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Kuo RL, Chen YT, Li HA, Wu CC, Chiang HC, Lin JY, Huang HI, Shih SR, Chin-Ming Tan B. Molecular determinants and heterogeneity underlying host response to EV-A71 infection at single-cell resolution. RNA Biol 2021; 18:796-808. [PMID: 33406999 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2021.1872976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic human enterovirus EV-A71 has raised serious public health concerns. A hallmark of EV-A71 infection is the distortion of host transcriptomes in favour of viral replication. While high-throughput approaches have been exploited to dissect these gene dysregulations, they do not fully capture molecular perturbations at the single-cell level and in a physiologically relevant context. In this study, we applied a single-cell RNA sequencing approach on infected differentiated enterocyte cells (C2BBe1), which model the gastrointestinal epithelium targeted initially by EV-A71. Our single-cell analysis of EV-A71-infected culture provided several lines of illuminating observations: 1) This systems approach demonstrated extensive cell-to-cell variation in a single culture upon viral infection and delineated transcriptomic differences between the EV-A71-infected and bystander cells. 2) By analysing expression profiles of known EV-A71 receptors and entry facilitation factors, we found that ANXA2 was closely correlated in expression with the viral RNA in the infected population, supporting its role in EV-A71 entry in the enteric cells. 3) We further catalogued dysregulated lncRNAs elicited by EV-A71 infection and demonstrated the functional implication of lncRNA CYTOR in promoting EV-A71 replication. Viewed together, our single-cell transcriptomic analysis illustrated at the single-cell resolution the heterogeneity of host susceptibility to EV-A71 and revealed the involvement of lncRNAs in host antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei-Lin Kuo
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Tung Chen
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Huai-An Li
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ching Wu
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Chu Chiang
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jhao-Yin Lin
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-I Huang
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Ru Shih
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Clinical Virology Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Bertrand Chin-Ming Tan
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Lin-Kou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
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2
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Dheer R, Young VB. Stem-cell-derived models: tools for studying role of microbiota in intestinal homeostasis and disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2021; 37:15-22. [PMID: 33149049 PMCID: PMC7732204 DOI: 10.1097/mog.0000000000000691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review, we will summarize the recent progress made in generating stem-cell-based organoid and enteroid models of the gastrointestinal tract and their importance in understanding the role of microbes in intestinal epithelial homeostasis and disease. RECENT FINDING Intestinal stem-cell-derived culture systems are self-organizing three-dimensional organotypic cultures that recapitulate many cellular, architectural and functional aspects of the human intestine. Progress has been made in the development of methods to incorporate additional cell lineages and physiological cues to better mimic the complexity of the intestine. Current model systems have facilitated both the study of gastrointestinal infections and interactions with normally nonpathogenic microbial residents of the gastrointestinal tract. These studies have illustrated how live microbes, or their metabolites, ligands and virulence factors influence epithelial cell differentiation, maintenance, repair, function and intestine development. SUMMARY Organotypic models are invaluable tools for studying host-microbe interactions that complement in-vivo experimental model systems. These models have evolved in terms of complexity and fidelity. The stem-cell-based models are already at forefront for studying host-microbe interactions and with continued development, the future looks even more promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishu Dheer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
| | - Vincent B Young
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
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3
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Cassotta M, Forbes-Hernández TY, Calderón Iglesias R, Ruiz R, Elexpuru Zabaleta M, Giampieri F, Battino M. Links between Nutrition, Infectious Diseases, and Microbiota: Emerging Technologies and Opportunities for Human-Focused Research. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1827. [PMID: 32575399 PMCID: PMC7353391 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between nutrition and human infectious diseases has always been recognized. With the emergence of molecular tools and post-genomics, high-resolution sequencing technologies, the gut microbiota has been emerging as a key moderator in the complex interplay between nutrients, human body, and infections. Much of the host-microbial and nutrition research is currently based on animals or simplistic in vitro models. Although traditional in vivo and in vitro models have helped to develop mechanistic hypotheses and assess the causality of the host-microbiota interactions, they often fail to faithfully recapitulate the complexity of the human nutrient-microbiome axis in gastrointestinal homeostasis and infections. Over the last decade, remarkable progress in tissue engineering, stem cell biology, microfluidics, sequencing technologies, and computing power has taken place, which has produced a new generation of human-focused, relevant, and predictive tools. These tools, which include patient-derived organoids, organs-on-a-chip, computational analyses, and models, together with multi-omics readouts, represent novel and exciting equipment to advance the research into microbiota, infectious diseases, and nutrition from a human-biology-based perspective. After considering some limitations of the conventional in vivo and in vitro approaches, in this review, we present the main novel available and emerging tools that are suitable for designing human-oriented research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Cassotta
- Centre for Nutrition and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico (UEA), 39001 Santander, Spain; (M.C.); (R.C.I.); (R.R.)
