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Metabolic Labeling of Live Stem Cell for In Vitro Imaging and In Vivo Tracking. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 30997638 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2019_224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell therapy offers promising solutions to diseases and injuries that traditional medicines and therapies can't effectively cure. To get and explain their full therapeutic potentials, the survival, viability, integration, homing, and differentiation of stem cells after transplant must be clearly understood. To meet these urgent needs, noninvasive stem cell imaging and tracking technologies have been developed. Metabolic labeling technique is one of the most powerful tools for live cell imaging and tracking. In addition, it has many advantages for in vivo live cell imaging and tracking such as low background, correlation of survival, and very toxic and nontoxic by-products. Herein, we described the fundamental information and process of metabolic labeling techniques and suggested optimal condition for in vitro and in vivo imaging and tracking of human umbilical cord blood-derived endothelial progenitor cells (hUCB-EPCs). Based on this study, metabolic labeling techniques can be helpful for understanding the safety and effectiveness of stem cell-based therapy and determining the utility of stem cells in downstream experiments.
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Qadri Z, Righi V, Li S, Tzika AA. Tracking of Labelled Stem Cells Using Molecular MR Imaging in a Mouse Burn Model in Vivo as an Approach to Regenerative Medicine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 11:1-15. [PMID: 33996249 PMCID: PMC8118598 DOI: 10.4236/ami.2021.111001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Therapies based on stem cell transplants offer significant potential in the field of regenerative medicine. Monitoring the fate of the transplanted stem cells in a timely manner is considered one of the main limitations for long-standing success of stem cell transplants. Imaging methods that visualize and track stem cells in vivo non-invasively in real time are helpful towards the development of successful cell transplantation techniques. Novel molecular imaging methods which are non-invasive particularly such as MRI have been of great recent interest. Hence, mouse models which are of clinical relevance have been studied by injecting contrast agents used for labelling cells such as super-paramagnetic iron-oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles for cellular imaging. The MR techniques which can be used to generate positive contrast images have been of much relevance recently for tracking of the labelled cells. Particularly when the off-resonance region in the vicinity of the labeled cells is selectively excited while suppressing the signals from the non-labeled regions by the method of spectral dephasing. Thus, tracking of magnetically labelled cells employing positive contrast in vivo MR imaging methods in a burn mouse model in a non-invasive way has been the scope of this study. The consequences have direct implications for monitoring labeled stem cells at some stage in wound healing. We suggest that our approach can be used in clinical trials in molecular and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeba Qadri
- MGH NMR Surgical Laboratory, Center for Surgery, Innovation and Bioengineering, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General and Shriners Burn Hospitals, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center of Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Charlestown, USA
| | - Valeria Righi
- MGH NMR Surgical Laboratory, Center for Surgery, Innovation and Bioengineering, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General and Shriners Burn Hospitals, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center of Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Charlestown, USA
| | - Shasha Li
- MGH NMR Surgical Laboratory, Center for Surgery, Innovation and Bioengineering, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General and Shriners Burn Hospitals, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center of Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Charlestown, USA
| | - A Aria Tzika
- MGH NMR Surgical Laboratory, Center for Surgery, Innovation and Bioengineering, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General and Shriners Burn Hospitals, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center of Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Charlestown, USA
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Whole-body tracking of single cells via positron emission tomography. Nat Biomed Eng 2020; 4:835-844. [PMID: 32541917 PMCID: PMC7423763 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-020-0570-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In vivo molecular imaging can measure the average kinetics and movement routes of injected cells through the body. Yet owing to the non-specific accumulation of the contrast agent and its efflux from the cells, most such imaging methods suffer from inaccurate estimations of the distribution of the cells. Here, we show that single human breast cancer cells loaded with mesoporous silica nanoparticles concentrating the 68Ga radioisotope and injected in immunodeficient mice can be tracked in real time from the pattern of annihilation photons detected by positron emission tomography, with respect to anatomical landmarks derived from X-ray computed tomography. We show that the cells travelled at an average velocity of 50 mm/s and arrested in the lungs two-to-three seconds after tail-vein injection in the mice, which is consistent with the blood-flow rate. Single-cell tracking could be used to determine the kinetics of cell trafficking and arrest during the earliest phase of the metastatic cascade, the trafficking of immune cells during cancer immunotherapy, and the distribution of cells after transplantation. One-sentence editorial summary: The travelling kinetics of single cells loaded with mesoporous silica nanoparticles concentrating the 68Ga radioisotope and injected in mice can be tracked in real time from the pattern of coincident gamma-rays detected by positron emission tomography.
