challenges facing this line of study, including inherent heterogeneity, knowledge gaps, and unrealistic expectations, are discussed. Much progress has been made in the past decade, but to definitively determine if cell therapies have a role in the treatment of neurodevelopmental disorders, both fields will need to evolve together. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: The safety profile of reported cell therapies in children with neurodevelopmental disorders is encouraging. Efficacy trials in cerebral palsy and autism spectrum disorder are ongoing in the United States and Asia. Unresolved issues pertain to the properties of the cells being studied and the characteristics of the neurodevelopmental conditions themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Sun
- The Marcus Center for Cellular Cures, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joanne Kurtzberg
- The Marcus Center for Cellular Cures, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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11
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Xia RM, Yao DB, Cai XM, Xu XQ. LHPP-Mediated Histidine Dephosphorylation Suppresses the Self-Renewal of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:638815. [PMID: 33796530 PMCID: PMC8007871 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.638815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-renewal of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) is orchestrated by a vast number of genes at the transcriptional and translational levels. However, the molecular mechanisms of post-translational regulatory factors in ESC self-renewal remain unclear. Histidine phosphorylation, also known as hidden phosphorylation, cannot be detected by conventional experimental methods. A recent study defined phospholysine phosphohistidine inorganic pyrophosphate phosphatase (LHPP) as a histidine phosphatase, which regulates various biological behaviors in cells via histidine dephosphorylation. In this study, the doxycycline (DOX)-induced hLHPP-overexpressing mouse ESCs and mouse LHPP silenced mESCs were constructed. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), western blotting analysis, immunofluorescence, Flow cytometry, colony formation assays, alkaline phosphatase (AP) and bromodeoxyuridine (Brdu) staining were performed. We found that the histidine phosphorylation level was strikingly reduced following LHPP overexpression. Besides, the expression of Oct4 and Lefty1, indispensable genes in the process of ESCs self-renewal, was significantly down-regulated, while markers related to the differentiation were markedly elevated. Moreover, LHPP-mediated histidine dephosphorylation induced G0/G1 phase arrest in mESCs, suggesting LHPP was implicated in cell proliferation and cell cycle. Conversely, silencing of Lhpp promoted the self-renewal of mESCs and reversed the RA induced increased expression of genes associated with differentiation. Mechanistically, our findings suggested that the enzymatic active site of LHPP was the cysteine residue at position 226, not 53. LHPP-mediated histidine dephosphorylation lowered the expression levels of β-catenin and the cell cycle-related genes CDK4 and CyclinD1, while it up-regulated the cell cycle suppressor genes P21 and P27. Taken together, our findings reveal that LHPP-mediated histidine dephosphorylation plays a role in the self-renewal of ESCs. LHPP-mediated histidine dephosphorylation inhibited the self-renewal of ESCs by negatively regulating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and downstream cell cycle-related genes, providing a new perspective and regulatory target for ESCs self-renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Mu Xia
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Dong Bo Yao
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xue Min Cai
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiu Qin Xu
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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12
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Akbulut AC, Wasilewski GB, Rapp N, Forin F, Singer H, Czogalla-Nitsche KJ, Schurgers LJ. Menaquinone-7 Supplementation Improves Osteogenesis in Pluripotent Stem Cell Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:618760. [PMID: 33585456 PMCID: PMC7876270 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.618760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of clinical stem cell interventions are hampered by immature cell progeny under current protocols. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are characterized by their ability to self-renew and differentiate into multiple lineages. Generating hMSCs from pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is an attractive avenue for cost-efficient and scalable production of cellular material. In this study we generate mature osteoblasts from iPSCs using a stable expandable MSC intermediate, refining established protocols. We investigated the timeframe and phenotype of cells under osteogenic conditions as well as the effect of menaquinone-7 (MK-7) on differentiation. From day 2 we noted a significant increase in RUNX2 expression under osteogenic conditions with MK-7, as well as decreases in ROS species production, increased cellular migration and changes to dynamics of collagen deposition when compared to differentiated cells that were not treated with MK-7. At day 21 OsteoMK-7 increased alkaline phosphatase activity and collagen deposition, as well as downregulated RUNX2 expression, suggesting to a mature cellular phenotype. Throughout we note no changes to expression of osteocalcin suggesting a non-canonical function of MK-7 in osteoblast differentiation. Together our data provide further mechanistic insight between basic and clinical studies on extrahepatic activity of MK-7. Our findings show that MK-7 promotes osteoblast maturation thereby increasing osteogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim Cengiz Akbulut
