Transplantation and Alternatives to Treat Autoimmune Diseases

A Review on the Role of Artificial Intelligence in Stem Cell Therapy: An Initiative for Modern Medicines

Stem Cells (SCs) show a wide range of applications in the treatment of numerous diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, etc. SC related research has gained popularity owing to the unique characteristics of self-renewal and differentiation. Artificial Intelligence (AI), an emerging field of computer science and engineering, has shown potential applications in different fields like robotics, agriculture, home automation, healthcare, banking, and transportation since its invention. This review aims to describe the various applications of AI in SC biology, including understanding the behavior of SCs, recognizing individual cell type before undergoing differentiation, characterization of SCs using mathematical models and prediction of mortality risk associated with SC transplantation. This review emphasizes the role of neural networks in SC biology and further elucidates the concepts of machine learning and deep learning and their applications in SC research.

Role of Liposomes-Based Stem Cell for Multimodal Cancer Therapy

The utilization of stem cells as novel carriers to target tissues or organs of interest is a challenging task in delivery system. The composite cellular delivery with diverse signalling molecules as therapeutics increases stem cell capability and possesses the promising potential to augment, modify or commence localized or systemic restoration for vital applications in regenerative medicine. The inherent potential of stem cells to immigrate and reside at wounded site facilitates transportation of genes, polypeptides or nanosized molecules. Liposomes are micro- to nano-lipidic vesicles formed in aqueous solutions to encapsulate complex hydrophilic and lipophilic chemical substances. Moreover, these novel nanocarriers provide safer and efficient delivery of bioactives together with their potential applications in vaccine production, cosmeceuticals, imaging and diagnostic purpose. Tissue engineering promotes rejuvenation process and involves the synchronized utilization of cells with 3D bio-material scaffolds to fabricate living structures. This strategy requires regulated stimulus of cultured cells through combined mechanical signals and bioactive agents. This review highlights and summarizes the mechanism involved in stem cell migration, strategies to enhance homing, safety and efficacy studies of stem cells in various disease models and discusses the potential role of liposomes in prolonged and localized delivery of bioactives for regenerative medicines and tissue engineering techniques. Graphical Abstract Role of PEGylated liposomes in cancer stem cell therapy.

Heat Shock Proteins and their Protective Roles in Stem Cell Biology

Stem cells (SCs) are discovered long back but the idea that SCs possess therapeutic potential came up just a few decades back. In a past decade stem cell therapy is highly emerged and displayed tremendous potential for the treatment of a wide range of diseases and disorders such as blindness and vision impairment, type I diabetes, infertility, HIV, etc. SCs are very susceptible to destruction after transplantation into the host because of the inability to sustain elevated stress conditions inside the damaged tissue/organ. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are molecular chaperones/stress proteins expressed in response to stress (elevated temperature, harmful chemicals, ischemia, viruses, etc) inside a living cell. HSPs protect the cell from damage by assisting in the proper folding of cellular proteins. This review briefly summarises different types of HSPs, their classification, cellular functions as well as the role of HSPs in regulating SC self-renewal and survival in the transplanted host. Applications of HSP modulated SCs in regenerative medicine and for the treatment of ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction (MI), osteoarthritis, ischemic stroke, spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), leukemia, hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury, Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are discussed. In order to provide potential insights in understanding molecular mechanisms related to SCs in vertebrates, correlations between HSPs and SCs in cnidarians and planarians are also reviewed. There is a need to advance research in order to validate the use of HSPs for SC therapy and establish effective treatment strategies.