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Acosta-López JE, Suárez I, Pineda DA, Cervantes-Henríquez ML, Martínez-Banfi ML, Lozano-Gutiérrez SG, Ahmad M, Pineda-Alhucema W, Noguera-Machacón LM, Hoz MDL, Mejía-Segura E, Jiménez-Figueroa G, Sánchez-Rojas M, Mastronardi CA, Arcos-Burgos M, Vélez JI, Puentes-Rozo PJ. Impulsive and Omission Errors: Potential Temporal Processing Endophenotypes in ADHD. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1218. [PMID: 34573239 PMCID: PMC8467181 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11091218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal processing (TP) is associated with functions such as perception, verbal skills, temporal perspective, and future planning, and is intercorrelated with working memory, attention, and inhibitory control, which are highly impaired in individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Here we evaluate TP measures as potential endophenotypes in Caribbean families ascertained from probands affected by ADHD. A total of 232 individuals were recruited and clinically evaluated using an extensive battery of neuropsychological tasks and reaction time (RT)-based task paradigms. Further, the heritability (genetic variance underpinning phenotype) was estimated as a measure of the genetics apportionment. A predictive framework for ADHD diagnosis was derived using these tasks. We found that individuals with ADHD differed from controls in neuropsychological tasks assessing mental control, visual-verbal memory, verbal fluency, verbal, and semantic fluency. In addition, TP measures such as RT, errors, and variability were also affected in individuals with ADHD. Moreover, we determined that only omission and commission errors had significant heritability. In conclusion, we have disentangled omission and commission errors as possible TP endophenotypes in ADHD, which can be suitable to assess the neurobiological and genetic basis of ADHD. A predictive model using these endophenotypes led to remarkable sensitivity, specificity, precision and classification rate for ADHD diagnosis, and may be a useful tool for patients' diagnosis, follow-up, and longitudinal assessment in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan E. Acosta-López
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (M.L.C.-H.); (M.L.M.-B.); (S.G.L.-G.); (M.A.); (W.P.-A.); (L.M.N.-M.); (M.D.L.H.); (E.M.-S.); (G.J.-F.); (M.S.-R.); (P.J.P.-R.)
| | - Isabel Suárez
- Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia;
| | - David A. Pineda
- Neuropsychology and Conduct Research Group, University of San Buenaventura, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
| | - Martha L. Cervantes-Henríquez
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (M.L.C.-H.); (M.L.M.-B.); (S.G.L.-G.); (M.A.); (W.P.-A.); (L.M.N.-M.); (M.D.L.H.); (E.M.-S.); (G.J.-F.); (M.S.-R.); (P.J.P.-R.)
- Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia;
| | - Martha L. Martínez-Banfi
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (M.L.C.-H.); (M.L.M.-B.); (S.G.L.-G.); (M.A.); (W.P.-A.); (L.M.N.-M.); (M.D.L.H.); (E.M.-S.); (G.J.-F.); (M.S.-R.); (P.J.P.-R.)
| | - Semiramis G. Lozano-Gutiérrez
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (M.L.C.-H.); (M.L.M.-B.); (S.G.L.-G.); (M.A.); (W.P.-A.); (L.M.N.-M.); (M.D.L.H.); (E.M.-S.); (G.J.-F.); (M.S.-R.); (P.J.P.-R.)
| | - Mostapha Ahmad
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (M.L.C.-H.); (M.L.M.-B.); (S.G.L.-G.); (M.A.); (W.P.-A.); (L.M.N.-M.); (M.D.L.H.); (E.M.-S.); (G.J.-F.); (M.S.-R.); (P.J.P.-R.)
| | - Wilmar Pineda-Alhucema
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (M.L.C.-H.); (M.L.M.-B.); (S.G.L.-G.); (M.A.); (W.P.-A.); (L.M.N.-M.); (M.D.L.H.); (E.M.-S.); (G.J.-F.); (M.S.-R.); (P.J.P.-R.)
| | - Luz M. Noguera-Machacón
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (M.L.C.-H.); (M.L.M.-B.); (S.G.L.-G.); (M.A.); (W.P.-A.); (L.M.N.-M.); (M.D.L.H.); (E.M.-S.); (G.J.-F.); (M.S.-R.); (P.J.P.-R.)
| | - Moisés De La Hoz
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (M.L.C.-H.); (M.L.M.-B.); (S.G.L.-G.); (M.A.); (W.P.-A.); (L.M.N.-M.); (M.D.L.H.); (E.M.-S.); (G.J.-F.); (M.S.-R.); (P.J.P.-R.)