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Nejadnik H, Jung KO, Theruvath AJ, Kiru L, Liu A, Wu W, Sulchek T, Pratx G, Daldrup-Link HE. Instant labeling of therapeutic cells for multimodality imaging. Theranostics 2020; 10:6024-6034. [PMID: 32483435 PMCID: PMC7255004 DOI: 10.7150/thno.39554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autologous therapeutic cells are typically harvested and transplanted in one single surgery. This makes it impossible to label them with imaging biomarkers through classical transfection techniques in a laboratory. To solve this problem, we developed a novel microfluidic device, which provides highly efficient labeling of therapeutic cells with imaging biomarkers through mechanoporation. Methods: Studies were performed with a new, custom-designed microfluidic device, which contains ridges, which compress adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) during their device passage. Cell relaxation after compression leads to cell volume exchange for convective transfer of nanoparticles and nanoparticle uptake into the cell. ADSCs were passed through the microfluidic device doped with iron oxide nanoparticles and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). The cellular nanoparticle and radiotracer uptake was evaluated with DAB-Prussian blue, fluorescent microscopy, and inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP). Labeled and unlabeled ADSCs were imaged in vitro as well as ex vivo in pig knee specimen with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET). T2 relaxation times and radiotracer signal were compared between labeled and unlabeled cell transplants using Student T-test with p<0.05. Results: We report significant labeling of ADSCs with iron oxide nanoparticles and 18F-FDG within 12+/-3 minutes. Mechanoporation of ADSCs with our microfluidic device led to significant nanoparticle (> 1 pg iron per cell) and 18F-FDG uptake (61 mBq/cell), with a labeling efficiency of 95%. The labeled ADSCs could be detected with MRI and PET imaging technologies: Nanoparticle labeled ADSC demonstrated significantly shorter T2 relaxation times (24.2±2.1 ms) compared to unlabeled cells (79.6±0.8 ms) on MRI (p<0.05) and 18F-FDG labeled ADSC showed significantly higher radiotracer uptake (614.3 ± 9.5 Bq / 1×104 cells) compared to controls (0.0 ± 0.0 Bq/ 1×104 cells) on gamma counting (p<0.05). After implantation of dual-labeled ADSCs into pig knee specimen, the labeled ADSCs revealed significantly shorter T2 relaxation times (41±0.6 ms) compared to unlabeled controls (90±1.8 ms) (p<0.05). Conclusion: The labeling of therapeutic cells with our new microfluidic device does not require any chemical intervention, therefore it is broadly and immediately clinically applicable. Cellular labeling using mechanoporation can improve our understanding of in vivo biodistributions of therapeutic cells and ultimately improve long-term outcomes of therapeutic cell transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Nejadnik
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Kyung Oh Jung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ashok J. Theruvath
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Louise Kiru
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Anna Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Todd Sulchek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Guillem Pratx
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Heike E. Daldrup-Link
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, CA, 94305, USA
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Yin C, Wen G, Liu C, Yang B, Lin S, Huang J, Zhao P, Wong SHD, Zhang K, Chen X, Li G, Jiang X, Huang J, Pu K, Wang L, Bian L. Organic Semiconducting Polymer Nanoparticles for Photoacoustic Labeling and Tracking of Stem Cells in the Second Near-Infrared Window. ACS NANO 2018; 12:12201-12211. [PMID: 30433761 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b05906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) imaging and tracking of stem cells plays an important role in the real-time assessment of cell-based therapies. Nevertheless, the limitations of conventional inorganic PA contrast agents and the narrow range of the excitation wavelength in the first near-infrared (NIR-I) window hamper the applications of PA imaging in living subjects. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of a second near-infrared (NIR-II) absorptive organic semiconducting polymer (OSP)-based nanoprobe (OSPN+) for PA imaging and tracking of stem cells. Comparison studies in biological tissue show that NIR-II light excited PA imaging of the OSPN+ has significantly higher signal-to-noise ratio than NIR-I light excited PA imaging, thereby demonstrating the superiority of the OSPN+ for deep tissue imaging. With good biocompatibility, appropriate size, and optimized surface property, the OSPN+ shows enhanced cellular uptake for highly efficient PA labeling of stem cells. In vivo investigations reveal significant NIR-II PA contrast enhancement of the transplanted OSPN+-labeled human mesenchymal stem cells by 40.6- and 21.7-fold in subcutaneous and brain imaging, respectively, compared with unlabeled cases. Our work demonstrates a class of OSP-based nanomaterials for NIR-II PA stem cell imaging to facilitate a better understanding and evaluation of stem cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , New Territories, Hong Kong , China