| | - Tamara Yuliett Forbes-Hernández
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science Group, CITACA, CACTI, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain;
| | - Ruben Calderón Iglesias
- Centre for Nutrition and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico (UEA), 39001 Santander, Spain; (M.C.); (R.C.I.); (R.R.)
| | - Roberto Ruiz
- Centre for Nutrition and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico (UEA), 39001 Santander, Spain; (M.C.); (R.C.I.); (R.R.)
| | - Maria Elexpuru Zabaleta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Facoltà di Medicina, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Francesca Giampieri
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science Group, CITACA, CACTI, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain;
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Maurizio Battino
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science Group, CITACA, CACTI, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain;
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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4
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Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Endoderm for Modeling Development and Clinical Applications. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 22:485-499. [PMID: 29625066 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The liver, lung, pancreas, and digestive tract all originate from the endoderm germ layer, and these vital organs are subject to many life-threatening diseases affecting millions of patients. However, primary cells from endodermal organs are often difficult to grow in vitro. Human pluripotent stem cells thus hold great promise for generating endoderm cells and their derivatives as tools for the development of new therapeutics against a variety of global healthcare challenges. Here we describe recent advances in methods for generating endodermal cell types from human pluripotent stem cells and their use for disease modeling and cell-based therapy.
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5
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Hay DC, O'Farrelly C. Designer human tissue: coming to a lab near you. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 373:rstb.2017.0212. [PMID: 29786548 PMCID: PMC5974436 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) offer a scalable alternative to primary and transformed human tissue. PSCs include human embryonic stem cells, derived from the inner cell mass of blastocysts unsuitable for human implantation; and induced PSCs, generated by the reprogramming of somatic cells. Both cell types display the ability to self-renew and retain pluripotency, promising an unlimited supply of human somatic cells for biomedical application. A distinct advantage of using PSCs is the ability to select for genetic background, promising personalized modelling of human biology ‘in a dish’ or immune-matched cell-based therapies for the clinic. This special issue will guide the reader through stem cell self-renewal, pluripotency and differentiation. The first articles focus on improving cell fidelity, understanding the innate immune system and the importance of materials chemistry, biofabrication and bioengineering. These are followed by articles that focus on industrial application, commercialization and label-free assessment of tissue formation. The special issue concludes with an article discussing human liver cell-based therapies past, present and future. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Designer human tissue: coming to a lab near you’.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Hay
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, EH16 4UU Edinburgh, UK
| | - Cliona O'Farrelly
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse St, Dublin 2, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
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6
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Intestinal Epithelial Organoids as Tools to Study Epigenetics in Gut Health and Disease. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:7242415. [PMID: 30809264 PMCID: PMC6369455 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7242415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium forms the inner layer of the human intestine and serves a wide range of diverse functions. Its constant exposure to a vast amount of complex microbiota highlights the critical interface that this single-cell layer forms between the host and our environment. Importantly, the well-documented contribution of environmental factors towards the functional development of the human intestinal epithelium directly implies epigenetic mechanisms in orchestrating this complex interplay. The development of intestinal epithelial organoid culture systems that can be generated from human tissue provides researchers with unpresented opportunities to study functional aspects of human intestinal epithelial pathophysiology. In this brief review, we summarise existing evidence for the role of epigenetics in regulating intestinal epithelial cell function and highlight the great potential for human gut organoids as translational research tools to investigate these mechanisms in vitro.