| | - Elsy Mejía-Segura
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (M.L.C.-H.); (M.L.M.-B.); (S.G.L.-G.); (M.A.); (W.P.-A.); (L.M.N.-M.); (M.D.L.H.); (E.M.-S.); (G.J.-F.); (M.S.-R.); (P.J.P.-R.)
| | - Giomar Jiménez-Figueroa
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (M.L.C.-H.); (M.L.M.-B.); (S.G.L.-G.); (M.A.); (W.P.-A.); (L.M.N.-M.); (M.D.L.H.); (E.M.-S.); (G.J.-F.); (M.S.-R.); (P.J.P.-R.)
| | - Manuel Sánchez-Rojas
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (M.L.C.-H.); (M.L.M.-B.); (S.G.L.-G.); (M.A.); (W.P.-A.); (L.M.N.-M.); (M.D.L.H.); (E.M.-S.); (G.J.-F.); (M.S.-R.); (P.J.P.-R.)
| | | | - Mauricio Arcos-Burgos
- Grupo de Investigación en Psiquiatría (GIPSI), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia
| | | | - Pedro J. Puentes-Rozo
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (M.L.C.-H.); (M.L.M.-B.); (S.G.L.-G.); (M.A.); (W.P.-A.); (L.M.N.-M.); (M.D.L.H.); (E.M.-S.); (G.J.-F.); (M.S.-R.); (P.J.P.-R.)
- Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Universidad del Atlántico, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia
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Cervantes-Henríquez ML, Acosta-López JE, Martínez-Banfi ML, Vélez JI, Mejía-Segura E, Lozano-Gutiérrez SG, Sánchez-Rojas M, Zurbarán MA, Zurek EE, Arcos-Burgos M, Pineda DA, Puentes-Rozo PJ. ADHD Endophenotypes in Caribbean Families. J Atten Disord 2020; 24:2100-2114. [PMID: 29589797 DOI: 10.1177/1087054718763741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study is to contrast the genetics of neuropsychological tasks in individuals from nuclear families clustering ADHD in a Caribbean community. Method: We recruited and clinically characterized 408 individuals using an extensive battery of neuropsychological tasks. The genetic variance underpinning these tasks was estimated by heritability. A predictive framework for ADHD diagnosis was derived using these tasks. Results: We found that individuals with ADHD differed from controls in tasks of mental control, visuospatial ability, visuoverbal memory, phonological and verbal fluency, verbal and semantic fluency, cognitive flexibility, and cognitive ability. Among them, tasks of mental control, visuoverbal memory, phonological fluency, semantic verbal fluency, and intelligence had a significant heritability. A predictive model of ADHD diagnosis using these endophenotypes yields remarkable classification rate, sensitivity, specificity, and precision values (above 80%). Conclusion: We have dissected new cognitive endophenotypes in ADHD that can be suitable to assess the neurobiological and genetic basis of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Cervantes-Henríquez
- Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Unidad de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia.,Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - J E Acosta-López
- Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Unidad de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - M L Martínez-Banfi
- Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Unidad de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - J I Vélez
- Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia.,Genomics and Predictive Medicine Group, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - E Mejía-Segura
- Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Unidad de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - S G Lozano-Gutiérrez
- Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Unidad de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - M Sánchez-Rojas
- Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Unidad de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | | | - E E Zurek
- Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - M Arcos-Burgos
- Genomics and Predictive Medicine Group, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Center For Research in Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - D A Pineda
- Neuroscience Research Group, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,Neuropsychology and Conduct Research Group, University of San Buenaventura, Medellín, Colombia
| | - P J Puentes-Rozo
- Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Unidad de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia.,Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Universidad del Atlántico, Barranquilla, Colombia
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3
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Genetic Variation Underpinning ADHD Risk in a Caribbean Community. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080907. [PMID: 31426340 PMCID: PMC6721689 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a highly heritable and prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder that frequently persists into adulthood. Strong evidence from genetic studies indicates that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) harboured in the ADGRL3 (LPHN3), SNAP25, FGF1, DRD4, and SLC6A2 genes are associated with ADHD. We genotyped 26 SNPs harboured in genes previously reported to be associated with ADHD and evaluated their potential association in 386 individuals belonging to 113 nuclear families from a Caribbean community in Barranquilla, Colombia, using family-based association tests. SNPs rs362990-SNAP25 (T allele; p = 2.46 × 10−4), rs2282794-FGF1 (A allele; p = 1.33 × 10−2), rs2122642-ADGRL3 (C allele, p = 3.5 × 10−2), and ADGRL3 haplotype CCC (markers rs1565902-rs10001410-rs2122642, OR = 1.74, Ppermuted = 0.021) were significantly associated with ADHD. Our results confirm the susceptibility to ADHD conferred by SNAP25, FGF1, and ADGRL3 variants in a community with a significant African American component, and provide evidence supporting the existence of specific patterns of genetic stratification underpinning the susceptibility to ADHD. Knowledge of population genetics is crucial to define risk and predict susceptibility to disease.