| | - Guohua Wen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , City University of Hong Kong , 83 Tat Chee Avenue , Kowloon , Hong Kong , China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , City University of Hong Kong , 83 Tat Chee Avenue , Kowloon , Hong Kong , China
| | - Boguang Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , New Territories, Hong Kong , China
| | - Sien Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine , The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital , Shatin , Hong Kong China
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital , Shatin , Hong Kong , China
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs , Guangdong Medical University , Zhanjiang , Guangdong 510000 , China
| | - Jiawei Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China
| | - Pengchao Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , New Territories, Hong Kong , China
| | - Siu Hong Dexter Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , New Territories, Hong Kong , China
| | - Kunyu Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , New Territories, Hong Kong , China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , New Territories, Hong Kong , China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine , The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital , Shatin , Hong Kong China
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital , Shatin , Hong Kong , China
- The CUHK-ACC Space Medicine Centre on Health Maintenance of Musculoskeletal Systems , The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen 518172 , China
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China
| | - Jianping Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine , The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital , Shatin , Hong Kong China
| | - Kanyi Pu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 70 Nanyang Drive , 637457 Singapore
| | - Lidai Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , City University of Hong Kong , 83 Tat Chee Avenue , Kowloon , Hong Kong , China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute , Yuexing Yi Dao, Nanshan District, Shenzhen , Guangdong 518057 , China
| | - Liming Bian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , New Territories, Hong Kong , China
- Shenzhen Research Institute , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shenzhen 518172 , China
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed) , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310058 , China
- Translational Research Centre of Regenerative Medicine and 3D Printing Technologies of Guangzhou Medical University , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , P.R. China , 510150
- Centre for Novel Biomaterials , Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China , 100097
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Oliveira JM, Carvalho L, Silva-Correia J, Vieira S, Majchrzak M, Lukomska B, Stanaszek L, Strymecka P, Malysz-Cymborska I, Golubczyk D, Kalkowski L, Reis RL, Janowski M, Walczak P. Hydrogel-based scaffolds to support intrathecal stem cell transplantation as a gateway to the spinal cord: clinical needs, biomaterials, and imaging technologies. NPJ Regen Med 2018; 3:8. [PMID: 29644098 PMCID: PMC5884770 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-018-0046-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The prospects for cell replacement in spinal cord diseases are impeded by inefficient stem cell delivery. The deep location of the spinal cord and complex surgical access, as well as densely packed vital structures, question the feasibility of the widespread use of multiple spinal cord punctures to inject stem cells. Disorders characterized by disseminated pathology are particularly appealing for the distribution of cells globally throughout the spinal cord in a minimally invasive fashion. The intrathecal space, with access to a relatively large surface area along the spinal cord, is an attractive route for global stem cell delivery, and, indeed, is highly promising, but the success of this approach relies on the ability of cells (1) to survive in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), (2) to adhere to the spinal cord surface, and (3) to migrate, ultimately, into the parenchyma. Intrathecal infusion of cell suspension, however, has been insufficient and we postulate that embedding transplanted cells within hydrogel scaffolds will facilitate reaching these goals. In this review, we focus on practical considerations that render the intrathecal approach clinically viable, and then discuss the characteristics of various biomaterials that are suitable to serve as scaffolds. We also propose strategies to modulate the local microenvironment with nanoparticle carriers to improve the functionality of cellular grafts. Finally, we provide an overview of imaging modalities for in vivo monitoring and characterization of biomaterials and stem cells. This comprehensive review should serve as a guide for those planning preclinical and clinical studies on intrathecal stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Miguel Oliveira
- 3B´s Research Group – Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence, Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães Portugal ,0000 0001 2159 175Xgrid.10328.38ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal ,0000 0001 2159 175Xgrid.10328.38The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Avepark, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães Portugal
