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Orrell-Trigg R, Awad M, Gangadoo S, Cheeseman S, Shaw ZL, Truong VK, Cozzolino D, Chapman J. Rapid screening of bacteriostatic and bactericidal antimicrobial agents against Escherichia coli by combining machine learning (artificial intelligence) and UV-VIS spectroscopy. Analyst 2024; 149:1597-1608. [PMID: 38291984 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01608k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotics are compounds that have a particular mode of action upon the microorganism they are targeting. However, discovering and developing new antibiotics is a challenging and timely process. Antibiotic development process can take up to 10-15 years and over $1billion to develop a single new therapeutic product. Rapid screening tools to understand the mode of action of the new antimicrobial agent are considered one of the main bottle necks in the antimicrobial agent development process. Classical approaches require multifarious microbiological methods and they do not capture important biochemical and organism therapeutic-interaction mechanisms. This work aims to provide a rapid antibiotic-antimicrobial biochemical diagnostic tool to reduce the timeframes of therapeutic development, while also generating new biochemical insight into an antimicrobial-therapeutic screening assay in a complex matrix. The work evaluates the effect of antimicrobial action through "traditional" microbiological analysis techniques with a high-throughput rapid analysis method using UV-VIS spectroscopy and chemometrics. Bacteriostatic activity from tetracycline and bactericidal activity from amoxicillin were evaluated on a system using non-resistant Escherichia coli O157:H7 by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV-VIS spectroscopy (high-throughput analysis). The data were analysed using principal component analysis (PCA) and support vector machine (SVM) classification. The rapid diagnostic technique could easily identify differences between bacteriostatic and bactericidal mechanisms and was considerably quicker than the "traditional" methods tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Orrell-Trigg
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - M Awad
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - S Gangadoo
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - S Cheeseman
- The Graeme Clark Institute, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology and Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Services, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Z L Shaw
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - V K Truong
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - D Cozzolino
- QAAFI, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - J Chapman
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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2
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Atterbury RJ, Tyson J. Predatory bacteria as living antibiotics - where are we now? MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2021; 167. [PMID: 33465024 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health and economic crisis. With too few antibiotics in development to meet current and anticipated needs, there is a critical need for new therapies to treat Gram-negative infections. One potential approach is the use of living predatory bacteria, such as Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus (small Gram-negative bacteria that naturally invade and kill Gram-negative pathogens of humans, animals and plants). Moving toward the use of Bdellovibrio as a 'living antibiotic' demands the investigation and characterization of these bacterial predators in biologically relevant systems. We review the fundamental science supporting the feasibility of predatory bacteria as alternatives to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Atterbury
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Jess Tyson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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3
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Efficient Photodynamic Killing of Gram-Positive Bacteria by Synthetic Curcuminoids. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239024. [PMID: 33261011 PMCID: PMC7730963 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous study, we have demonstrated that curcumin can efficiently kill the anaerobic bacterium Propionibacterium acnes by irradiation with low-dose blue light. The curcuminoids present in natural plant turmeric mainly include curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin. However, only curcumin is commercially available. Eighteen different curcumin analogs, including demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin, were synthesized in this study. Their antibacterial activity against Gram-positive aerobic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis was investigated using the photodynamic inactivation method. Among the three compounds in turmeric, curcumin activity is the weakest, and bisdemethoxycurcumin possesses the strongest activity. However, two synthetic compounds, (1E,6E)-1,7-bis(5-methylthiophen-2-yl)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione and (1E,6E)-1,7-di(thiophen-2-yl)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione, possess the best antibacterial activity among all compounds examined in this study. Their chemical stability is also better than that of bisdemethoxycurcumin, and thus has potential for future clinical applications.
