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Pei X, Wang X, Xian J, Mi J, Gao J, Li X, Li Z, Yang M, Bi L, Yan Y, Lv W, Jin H. Metformin and oxyphotodynamic therapy as a novel treatment approach for triple-negative breast cancer. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:1138. [PMID: 33240987 PMCID: PMC7576064 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-5704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Treatment for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains a significant challenge due to a lack of targeted therapies. While photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been utilized as a treatment approach for several types of cancer, oxyphotodynamic therapy (OPDT) is a novel method that improves treatment efficacy by increasing local oxygen concentration. Metformin (MET) has been demonstrated utility as an anti-tumor agent by acting through the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway. We hypothesized that MET in combination with heme, a byproduct of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), may increase cytotoxicity for cancer treatment. This study aimed to investigate the synergistic effect of MET and ALA with PDT or OPDT on TNBC tumorigenic cells. Methods The treatment efficacy and phototoxicity of PDT or OPDT were determined using a cell viability assay. PDT/OPDT experiments were carried out in nine groups based on different combinations and concentrations of ALA and/or MET. To calculate the synergistic effect by compuSyn soft for different groups, cells were incubated with ALA and/or MET at the following concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.5,1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 32 mM). The fluorescence of ALA-induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) and MitoTracker Green were observed under a confocal microscope. Results The optimized therapeutic concentration ratio of ALA and MET was determined to be 1:1. The inhibition of cancer growth (IC50) for each group was 14.03, 10.62, 7.71, 18.27, 22.09, 23.96, 4.57, 10.20, and 8.18 mM, respectively. The combination index (CI) values (fa =0.5) of the last three combination groups (groups 7, 8, and 9) were 0.44, 1.70, and 1.47, respectively. PpIX fluorescence intensity of group 9 (ALA-MET-OPDT group) remained the highest among all groups, indicating an enhanced therapeutic effect. Conclusions This study introduces OPDT as a novel anti-tumor therapy for TNBC. Furthermore, the combined use of ALA and MET had a synergistic anti-tumor effect in TNBC cells when combined with OPDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Pei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.,Molecular Imaging Center, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.,The Cancer Center, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.,Department of Thoracic Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Xiaojin Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.,Molecular Imaging Center, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jianzhong Xian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.,Molecular Imaging Center, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jiaoping Mi
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jiebing Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.,Molecular Imaging Center, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Xinglin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.,Molecular Imaging Center, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Zhijun Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.,Molecular Imaging Center, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Min Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.,Molecular Imaging Center, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Lei Bi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.,Molecular Imaging Center, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.,Molecular Imaging Center, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Weize Lv
- The Cancer Center, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.,Department of Thoracic Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Hongjun Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.,Molecular Imaging Center, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
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