| | - Luisa Carvalho
- 3B´s Research Group – Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence, Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães Portugal ,0000 0001 2159 175Xgrid.10328.38ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Joana Silva-Correia
- 3B´s Research Group – Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence, Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães Portugal ,0000 0001 2159 175Xgrid.10328.38ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Vieira
- 3B´s Research Group – Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence, Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães Portugal ,0000 0001 2159 175Xgrid.10328.38ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Malgorzata Majchrzak
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Lukomska
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Luiza Stanaszek
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Strymecka
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Izabela Malysz-Cymborska
- 0000 0001 2149 6795grid.412607.6Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Dominika Golubczyk
- 0000 0001 2149 6795grid.412607.6Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Lukasz Kalkowski
- 0000 0001 2149 6795grid.412607.6Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B´s Research Group – Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence, Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães Portugal ,0000 0001 2159 175Xgrid.10328.38ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal ,0000 0001 2159 175Xgrid.10328.38The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Avepark, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães Portugal
| | - Miroslaw Janowski
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland ,0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Russel H, Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA ,0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Piotr Walczak
- 0000 0001 2149 6795grid.412607.6Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland ,0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Russel H, Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA ,0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
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Daldrup-Link HE, Chan C, Lenkov O, Taghavigarmestani S, Nazekati T, Nejadnik H, Chapelin F, Khurana A, Tong X, Yang F, Pisani L, Longaker M, Gambhir SS. Detection of Stem Cell Transplant Rejection with Ferumoxytol MR Imaging: Correlation of MR Imaging Findings with Those at Intravital Microscopy. Radiology 2017; 284:495-507. [PMID: 28128708 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2017161139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To determine whether endogenous labeling of macrophages with clinically applicable nanoparticles enables noninvasive detection of innate immune responses to stem cell transplants with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Materials and Methods Work with human stem cells was approved by the institutional review board and the stem cell research oversight committee, and animal experiments were approved by the administrative panel on laboratory animal care. Nine immunocompetent Sprague-Dawley rats received intravenous injection of ferumoxytol, and 18 Jax C57BL/6-Tg (Csf1r-EGFP-NGFR/FKBP1A/TNFRSF6) 2Bck/J mice received rhodamine-conjugated ferumoxytol. Then, 48 hours later, immune-matched or mismatched stem cells were implanted into osteochondral defects of the knee joints of experimental rats and calvarial defects of Jax mice. All animals underwent serial MR imaging and intravital microscopy (IVM) up to 4 weeks after surgery. Macrophages of Jax C57BL/6-Tg (Csf1r-EGFP-NGFR/FKBP1A/TNFRSF6) 2Bck/J mice express enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP), which enables in vivo correlation of ferumoxytol enhancement at MR imaging with macrophage quantities at IVM. All quantitative data were compared between experimental groups by using a mixed linear model and t tests. Results Immune-mismatched stem cell implants demonstrated stronger ferumoxytol enhancement than did matched stem cell implants. At 4 weeks, T2 values of mismatched implants were significantly lower than those of matched implants in osteochondral defects of female rats (mean, 10.72 msec for human stem cells and 11.55 msec for male rat stem cells vs 15.45 msec for sex-matched rat stem cells; P = .02 and P = .04, respectively) and calvarial defects of recipient mice (mean, 21.7 msec vs 27.1 msec, respectively; P = .0444). This corresponded to increased recruitment of enhanced GFP- and rhodamine-ferumoxytol-positive macrophages into stem cell transplants, as visualized with IVM and histopathologic examination. Conclusion Endogenous labeling of macrophages with ferumoxytol enables noninvasive detection of innate immune responses to stem cell transplants with MR imaging. © RSNA, 2017 Online supplemental material is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike E Daldrup-Link