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Krome AK, Becker T, Kehraus S, Schiefer A, Steinebach C, Aden T, Frohberger SJ, López Mármol Á, Kapote D, Jansen R, Chaverra-Muñoz L, Hübner MP, Pfarr K, Hesterkamp T, Stadler M, Gütschow M, König GM, Hoerauf A, Wagner KG. Solubility and Stability Enhanced Oral Formulations for the Anti-Infective Corallopyronin A. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1105. [PMID: 33217948 PMCID: PMC7698778 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel-antibiotics are urgently needed to combat an increase in morbidity and mortality due to resistant bacteria. The preclinical candidate corallopyronin A (CorA) is a potent antibiotic against Gram-positive and some Gram-negative pathogens for which a solid oral formulation was needed for further preclinical testing of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). The neat API CorA is poorly water-soluble and instable at room temperature, both crucial characteristics to be addressed and overcome for use as an oral antibiotic. Therefore, amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) was chosen as formulation principle. The formulations were prepared by spray-drying, comprising the water-soluble polymers povidone and copovidone. Stability (high-performance liquid chromatography, Fourier-transform-infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry), dissolution (biphasic dissolution), and solubility (biphasic dissolution, Pion's T3 apparatus) properties were analyzed. Pharmacokinetic evaluations after intravenous and oral administration were conducted in BALB/c mice. The results demonstrated that the ASD formulation principle is a suitable stability- and solubility-enhancing oral formulation strategy for the API CorA to be used in preclinical and clinical trials and as a potential market product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K. Krome
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany; (A.K.K.); (T.B.); (Á.L.M.); (D.K.)
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (A.S.); (T.A.); (S.J.F.); (M.P.H.); (K.P.); (A.H.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Tim Becker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany; (A.K.K.); (T.B.); (Á.L.M.); (D.K.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Stefan Kehraus
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Andrea Schiefer
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (A.S.); (T.A.); (S.J.F.); (M.P.H.); (K.P.); (A.H.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Christian Steinebach
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany; (C.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Tilman Aden
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (A.S.); (T.A.); (S.J.F.); (M.P.H.); (K.P.); (A.H.)
| | - Stefan J. Frohberger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (A.S.); (T.A.); (S.J.F.); (M.P.H.); (K.P.); (A.H.)
| | - Álvaro López Mármol
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany; (A.K.K.); (T.B.); (Á.L.M.); (D.K.)
| | - Dnyaneshwar Kapote
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany; (A.K.K.); (T.B.); (Á.L.M.); (D.K.)
| | - Rolf Jansen
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (R.J.); (L.C.-M.); (M.S.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lillibeth Chaverra-Muñoz
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (R.J.); (L.C.-M.); (M.S.)
| | - Marc P. Hübner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (A.S.); (T.A.); (S.J.F.); (M.P.H.); (K.P.); (A.H.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Kenneth Pfarr
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (A.S.); (T.A.); (S.J.F.); (M.P.H.); (K.P.); (A.H.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Thomas Hesterkamp
- Translational Project Management Office (TPMO), German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany;
| | - Marc Stadler
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (R.J.); (L.C.-M.); (M.S.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Gütschow
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany; (C.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Gabriele M. König
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (A.S.); (T.A.); (S.J.F.); (M.P.H.); (K.P.); (A.H.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Karl G. Wagner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany; (A.K.K.); (T.B.); (Á.L.M.); (D.K.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
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Tan JPK, Tan J, Park N, Xu K, Chan ED, Yang C, Piunova VA, Ji Z, Lim A, Shao J, Bai A, Bai X, Mantione D, Sardon H, Yang YY, Hedrick JL. Upcycling Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Refuse to Advanced Therapeutics for the Treatment of Nosocomial and Mycobacterial Infections. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy P. K. Tan
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Jason Tan
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Nathanial Park
- IBM Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120, United States
| | - Kaijin Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Edward D. Chan
- National Jewish Health, D509, 1400 Jackson St., Denver, Colorado 80206, United States
| | - Chuan Yang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Victoria A. Piunova
- IBM Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120, United States
| | - Zhongkang Ji
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Alexandra Lim
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Jundan Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - An Bai
- National Jewish Health, D509, 1400 Jackson St., Denver, Colorado 80206, United States
| | - Xiyuan Bai
- National Jewish Health, D509, 1400 Jackson St., Denver, Colorado 80206, United States
| | - Daniele Mantione
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa 7, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Haritz Sardon
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa 7, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Yi Yan Yang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - James L. Hedrick
- IBM Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120, United States
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6
