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Special Issue: Type III Secretion Systems in Human/Animal Pathogenic Bacteria. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071461. [PMID: 35889180 PMCID: PMC9319260 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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Evolutionary Conservation, Variability, and Adaptation of Type III Secretion Systems. J Membr Biol 2022; 255:599-612. [PMID: 35695900 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-022-00247-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Type III secretion (T3S) systems are complex bacterial structures used by many pathogens to inject proteins directly into the cytosol of the host cell. These secretion machines evolved from the bacterial flagella and they have been grouped into families by phylogenetic analysis. The T3S system is composed of more than 20 proteins grouped into five complexes: the cytosolic platform, the export apparatus, the basal body, the needle, and the translocon complex. While the proteins located inside the bacterium are conserved, those exposed to the external media present high variability among families. This suggests that the T3S systems have adapted to interact with different cells or tissues in the host, and/or have been subjected to the evolutionary pressure of the host immune defenses. Such adaptation led to changes in the sequence of the T3S needle tip and translocon suggesting differences in the mechanism of assembly and structure of this complex.
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Rahmatelahi H, El-Matbouli M, Menanteau-Ledouble S. Delivering the pain: an overview of the type III secretion system with special consideration for aquatic pathogens. Vet Res 2021; 52:146. [PMID: 34924019 PMCID: PMC8684695 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-01015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria are known to subvert eukaryotic cell physiological mechanisms using a wide array of virulence factors, among which the type three-secretion system (T3SS) is often one of the most important. The T3SS constitutes a needle-like apparatus that the bacterium uses to inject a diverse set of effector proteins directly into the cytoplasm of the host cells where they can hamper the host cellular machinery for a variety of purposes. While the structure of the T3SS is somewhat conserved and well described, effector proteins are much more diverse and specific for each pathogen. The T3SS can remodel the cytoskeleton integrity to promote intracellular invasion, as well as silence specific eukaryotic cell signals, notably to hinder or elude the immune response and cause apoptosis. This is also the case in aquatic bacterial pathogens where the T3SS can often play a central role in the establishment of disease, although it remains understudied in several species of important fish pathogens, notably in Yersinia ruckeri. In the present review, we summarise what is known of the T3SS, with a special focus on aquatic pathogens and suggest some possible avenues for research including the potential to target the T3SS for the development of new anti-virulence drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadis Rahmatelahi
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mansour El-Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Simon Menanteau-Ledouble
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220, Aalborg Ø, Denmark.
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Lends A, Berbon M, Habenstein B, Nishiyama Y, Loquet A. Protein resonance assignment by solid-state NMR based on 1H-detected 13C double-quantum spectroscopy at fast MAS. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2021; 75:417-427. [PMID: 34813018 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-021-00386-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state NMR spectroscopy is a powerful technique to study insoluble and non-crystalline proteins and protein complexes at atomic resolution. The development of proton (1H) detection at fast magic-angle spinning (MAS) has considerably increased the analytical capabilities of the technique, enabling the acquisition of 1H-detected fingerprint experiments in few hours. Here an approach based on double-quantum (DQ) 13C spectroscopy, detected on 1H, is proposed for fast MAS regime (> 60 kHz) to perform the sequential assignment of insoluble proteins of small size, without any specific deuteration requirement. By combining two three-dimensional 1H detected experiments correlating a 13C DQ dimension respectively to its intra-residue and sequential 15 N-1H pairs, a sequential walk through DQ (Ca + CO) resonance is obtained. The approach takes advantage of fast MAS to achieve an efficient sensitivity and the addition of a DQ dimension provides spectral features useful for the resonance assignment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alons Lends
- CNRS, Chemistry and Biology of Membranes and Nanoobjects (CBMN), UMR 5348, Institut Europeen de Chimie et Biologie (IECB), University of Bordeaux, 33600, Pessac, France.