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (H.E.D.L., C.C., O.L., S.T., T.N., H.N., F.C., A.K., F.Y., L.P., M.L., S.S.G.), Department of Pediatrics (H.E.D.L.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (H.E.D.L.), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (X.T., F.Y.), Department of Bioengineering (F.Y., S.S.G.), Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (M.L.), and Department of Materials Science and Engineering (M.L., S.S.G.), Stanford University, 725 Welch Rd, Room 1665, Stanford, CA 94305-5614
| | - Carmel Chan
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (H.E.D.L., C.C., O.L., S.T., T.N., H.N., F.C., A.K., F.Y., L.P., M.L., S.S.G.), Department of Pediatrics (H.E.D.L.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (H.E.D.L.), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (X.T., F.Y.), Department of Bioengineering (F.Y., S.S.G.), Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (M.L.), and Department of Materials Science and Engineering (M.L., S.S.G.), Stanford University, 725 Welch Rd, Room 1665, Stanford, CA 94305-5614
| | - Olga Lenkov
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (H.E.D.L., C.C., O.L., S.T., T.N., H.N., F.C., A.K., F.Y., L.P., M.L., S.S.G.), Department of Pediatrics (H.E.D.L.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (H.E.D.L.), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (X.T., F.Y.), Department of Bioengineering (F.Y., S.S.G.), Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (M.L.), and Department of Materials Science and Engineering (M.L., S.S.G.), Stanford University, 725 Welch Rd, Room 1665, Stanford, CA 94305-5614
| | - Seyedmeghdad Taghavigarmestani
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (H.E.D.L., C.C., O.L., S.T., T.N., H.N., F.C., A.K., F.Y., L.P., M.L., S.S.G.), Department of Pediatrics (H.E.D.L.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (H.E.D.L.), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (X.T., F.Y.), Department of Bioengineering (F.Y., S.S.G.), Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (M.L.), and Department of Materials Science and Engineering (M.L., S.S.G.), Stanford University, 725 Welch Rd, Room 1665, Stanford, CA 94305-5614
| | - Toktam Nazekati
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (H.E.D.L., C.C., O.L., S.T., T.N., H.N., F.C., A.K., F.Y., L.P., M.L., S.S.G.), Department of Pediatrics (H.E.D.L.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (H.E.D.L.), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (X.T., F.Y.), Department of Bioengineering (F.Y., S.S.G.), Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (M.L.), and Department of Materials Science and Engineering (M.L., S.S.G.), Stanford University, 725 Welch Rd, Room 1665, Stanford, CA 94305-5614
| | - Hossein Nejadnik
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (H.E.D.L., C.C., O.L., S.T., T.N., H.N., F.C., A.K., F.Y., L.P., M.L., S.S.G.), Department of Pediatrics (H.E.D.L.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (H.E.D.L.), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (X.T., F.Y.), Department of Bioengineering (F.Y., S.S.G.), Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (M.L.), and Department of Materials Science and Engineering (M.L., S.S.G.), Stanford University, 725 Welch Rd, Room 1665, Stanford, CA 94305-5614
| | - Fanny Chapelin
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (H.E.D.L., C.C., O.L., S.T., T.N., H.N., F.C., A.K., F.Y., L.P., M.L., S.S.G.), Department of Pediatrics (H.E.D.L.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (H.E.D.L.), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (X.T., F.Y.), Department of Bioengineering (F.Y., S.S.G.), Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (M.L.), and Department of Materials Science and Engineering (M.L., S.S.G.), Stanford University, 725 Welch Rd, Room 1665, Stanford, CA 94305-5614
| | - Aman Khurana
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (H.E.D.L., C.C., O.L., S.T., T.N., H.N., F.C., A.K., F.Y., L.P., M.L., S.S.G.), Department of Pediatrics (H.E.D.L.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (H.E.D.L.), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (X.T., F.Y.), Department of Bioengineering (F.Y., S.S.G.), Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (M.L.), and Department of Materials Science and Engineering (M.L., S.S.G.), Stanford University, 725 Welch Rd, Room 1665, Stanford, CA 94305-5614
| | - Xinming Tong
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (H.E.D.L., C.C., O.L., S.T., T.N., H.N., F.C., A.K., F.Y., L.P., M.L., S.S.G.), Department of Pediatrics (H.E.D.L.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (H.E.D.L.), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (X.T., F.Y.), Department of Bioengineering (F.Y., S.S.G.), Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (M.L.), and Department of Materials Science and Engineering (M.L., S.S.G.), Stanford University, 725 Welch Rd, Room 1665, Stanford, CA 94305-5614
| | - Fan Yang
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (H.E.D.L., C.C., O.L., S.T., T.N., H.N., F.C., A.K., F.Y., L.P., M.L., S.S.G.), Department of Pediatrics (H.E.D.L.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (H.E.D.L.), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (X.T., F.Y.), Department of Bioengineering (F.Y., S.S.G.), Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (M.L.), and Department of Materials Science and Engineering (M.L., S.S.G.), Stanford University, 725 Welch Rd, Room 1665, Stanford, CA 94305-5614
| | - Laura Pisani