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Pollak Y, Shalit R, Aran A. Risk taking and adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A gap between real life behavior and experimental decision making. Psychiatry Res 2018; 259:56-62. [PMID: 29028525 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are prone to suboptimal decision making and risk taking. The aim of this study was to test performance on a theoretically-based probabilistic decision making task in well-characterized adults with and without ADHD, and examine the relation between experimental risk taking and history of real-life risk-taking behavior, defined as cigarette, alcohol, and street drug use. University students with and without ADHD completed a modified version of the Cambridge Gambling Test, in which they had to choose between alternatives varied by level of risk, and reported their history of substance use. Both groups showed similar patterns of risk taking on the experimental decision making task, suggesting that ADHD is not linked to low sensitivity to risk. Past and present substance use was more prevalent in adults with ADHD. These finding question the validity of experimental probabilistic decision making task as a valid model for ADHD-related risk-taking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehuda Pollak
- The Seymour Fox School of Education. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Reut Shalit
- The Seymour Fox School of Education. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Adi Aran
- Neuropediatric Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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5
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Galéra C, Salla J, Montagni I, Hanne-Poujade S, Salamon R, Grondin O, Guichard E, Bouvard MP, Tzourio C, Michel G. Stress, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and tobacco smoking: The i-Share study. Eur Psychiatry 2017; 45:221-226. [PMID: 28957791 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The contribution of mental health to the risk of smoking is increasingly acknowledged but still insufficiently studied during the key period of student life. In particular, the simultaneous action of stress and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms on the risk of smoking remains poorly understood. AIMS To assess the effects of stress and ADHD symptoms on tobacco smoking. METHOD Multivariate modeling was conducted on the French i-Share study (n=8110, median age 20.3 years, 74.8% females, 32.9% regular/occasional smokers) to evaluate the associations between stress, ADHD symptoms and tobacco smoking, adjusting for potential family/socio-demographic confounders. RESULTS Students with high levels of stress were more likely to smoke>10 cigarettes/day (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.48, 95% CI: 1.12-1.96) than those with low levels of stress. Students with high levels of ADHD symptoms were more likely to smoke>10 cigarettes/day (aOR: 2.08, 95% CI: 1.58-2.75) than those with low levels of ADHD symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Stress and ADHD contribute independently to the risk of smoking. Interventions targeting each condition are likely to reduce the burden of tobacco use in students.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Galéra
- UMR1219, université de Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France; UMR1219, Inserm, HEALTHY Team, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Centre hospitalier Perrens, 33076 Bordeaux, France.