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Wang-Lin SX, Olson R, Beanan JM, MacDonald U, Balthasar JP, Russo TA. The Capsular Polysaccharide of Acinetobacter baumannii Is an Obstacle for Therapeutic Passive Immunization Strategies. Infect Immun 2017; 85:e00591-17. [PMID: 28947651 PMCID: PMC5695103 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00591-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii has become an important concern for human health due to rapid development and wide spread of antimicrobial-resistant strains and high mortality associated with the infection. Passive immunizations with antisera targeting outer membrane proteins (OMPs) have shown encouraging results in protecting mice from A. baumannii infection, but monoclonal anti-OMP antibodies have not been developed, and their potential therapeutic properties have not been explored. The goal of this report is to evaluate the antibacterial activity of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) targeting outer membrane protein A (OmpA) of A. baumannii Five anti-OmpA MAbs were developed using hybridoma technology and showed strong binding to strain ATCC 19606. However, low antibody binding was observed when they were tested against six clinical isolates, which included extensively drug-resistant strains. In contrast, high binding to an isogenic K1 capsule-negative mutant (AB307.30) was shown, suggesting that capsular polysaccharide mediated the inhibition of MAb binding to OmpA. Anti-OmpA MAbs increased the macrophage-mediated bactericidal activity of AB307.30 but failed to increase phagocytic killing of capsule-positive strains. Capsular polysaccharide was also protective against complement-mediated bactericidal activity in human ascites in the presence and absence of opsonization. Lastly, passive immunization with anti-OmpA MAbs did not confer protection against challenge with AB307-0294, the encapsulated parent strain of AB307.30, in a mouse sepsis infection model. These results reveal the important role of capsule polysaccharide in shielding OmpA and thereby inhibiting anti-OmpA MAb binding to clinical isolates. This property of capsule hindered the therapeutic utility of anti-OmpA MAbs, and it may apply to other conserved epitopes in A. baumannii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Xin Wang-Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Ruth Olson
- Veterans Administration Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Janet M Beanan
- Veterans Administration Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Ulrike MacDonald
- Veterans Administration Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Joseph P Balthasar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Thomas A Russo
- Veterans Administration Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
- The Witebsky Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Mankoci S, Kaiser RL, Sahai N, Barton HA, Joy A. Bactericidal Peptidomimetic Polyurethanes with Remarkable Selectivity against Escherichia coli. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:2588-2597. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Mankoci
- Department
of Polymer Science and ‡Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Ricky L. Kaiser
- Department
of Polymer Science and ‡Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Nita Sahai
- Department
of Polymer Science and ‡Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Hazel A. Barton
- Department
of Polymer Science and ‡Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Abraham Joy
- Department
of Polymer Science and ‡Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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Medina E, Pieper DH. Tackling Threats and Future Problems of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2016; 398:3-33. [PMID: 27406189 DOI: 10.1007/82_2016_492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
With the advent of the antibiotic era, the overuse and inappropriate consumption and application of antibiotics have driven the rapid emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens. Antimicrobial resistance increases the morbidity, mortality, length of hospitalization and healthcare costs. Among Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and multidrug-resistant (MDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and among the Gram-negative bacteria, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBLs)-producing bacteria have become a major global healthcare problem in the 21st century. The pressure to use antibiotics guarantees that the spread and prevalence of these as well as of future emerging multidrug-resistant pathogens will be a persistent phenomenon. The unfeasibility of reversing antimicrobial resistance back towards susceptibility and the critical need to treat bacterial infection in modern medicine have burdened researchers and pharmaceutical companies to develop new antimicrobials effective against these difficult-to-treat multidrug-resistant pathogens. However, it can be anticipated that antibiotic resistance will continue to develop more rapidly than new agents to treat these infections become available and a better understanding of the molecular, evolutionary and ecological mechanisms governing the spread of antibiotic resistance is needed. The only way to curb the current crisis of antimicrobial resistance will be to develop entirely novel strategies to fight these pathogens such as combining antimicrobial drugs with other agents that counteract and obstruct the antibiotic resistant mechanisms expressed by the pathogen. Furthermore, as many antibiotics are often inappropriately prescribed, a more personalized approach based on precise diagnosis tools will ensure that proper treatments can be promptly applied leading to more targeted and effective therapies. However, in more general terms, also the overall use and release of antibiotics in the environment needs to be better controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Medina
- Infection Immunology Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Dietmar Helmut Pieper
- Microbial Interactions and Processes Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
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Abstract