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (H.E.D.L., C.C., O.L., S.T., T.N., H.N., F.C., A.K., F.Y., L.P., M.L., S.S.G.), Department of Pediatrics (H.E.D.L.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (H.E.D.L.), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (X.T., F.Y.), Department of Bioengineering (F.Y., S.S.G.), Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (M.L.), and Department of Materials Science and Engineering (M.L., S.S.G.), Stanford University, 725 Welch Rd, Room 1665, Stanford, CA 94305-5614
| | - Michael Longaker
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (H.E.D.L., C.C., O.L., S.T., T.N., H.N., F.C., A.K., F.Y., L.P., M.L., S.S.G.), Department of Pediatrics (H.E.D.L.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (H.E.D.L.), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (X.T., F.Y.), Department of Bioengineering (F.Y., S.S.G.), Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (M.L.), and Department of Materials Science and Engineering (M.L., S.S.G.), Stanford University, 725 Welch Rd, Room 1665, Stanford, CA 94305-5614
| | - Sanjiv Sam Gambhir
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (H.E.D.L., C.C., O.L., S.T., T.N., H.N., F.C., A.K., F.Y., L.P., M.L., S.S.G.), Department of Pediatrics (H.E.D.L.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (H.E.D.L.), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (X.T., F.Y.), Department of Bioengineering (F.Y., S.S.G.), Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (M.L.), and Department of Materials Science and Engineering (M.L., S.S.G.), Stanford University, 725 Welch Rd, Room 1665, Stanford, CA 94305-5614
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Gaudet JM, Hamilton AM, Chen Y, Fox MS, Foster PJ. Application of dual19F and iron cellular MRI agents to track the infiltration of immune cells to the site of a rejected stem cell transplant. Magn Reson Med 2016; 78:713-720. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M. Gaudet
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute; London Ontario Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada
| | - Amanda M. Hamilton
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute; London Ontario Canada
| | - Yuanxin Chen
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute; London Ontario Canada
| | - Matthew S. Fox
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute; London Ontario Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada
| | - Paula J. Foster
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute; London Ontario Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada
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9
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Loai S, Haedicke I, Mirzaei Z, Simmons CA, Zhang XA, Cheng HL. Positive-contrast cellular MRI of embryonic stem cells for tissue regeneration using a highly efficientT1MRI contrast agent. J Magn Reson Imaging 2016; 44:1456-1463. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sadi Loai
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Translational Biology and Engineering Program; Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research; Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada
| | - Inga Haedicke
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences; University of Toronto Scarborough; Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - Zahra Mirzaei
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Translational Biology and Engineering Program; Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research; Toronto ON Canada
| | - Craig A. Simmons
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Translational Biology and Engineering Program; Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research; Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - Xiao-an Zhang
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences; University of Toronto Scarborough; Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - Hai Ling Cheng
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Translational Biology and Engineering Program; Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research; Toronto ON Canada
- The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; University of Toronto Toronto; ON Canada
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10
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Bernsen MR, Guenoun J, van Tiel ST, Krestin GP. Nanoparticles and clinically applicable cell tracking. Br J Radiol 2015; 88:20150375. [PMID: 26248872 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20150375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo cell tracking has emerged as a much sought after tool for design and monitoring of cell-based treatment strategies. Various techniques are available for pre-clinical animal studies, from which much has been learned and still can be learned. However, there is also a need for clinically translatable techniques. Central to in vivo cell imaging is labelling of cells with agents that can give rise to signals in vivo, that can be detected and measured non-invasively. The current imaging technology of choice for clinical translation is MRI in combination with labelling of cells with magnetic agents. The main challenge encountered during the cell labelling procedure is to efficiently incorporate the label into the cell, such that the labelled cells can be imaged at high sensitivity for prolonged periods of time, without the labelling process affecting the functionality of the cells. In this respect, nanoparticles offer attractive features since their structure and chemical properties can be modified to facilitate cellular incorporation and because they can carry a high payload of the relevant label into cells. While these technologies have already been applied in clinical trials and have increased the understanding of cell-based therapy mechanism, many challenges are still faced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique R Bernsen