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7
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Schneditz G, Elias JE, Pagano E, Zaeem Cader M, Saveljeva S, Long K, Mukhopadhyay S, Arasteh M, Lawley TD, Dougan G, Bassett A, Karlsen TH, Kaser A, Kaneider NC. GPR35 promotes glycolysis, proliferation, and oncogenic signaling by engaging with the sodium potassium pump. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/562/eaau9048. [PMID: 30600262 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aau9048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The sodium potassium pump (Na/K-ATPase) ensures the electrochemical gradient of a cell through an energy-dependent process that consumes about one-third of regenerated ATP. We report that the G protein-coupled receptor GPR35 interacted with the α chain of Na/K-ATPase and promotes its ion transport and Src signaling activity in a ligand-independent manner. Deletion of Gpr35 increased baseline Ca2+ to maximal levels and reduced Src activation and overall metabolic activity in macrophages and intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). In contrast, a common T108M polymorphism in GPR35 was hypermorphic and had the opposite effects to Gpr35 deletion on Src activation and metabolic activity. The T108M polymorphism is associated with ulcerative colitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis, inflammatory diseases with a high cancer risk. GPR35 promoted homeostatic IEC turnover, whereas Gpr35 deletion or inhibition by a selective pepducin prevented inflammation-associated and spontaneous intestinal tumorigenesis in mice. Thus, GPR35 acts as a central signaling and metabolic pacesetter, which reveals an unexpected role of Na/K-ATPase in macrophage and IEC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Schneditz
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.,Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, 0027 Oslo, Norway
| | - Joshua E Elias
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ester Pagano
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - M Zaeem Cader
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Svetlana Saveljeva
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Kathleen Long
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Subhankar Mukhopadhyay
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK.,MRC Centre for Transplantation, Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | | | | | - Gordon Dougan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | - Tom H Karlsen
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, 0027 Oslo, Norway
| | - Arthur Kaser
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Nicole C Kaneider
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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8
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Kraiczy J, Ross ADB, Forbester JL, Dougan G, Vallier L, Zilbauer M. Genome-Wide Epigenetic and Transcriptomic Characterization of Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Intestinal Epithelial Organoids. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 7:285-288. [PMID: 30704978 PMCID: PMC6354438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Kraiczy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander D B Ross
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory and Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica L Forbester
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ludovic Vallier
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory and Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Zilbauer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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9
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Forbester JL, Lees EA, Goulding D, Forrest S, Yeung A, Speak A, Clare S, Coomber EL, Mukhopadhyay S, Kraiczy J, Schreiber F, Lawley TD, Hancock REW, Uhlig HH, Zilbauer M, Powrie F, Dougan G. Interleukin-22 promotes phagolysosomal fusion to induce protection against Salmonella enterica Typhimurium in human epithelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:10118-10123. [PMID: 30217896 PMCID: PMC6176607 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1811866115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) play a key role in regulating immune responses and controlling infection. However, the direct role of IECs in restricting pathogens remains incompletely understood. Here, we provide evidence that IL-22 primed intestinal organoids derived from healthy human induced pluripotent stem cells (hIPSCs) to restrict Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium SL1344 infection. A combination of transcriptomics, bacterial invasion assays, and imaging suggests that IL-22-induced antimicrobial activity is driven by increased phagolysosomal fusion in IL-22-pretreated cells. The antimicrobial phenotype was absent in hIPSCs derived from a patient harboring a homozygous mutation in the IL10RB gene that inactivates the IL-22 receptor but was restored by genetically complementing the IL10RB deficiency. This study highlights a mechanism through which the IL-22 pathway facilitates the human intestinal epithelium to control microbial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Forbester
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom;
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Emily A Lees
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - David Goulding
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Forrest
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Yeung
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Anneliese Speak
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Clare
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Eve L Coomber
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | | | - Judith Kraiczy
- Department of Paediatrics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Fernanda Schreiber
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor D Lawley
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Robert E W Hancock
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Holm H Uhlig
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatrics, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Zilbauer
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatrics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Powrie
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
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10
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Chin AM, Hill DR, Aurora M, Spence JR. Morphogenesis and maturation of the embryonic and postnatal intestine. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 66:81-93. [PMID: 28161556 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The intestine is a vital organ responsible for nutrient absorption, bile and waste excretion, and a major site of host immunity. In order to keep up with daily demands, the intestine has evolved a mechanism to expand the absorptive surface area by undergoing a morphogenetic process to generate finger-like units called villi. These villi house specialized cell types critical for both absorbing nutrients from food, and for protecting the host from commensal and pathogenic microbes present in the adult gut. In this review, we will discuss mechanisms that coordinate intestinal development, growth, and maturation of the small intestine, starting from the formation of the early gut tube, through villus morphogenesis and into early postnatal life when the intestine must adapt to the acquisition of nutrients through food intake, and to interactions with microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana M Chin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - David R Hill
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Megan Aurora
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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