For thousands of years people were delivered helplessly to various kinds of infections, which often reached epidemic proportions and have cost the lives of millions of people. This is precisely the age since mankind has been thinking of infectious diseases and the question of their causes. However, due to a lack of knowledge, the search for strategies to fight, heal, and prevent the spread of communicable diseases was unsuccessful for a long time. It was not until the discovery of the healing effects of (antibiotic producing) molds, the first microscopic observations of microorganisms in the seventeenth century, the refutation of the abiogenesis theory, and the dissolution of the question "What is the nature of infectious diseases?" that the first milestones within the history of antibiotics research were set. Then new discoveries accelerated rapidly: Bacteria could be isolated and cultured and were identified as possible agents of diseases as well as producers of bioactive metabolites. At the same time the first synthetic antibiotics were developed and shortly thereafter, thousands of synthetic substances as well as millions of soil borne bacteria and fungi were screened for bioactivity within numerous microbial laboratories of pharmaceutical companies. New antibiotic classes with different targets were discovered as on assembly line production. With the beginning of the twentieth century, many of the diseases which reached epidemic proportions at the time-e.g., cholera, syphilis, plague, tuberculosis, or typhoid fever, just to name a few, could be combatted with new discovered antibiotics. It should be considered that hundred years ago the market launch of new antibiotics was significantly faster and less complicated than today (where it takes 10-12 years in average between the discovery of a new antibiotic until the launch). After the first euphoria it was quickly realized that bacteria are able to develop, acquire, and spread numerous resistance mechanisms. Whenever a new antibiotic reached the market it did not take long until scientists observed the first resistant germs. Since the marketing of the first antibiotic there is a neck-on-neck race between scientists who discover natural or develop semisynthetic and synthetic bioactive molecules and bacteria, which have developed resistance mechanisms. The emphasis of this chapter is to give an overview of the history of antibiotics research. The situation within the pre-antibiotic era as well as in the early antibiotic era will be described until the Golden Age of Antibiotics will conclude this time travel. The most important antibiotic classes, information about their discovery, activity spectrum, mode of action, resistance mechanisms, and current application will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin I Mohr
- Department Microbial Drugs and German Center for Infection Research, Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany.
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10
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Klahn P, Brönstrup M. New Structural Templates for Clinically Validated and Novel Targets in Antimicrobial Drug Research and Development. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2016; 398:365-417. [PMID: 27704270 DOI: 10.1007/82_2016_501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of bacterial resistance against current antibiotic drugs necessitates a continuous renewal of the arsenal of efficacious drugs. This imperative has not been met by the output of antibiotic research and development of the past decades for various reasons, including the declining efforts of large pharma companies in this area. Moreover, the majority of novel antibiotics are chemical derivatives of existing structures that represent mostly step innovations, implying that the available chemical space may be exhausted. This review negates this impression by showcasing recent achievements in lead finding and optimization of antibiotics that have novel or unexplored chemical structures. Not surprisingly, many of the novel structural templates like teixobactins, lysocin, griselimycin, or the albicidin/cystobactamid pair were discovered from natural sources. Additional compounds were obtained from the screening of synthetic libraries and chemical synthesis, including the gyrase-inhibiting NTBI's and spiropyrimidinetrione, the tarocin and targocil inhibitors of wall teichoic acid synthesis, or the boronates and diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane as novel β-lactamase inhibitors. A motif that is common to most clinically validated antibiotics is that they address hotspots in complex biosynthetic machineries, whose functioning is essential for the bacterial cell. Therefore, an introduction to the biological targets-cell wall synthesis, topoisomerases, the DNA sliding clamp, and membrane-bound electron transport-is given for each of the leads presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Klahn
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Mark Brönstrup
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany.
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Abstract
Resistance of important bacterial pathogens to common antimicrobial therapies and the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria are increasing at an alarming rate and constitute one of our greatest challenges in the combat of bacterial infection and accompanied diseases. The current shortage of effective drugs, lack of successful prevention measures and only a few new antibiotics in the clinical pipeline demand the development of novel treatment options and alternative antimicrobial therapies. Our increasing understanding of bacterial virulence strategies and the induced molecular pathways of the infectious disease provides novel opportunities to target and interfere with crucial pathogenicity factors or virulence-associated traits of the bacteria while bypassing the evolutionary pressure on the bacterium to develop resistance. In the past decade, numerous new bacterial targets for anti-virulence therapies have been identified, and structure-based tailoring of intervention strategies and screening assays for small-molecule inhibitors of such pathways were successfully established. In this chapter, we will take a closer look at the bacterial virulence-related factors and processes that present promising targets for anti-virulence therapies, recently discovered inhibitory substances and their promises and discuss the challenges, and problems that have to be faced.
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