| | - J Salla
- UMR1219, université de Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France; UMR1219, Inserm, HEALTHY Team, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - I Montagni
- UMR1219, université de Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France; UMR1219, Inserm, HEALTHY Team, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - S Hanne-Poujade
- UMR1219, université de Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France; UMR1219, Inserm, HEALTHY Team, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - R Salamon
- UMR1219, université de Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France; UMR1219, Inserm, HEALTHY Team, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - O Grondin
- UMR1219, université de Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France; UMR1219, Inserm, HEALTHY Team, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - E Guichard
- Inserm CIC1415, CHRU de Tours, 37044 Tours, France
| | - M P Bouvard
- UMR1219, université de Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Centre hospitalier Perrens, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - C Tzourio
- UMR1219, université de Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France; UMR1219, Inserm, HEALTHY Team, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - G Michel
- UMR1219, université de Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France; UMR1219, Inserm, HEALTHY Team, 33000 Bordeaux, France
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Alemany S, Ribasés M, Vilor-Tejedor N, Bustamante M, Sánchez-Mora C, Bosch R, Richarte V, Cormand B, Casas M, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Sunyer J. New suggestive genetic loci and biological pathways for attention function in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2015; 168:459-470. [PMID: 26174813 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit is one of the core symptoms of the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, the specific genetic variants that may be associated with attention function in adult ADHD remain largely unknown. The present study aimed to identifying SNPs associated with attention function in adult ADHD and tested whether these associations were enriched for specific biological pathways. Commissions, hit-reaction time (HRT), the standard error of HRT (HRTSE), and intraindividual coefficient variability (ICV) of the Conners Continuous Performance Test (CPT-II) were assessed in 479 unmedicated adult ADHD individuals. A Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) was conducted for each outcome and, subsequently, gene set enrichment analyses were performed. Although no SNPs reached genome-wide significance (P < 5E-08), 27 loci showed suggestive evidence of association with the CPT outcomes (P < E-05). The most relevant associated SNP was located in the SORCS2 gene (P = 3.65E-07), previously associated with bipolar disorder (BP), Alzheimer disease (AD), and brain structure in elderly individuals. We detected other genes suggested to be involved in synaptic plasticity, cognitive function, neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, and smoking behavior such as NUAK1, FGF20, NETO1, BTBD9, DLG2, TOP3B, and CHRNB4. Also, several of the pathways nominally associated with the CPT outcomes are relevant for ADHD such as the ubiquitin proteasome, neurodegenerative disorders, axon guidance, and AD amyloid secretase pathways. To our knowledge, this is the first GWAS and pathway analysis of attention function in patients with persistent ADHD. Overall, our findings reinforce the conceptualization of attention function as a potential endophenotype for studying the molecular basis of adult ADHD. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Alemany
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Ribasés
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain.,Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natàlia Vilor-Tejedor
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariona Bustamante
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Sánchez-Mora
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain.,Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Bosch
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vanesa Richarte
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain.,Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bru Cormand
- Facultat de Biologia, Departament de Genètica, Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain.,Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miguel Casas
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain.,Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep A Ramos-Quiroga
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain.,Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
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Mao AR, Findling RL. Comorbidities in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a practical guide to diagnosis in primary care. Postgrad Med 2014; 126:42-51. [PMID: 25295649 DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2014.09.2799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diagnosis and management of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults is complex and challenging because of the frequent comorbidity of other psychiatric disorders that have symptoms overlapping with those of ADHD. The presence of comorbidities can create challenges to making an accurate diagnosis and also impact treatment options and outcomes. This review discusses disorders that may be comorbid with ADHD in adults, including anxiety, mood, substance use disorder, antisocial personality disorder, and borderline personality disorder. Suggestions for recognizing these comorbidities and distinguishing them from ADHD and perspectives on their possible impact on ADHD treatment are included. Adjunctive nonpharmacologic modalities may be especially helpful in the case of comorbid mood, anxiety, substance abuse, or personality disorders.
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8
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Liebrenz M, Frei A, Fisher CE, Gamma A, Buadze A, Eich D. Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and nicotine use: a qualitative study of patient perceptions. BMC Psychiatry 2014; 14:141. [PMID: 24885526 PMCID: PMC4037284 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-14-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is associated with high rates of comorbid substance use disorders, and cigarette smoking has a particularly high prevalence in this population. However, there is an ongoing debate as to whether this tobacco use is an attempt at "self-medication" or due to behavioral disinhibition. There is a surprising lack of qualitative studies that investigate the subjective perceptions of adults with ADHD regarding cigarette smoking. The present study was designed to fill this gap in the literature. METHODS We recruited twelve adult patients with ADHD and comorbid tobacco use from our ADHD consultation service, an outpatient facility of the Zurich University Psychiatric Hospital. Subjects were interviewed using qualitative methodology, and Mayring's qualitative content analysis was used to evaluate findings. RESULTS We identified two explanatory models linking ADHD and