| | - Mélanie Berbon
- CNRS, Chemistry and Biology of Membranes and Nanoobjects (CBMN), UMR 5348, Institut Europeen de Chimie et Biologie (IECB), University of Bordeaux, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - Birgit Habenstein
- CNRS, Chemistry and Biology of Membranes and Nanoobjects (CBMN), UMR 5348, Institut Europeen de Chimie et Biologie (IECB), University of Bordeaux, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - Yusuke Nishiyama
- RIKEN-JEOL Collaboration Center, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
- JEOL RESONANCE Inc., 3-1-2 Musashino, Akishima, Tokyo, 196-8558, Japan.
| | - Antoine Loquet
- CNRS, Chemistry and Biology of Membranes and Nanoobjects (CBMN), UMR 5348, Institut Europeen de Chimie et Biologie (IECB), University of Bordeaux, 33600, Pessac, France.
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Otten C, Seifert T, Hausner J, Büttner D. The Contribution of the Predicted Sorting Platform Component HrcQ to Type III Secretion in Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria Depends on an Internal Translation Start Site. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:752733. [PMID: 34721356 PMCID: PMC8553256 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.752733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenicity of the Gram-negative bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria depends on a type III secretion (T3S) system which translocates effector proteins into plant cells. T3S systems are conserved in plant- and animal-pathogenic bacteria and consist of at least nine structural core components, which are designated Sct (secretion and cellular translocation) in animal-pathogenic bacteria. Sct proteins are involved in the assembly of the membrane-spanning secretion apparatus which is associated with an extracellular needle structure and a cytoplasmic sorting platform. Components of the sorting platform include the ATPase SctN, its regulator SctL, and pod-like structures at the periphery of the sorting platform consisting of SctQ proteins. Members of the SctQ family form a complex with the C-terminal protein domain, SctQC, which is translated as separate protein and likely acts either as a structural component of the sorting platform or as a chaperone for SctQ. The sorting platform has been intensively studied in animal-pathogenic bacteria but has not yet been visualized in plant pathogens. We previously showed that the SctQ homolog HrcQ from X. campestris pv. vesicatoria assembles into complexes which associate with the T3S system and interact with components of the ATPase complex. Here, we report the presence of an internal alternative translation start site in hrcQ leading to the separate synthesis of the C-terminal protein region (HrcQC). The analysis of genomic hrcQ mutants showed that HrcQC is essential for pathogenicity and T3S. Increased expression levels of hrcQ or the T3S genes, however, compensated the lack of HrcQC. Interaction studies and protein analyses suggest that HrcQC forms a complex with HrcQ and promotes HrcQ stability. Furthermore, HrcQC colocalizes with HrcQ as was shown by fluorescence microscopy, suggesting that it is part of the predicted cytoplasmic sorting platform. In agreement with this finding, HrcQC interacts with the inner membrane ring protein HrcD and the SctK-like linker protein HrpB4 which contributes to the docking of the HrcQ complex to the membrane-spanning T3S apparatus. Taken together, our data suggest that HrcQC acts as a chaperone for HrcQ and as a structural component of the predicted sorting platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Otten
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Tanja Seifert
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Jens Hausner
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Daniela Büttner
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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Badie F, Ghandali M, Tabatabaei SA, Safari M, Khorshidi A, Shayestehpour M, Mahjoubin-Tehran M, Morshedi K, Jalili A, Tajiknia V, Hamblin MR, Mirzaei H. Use of Salmonella Bacteria in Cancer Therapy: Direct, Drug Delivery and Combination Approaches. Front Oncol 2021; 11:624759. [PMID: 33738260 PMCID: PMC7960920 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.624759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the years, conventional cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy with only a limited specificity for tumors, have undergone significant improvement. Moreover, newer therapies such as immunotherapy have undergone a revolution to stimulate the innate as well as adaptive immune responses against the tumor. However, it has been found that tumors can be selectively colonized by certain bacteria, where they can proliferate, and exert direct oncolytic effects as well as stimulating the immune system. Bacterial-mediated cancer therapy (BMCT) is now one example of a hot topic in the antitumor field. Salmonella typhimurium is a Gram-negative species that generally causes self-limiting gastroenteritis in humans. This species has been designed and engineered in order to be used in cancer-targeted therapeutics. S. typhimurium can be used in combination with other treatments