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Grzegorz B Wasilewski
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,NattoPharma ASA, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nikolas Rapp
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Francesco Forin
- Institute of Experimental Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Clinic Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Heike Singer
- Institute of Experimental Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Clinic Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Katrin J Czogalla-Nitsche
- Institute of Experimental Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Clinic Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Leon J Schurgers
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Nephro-Cardiology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Klinikum, Aachen, Germany
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13
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Guo M, Gan L, Si J, Zhang J, Liu Z, Zhao J, Gou Z, Zhang H. Role of miR-302/367 cluster in human physiology and pathophysiology. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2020; 52:791-800. [PMID: 32785592 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that negatively regulate target mRNAs at the post-transcriptional level. Increasing evidence shows the involvement of miRNAs in diverse biological processes. miR-302/367 cluster is highly conserved among vertebrates and made up of five members, including miR-367, miR-302a, miR-302b, miR-302c and miR-302d. miR-302/367 cluster plays an important role in cell proliferation, differentiation and reprogramming, affecting the development of tumor, cardiovascular system, nervous system and immune system. In this review, we will summarize the role of miR-302/367 cluster in embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells and try to point out its relationship with tumors, cardiovascular system, nervous system and immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghuan Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lu Gan
- Bio-Medical Research Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Si
- Bio-Medical Research Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinhua Zhang
- Bio-Medical Research Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- Medical College, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Zhong Gou
- Medical College, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Bio-Medical Research Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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14
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Abstract
As the crucial non-cellular component of tissues, the extracellular matrix (ECM) provides both physical support and signaling regulation to cells. Some ECM molecules provide a fibrillar environment around cells, while others provide a sheet-like basement membrane scaffold beneath epithelial cells. In this Review, we focus on recent studies investigating the mechanical, biophysical and signaling cues provided to developing tissues by different types of ECM in a variety of developing organisms. In addition, we discuss how the ECM helps to regulate tissue morphology during embryonic development by governing key elements of cell shape, adhesion, migration and differentiation. Summary: This Review discusses our current understanding of how the extracellular matrix helps guide developing tissues by influencing cell adhesion, migration, shape and differentiation, emphasizing the biophysical cues it provides.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Cruz Walma
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4370, USA
| | - Kenneth M Yamada
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4370, USA
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15
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Human Wharton's Jelly-Cellular Specificity, Stemness Potency, Animal Models, and Current Application in Human Clinical Trials. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9041102. [PMID: 32290584 PMCID: PMC7230974 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9041102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapies offer a great promise for regenerative and reconstructive medicine, due to their self-renewal and differentiation capacity. Although embryonic stem cells are pluripotent, their utilization involves embryo destruction and is ethically controversial. Therefore, adult tissues that have emerged as an alternative source of stem cells and perinatal tissues, such as the umbilical cord, appear to be particularly attractive. Wharton's jelly, a gelatinous connective tissue contained in the umbilical cord, is abundant in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that express CD105, CD73, CD90, Oct-4, Sox-2, and Nanog among others, and have the ability to differentiate into osteogenic, adipogenic, chondrogenic, and other lineages. Moreover, Wharton's jelly-derived MSCs (WJ-MSCs) do not express MHC-II and exhibit immunomodulatory properties, which makes them a good alternative for allogeneic and xenogeneic transplantations in cellular therapies. Therefore, umbilical cord, especially Wharton's jelly, is a promising source of mesenchymal stem cells.