tobacco use: smoking as an attempt at self-medication and "smoking as a social behavior". On one hand, subjects considered tobacco a therapeutic aid, reporting positive effects on "inner tension" and cognitive function, and noted possible antidepressant properties as well. On the other hand, subjects considered smoking to enhance social functioning and to have a positive impact on interpersonal relationships. The majority believed that stimulant medications offered only a transient decrease in patterns of tobacco use because their ability to reduce nicotine cravings wore off quickly. Others believed that stimulants had no effect or even reinforced cigarette use. CONCLUSIONS Participants had different views about the link between cigarette smoking and ADHD. While the majority thought of nicotine as a sort of therapy, viewing smoking as a way to self-medicate symptoms of ADHD, motivations for nicotine use were also related to self-image, desire to belong to a peer-group, and a drive to undermine perceived social norms. Ultimately, these findings can be used by clinicians to improve treatment alliance and collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Liebrenz
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Anja Frei
- Institute for General Practice and Health Services Research, University of Zurich, Pestalozzistrasse 24, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carl Erik Fisher
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Alex Gamma
- Psychiatric University Hospital, Division of ADHD Research, Lenggstrasse 31, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Buadze
- Psychiatric University Hospital, Division of ADHD Research, Lenggstrasse 31, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Eich
- Psychiatric University Hospital, Division of ADHD Research, Lenggstrasse 31, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
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ADHD diagnosis may influence the association between polymorphisms in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor genes and tobacco smoking. Neuromolecular Med 2013; 16:389-97. [PMID: 24375168 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-013-8286-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphisms in the CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 gene cluster have been shown to be involved in tobacco smoking susceptibility. Considering that attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) not only increases the risk but may also influence the molecular mechanisms of tobacco smoking, we analyzed the association between polymorphisms in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor genes and tobacco smoking among individuals with or without ADHD. The sample included 1,118 subjects divided into four groups according to smoking status and ADHD diagnosis. Our results demonstrate that the minor alleles of two polymorphisms (rs578776 and rs3743078) in the CHRNA3 gene are associated with an increased risk of tobacco smoking only among patients with ADHD. These alleles have been shown in previous studies to be protective factors for smoking in subjects without ADHD. These findings add to existing evidence that ADHD may exert an important modifying effect on the genetic risk of smoking and should be considered in tobacco smoking association studies.
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Low dopamine transporter occupancy by methylphenidate as a possible reason for reduced treatment effectiveness in ADHD patients with cocaine dependence. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 23:1714-23. [PMID: 23731497 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH) occupies brain striatal dopamine transporters (DATs) and is an effective treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, patients with ADHD and comorbid cocaine dependence do not benefit significantly from treatment with MPH. To better understand the neurobiology of this phenomenon, we examined DAT availability and the effects of MPH treatment on DAT occupancy in ADHD patients with and without cocaine dependence. ADHD patients without a comorbid substance use disorder (N=16) and ADHD patients with comorbid cocaine dependence (N=8) were imaged at baseline and after two weeks MPH treatment using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with the DAT tracer [(123)I]FP-CIT. Changes in ADHD symptoms were measured with the ADHD symptom rating scale (ASRS). At baseline, we observed lower striatal DAT availability in ADHD patients with cocaine dependence. Following fixed MPH treatment, MPH occupied significantly less striatal DATs in cocaine-dependent than in non-cocaine dependent ADHD patients. There were no significant correlations between baseline DAT availability or DAT occupancy by MPH and ADHD symptom improvement. However, we did find significant correlations between DAT occupancy by MPH and decreases in impulsivity scores and years of cocaine use. These preliminary findings suggest that low DAT occupancy is not the reason why ADHD patients with cocaine dependence do not benefit from MPH treatment. It also suggests that higher dosages of MPH in these patients are probably not the solution and that medications directed at other pharmacological targets should be considered in these comorbid ADHD patients. This trial is registered at the Dutch Trial Register, www.trialregister.nl, under Trial ID number NTR3127.
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Galéra C, Pingault JB, Fombonne E, Michel G, Lagarde E, Bouvard MP, Melchior M. Attention problems in childhood and adult substance use. J Pediatr 2013; 163:1677-1683.e1. [PMID: 23972646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the link between childhood attention problems (AP) and substance use 18 years later. STUDY DESIGN This cohort study was conducted in a community sample of 1103 French youths followed from 1991 to 2009. Exposures and covariates were childhood behavioral problems (based on parental report at baseline), early substance use, school difficulties, and family adversity. Outcome measures were regular tobacco smoking, alcohol problems, problematic cannabis use, and lifetime cocaine use (based on youth reports at follow-up). RESULTS Individuals with high levels of childhood AP had higher rates of substance use (regular tobacco smoking, alcohol problems, problematic cannabis use, and lifetime cocaine use). However, when taking into account other childhood behavioral problems, early substance use, school difficulties, and family adversity, childhood AP were related only to regular tobacco smoking and lifetime cocaine use. Early cannabis exposure was the strongest risk factor for all substance use problems. CONCLUSION This longitudinal community-based study shows that, except for tobacco and cocaine, the association between childhood AP and substance use is confounded by a range of early risk factors. Early cannabis exposure plays a central role in later substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Galéra
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Charles Perrens Hospital, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; INSERM U897, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Prévention et Prise en Charge des Traumatismes, Bordeaux, France.
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