such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy for synergistic modification of the tumor microenvironment. Considerable benefits have been shown by using engineered attenuated strains for the diagnosis and treatment of tumors. Some of these treatment approaches have received FDA approval for early-phase clinical trials. This review summarizes the use of Salmonella bacteria for cancer therapy, which could pave the way towards routine clinical application. The benefits of this therapy include an automatic self-targeting ability, and the possibility of genetic manipulation to produce newly engineered attenuated strains. Nevertheless, Salmonella-mediated anticancer therapy has not yet been clinically established, and requires more research before its use in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Badie
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghandali
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Alireza Tabatabaei
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Safari
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Khorshidi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shayestehpour
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Maryam Mahjoubin-Tehran
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Korosh Morshedi
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Amin Jalili
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vida Tajiknia
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Bajunaid W, Haidar-Ahmad N, Kottarampatel AH, Ourida Manigat F, Silué N, F. Tchagang C, Tomaro K, Campbell-Valois FX. The T3SS of Shigella: Expression, Structure, Function, and Role in Vacuole Escape. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8121933. [PMID: 33291504 PMCID: PMC7762205 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella spp. are one of the leading causes of infectious diarrheal diseases. They are Escherichia coli pathovars that are characterized by the harboring of a large plasmid that encodes most virulence genes, including a type III secretion system (T3SS). The archetypal element of the T3SS is the injectisome, a syringe-like nanomachine composed of approximately 20 proteins, spanning both bacterial membranes and the cell wall, and topped with a needle. Upon contact of the tip of the needle with the plasma membrane, the injectisome secretes its protein substrates into host cells. Some of these substrates act as translocators or effectors whose functions are key to the invasion of the cytosol and the cell-to-cell spread characterizing the lifestyle of Shigella spp. Here, we review the structure, assembly, function, and methods to measure the activity of the injectisome with a focus on Shigella, but complemented with data from other T3SS if required. We also present the regulatory cascade that controls the expression of T3SS genes in Shigella. Finally, we describe the function of translocators and effectors during cell-to-cell spread, particularly during escape from the vacuole, a key element of Shigella’s pathogenesis that has yet to reveal all of its secrets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waad Bajunaid
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (W.B.); (N.H.-A.); (A.H.K.); (F.O.M.); (N.S.); (C.F.T.); (K.T.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Nathaline Haidar-Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (W.B.); (N.H.-A.); (A.H.K.); (F.O.M.); (N.S.); (C.F.T.); (K.T.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Anwer Hasil Kottarampatel
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (W.B.); (N.H.-A.); (A.H.K.); (F.O.M.); (N.S.); (C.F.T.); (K.T.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - France Ourida Manigat
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (W.B.); (N.H.-A.); (A.H.K.); (F.O.M.); (N.S.); (C.F.T.); (K.T.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Navoun Silué
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (W.B.); (N.H.-A.); (A.H.K.); (F.O.M.); (N.S.); (C.F.T.); (K.T.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Caetanie F. Tchagang
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (W.B.); (N.H.-A.); (A.H.K.); (F.O.M.); (N.S.); (C.F.T.); (K.T.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Kyle Tomaro
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (W.B.); (N.H.-A.); (A.H.K.); (F.O.M.); (N.S.); (C.F.T.); (K.T.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - François-Xavier Campbell-Valois
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (W.B.); (N.H.-A.); (A.H.K.); (F.O.M.); (N.S.); (C.F.T.); (K.T.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
The independent naming of components of injectisome-type type III secretion systems in different bacterial species has resulted in considerable confusion, impeding accessibility of the literature and hindering communication between scientists of the same field. A unified nomenclature had been proposed by Hueck more than 20 years ago. It found little attention for many years, but usage was sparked again by recent reviews and an international type III secretion meeting in 2016. Here, we propose that the field consistently switches to an extended version of this nomenclature to be no longer lost in translation.
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