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De D, Karmakar P, Bhattacharya D. Stem Cell Aging and Regenerative Medicine. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1326:11-37. [PMID: 32910426 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2020_577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are a promising source for regenerative medicine to cure a plethora of diseases that are currently treated based on either palliative or symptomatic relief or by preventing their onset and progression. Aging-associated degenerative changes in stem cells, stem cell niches, and signaling pathways bring a step by step decline in the regenerative and functional potential of tissues. Clinical studies and experiments on model organisms have pointed out checkpoints that aging will inevitably impose on stem cell aiming for transplantation and hence questions are raised about the age of the donor. In the following discourse, we review the fundamental molecular pathways that are implicated in stem cell aging and the current progress in tissue engineering and transplantation of each type of stem cells in regenerative medicine. We further focus on the consequences of stem cell aging on their clinical uses and the development of novel strategies to bypass those pitfalls and improve tissue replenishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debojyoti De
- Department of Life science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Parimal Karmakar
- Department of Life science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
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17
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Morena F, Argentati C, Bazzucchi M, Emiliani C, Martino S. Above the Epitranscriptome: RNA Modifications and Stem Cell Identity. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E329. [PMID: 29958477 PMCID: PMC6070936 DOI: 10.3390/genes9070329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sequence databases and transcriptome-wide mapping have revealed different reversible and dynamic chemical modifications of the nitrogen bases of RNA molecules. Modifications occur in coding RNAs and noncoding-RNAs post-transcriptionally and they can influence the RNA structure, metabolism, and function. The result is the expansion of the variety of the transcriptome. In fact, depending on the type of modification, RNA molecules enter into a specific program exerting the role of the player or/and the target in biological and pathological processes. Many research groups are exploring the role of RNA modifications (alias epitranscriptome) in cell proliferation, survival, and in more specialized activities. More recently, the role of RNA modifications has been also explored in stem cell biology. Our understanding in this context is still in its infancy. Available evidence addresses the role of RNA modifications in self-renewal, commitment, and differentiation processes of stem cells. In this review, we will focus on five epitranscriptomic marks: N6-methyladenosine, N1-methyladenosine, 5-methylcytosine, Pseudouridine (Ψ) and Adenosine-to-Inosine editing. We will provide insights into the function and the distribution of these chemical modifications in coding RNAs and noncoding-RNAs. Mainly, we will emphasize the role of epitranscriptomic mechanisms in the biology of naïve, primed, embryonic, adult, and cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Morena
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Chiara Argentati
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Martina Bazzucchi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Carla Emiliani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
- CEMIN, Center of Excellence of Nanostructured Innovative Materials, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Sabata Martino
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
- CEMIN, Center of Excellence of Nanostructured Innovative Materials, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
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18
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Armentano I, Puglia D, Luzi F, Arciola CR, Morena F, Martino S, Torre L. Nanocomposites Based on Biodegradable Polymers. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E795. [PMID: 29762482 PMCID: PMC5978172 DOI: 10.3390/ma11050795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present review paper, our main results on nanocomposites based on biodegradable polymers (on a time scale from 2010 to 2018) are reported. We mainly focused our attention on commercial biodegradable polymers, which we mixed with different nanofillers and/or additives with the final aim of developing new materials with tunable specific properties. A wide list of nanofillers have been considered according to their shape, properties, and functionalization routes, and the results have been discussed looking at their roles on the basis of different adopted processing routes (solvent-based or melt-mixing processes). Two main application fields of nanocomposite based on biodegradable polymers have been considered: the specific interaction with stem cells in the regenerative medicine applications or as antimicrobial materials and the active role of selected nanofillers in food packaging applications have been critically revised, with the main aim of providing an overview of the authors' contribution to the state of the art in the field of biodegradable polymeric nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Armentano
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Tuscia University, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Debora Puglia
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Materials Engineering Center, University of Perugia, UdR INSTM, 05100 Terni, Italy.
| | - Francesca Luzi
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Materials Engineering Center, University of Perugia, UdR INSTM, 05100 Terni, Italy.
| | - Carla Renata Arciola
- Research Unit on Implant Infections, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Francesco Morena
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Sabata Martino
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Luigi Torre
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Materials Engineering Center, University of Perugia, UdR INSTM, 05100 Terni, Italy.
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