- 1 Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,2 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jamal Guenoun
- 1 Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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11
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Nejadnik H, Ye D, Lenkov OD, Donig J, Martin JE, Castillo R, Derugin N, Sennino B, Rao J, Daldrup-Link HE. Magnetic resonance imaging of stem cell apoptosis in arthritic joints with a caspase activatable contrast agent. ACS NANO 2015; 9:1150-60. [PMID: 25597243 PMCID: PMC4441518 DOI: 10.1021/nn504494c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
About 43 million individuals in the U.S. encounter cartilage injuries due to trauma or osteoarthritis, leading to joint pain and functional disability. Matrix-associated stem cell implants (MASI) represent a promising approach for repair of cartilage defects. However, limited survival of MASI creates a significant bottleneck for successful cartilage regeneration outcomes and functional reconstitution. We report an approach for noninvasive detection of stem cell apoptosis with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), based on a caspase-3-sensitive nanoaggregation MRI probe (C-SNAM). C-SNAM self-assembles into nanoparticles after hydrolysis by caspase-3, leading to 90% amplification of (1)H MR signal and prolonged in vivo retention. Following intra-articular injection, C-SNAM causes significant MR signal enhancement in apoptotic MASI compared to viable MASI. Our results indicate that C-SNAM functions as an imaging probe for stem cell apoptosis in MASI. This concept could be applied to a broad range of cell transplants and target sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Nejadnik
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Deju Ye
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Olga D. Lenkov
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Jessica Donig
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - John E. Martin
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Rostislav Castillo
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Nikita Derugin
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Barbara Sennino
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jianghong Rao
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Heike E. Daldrup-Link
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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12
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Babič M, Schmiedtová M, Poledne R, Herynek V, Horák D. In vivo monitoring of rat macrophages labeled with poly(l-lysine)-iron oxide nanoparticles. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2014; 103:1141-8. [PMID: 25283523 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Coprecipitation of FeCl2 and FeCl3 with aqueous ammonia was used to prepare iron oxide nanoparticles dispersible in aqueous medium. Oxidation of the particles with sodium hypochlorite then yielded maghemite (γ-Fe2 O3 ) nanoparticles which were coated with two types of coating -d-mannose or poly(l-lysine) (PLL) as confirmed by FTIR analysis. The particles were <10 nm according to transmission electron microscopy. Their hydrodynamic particle size was ∼180 nm (by dynamic light scattering). The d-mannose-, PLL-coated, and neat γ-Fe2 O3 particles as well as commercial Resovist® were used to label rat macrophages. The viability and contrast properties of labeled macrophages were compared. PLL-coated γ-Fe2 O3 nanoparticles were found optimal. The labeled macrophages were injected to rats monitored in vivo by magnetic resonance imaging up to 48 h. Transport of macrophages labeled with PLL-γ-Fe2 O3 nanoparticles in rats was confirmed. Tracking of macrophages using the developed particles can be used for monitoring of inflammations and cell migration in cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Babič
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Polymer Particles, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 162 06, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Schmiedtová
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Laboratory for Atherosclerosis Research, 140 21, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Rudolf Poledne
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Laboratory for Atherosclerosis Research, 140 21, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Vít Herynek
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Laboratory for Atherosclerosis Research, 140 21, Prague 4, Czech Republic.,Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská, 1083, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Horák
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Polymer Particles, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 162 06, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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