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Shkunnikova S, Mijakovac A, Sironic L, Hanic M, Lauc G, Kavur MM. IgG glycans in health and disease: Prediction, intervention, prognosis, and therapy. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108169. [PMID: 37207876 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin (IgG) glycosylation is a complex enzymatically controlled process, essential for the structure and function of IgG. IgG glycome is relatively stable in the state of homeostasis, yet its alterations have been associated with aging, pollution and toxic exposure, as well as various diseases, including autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, cardiometabolic diseases, infectious diseases and cancer. IgG is also an effector molecule directly involved in the inflammation processes included in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Numerous recently published studies support the idea that IgG N-glycosylation fine-tunes the immune response and plays a significant role in chronic inflammation. This makes it a promising novel biomarker of biological age, and a prognostic, diagnostic and treatment evaluation tool. Here we provide an overview of the current state of knowledge regarding the IgG glycosylation in health and disease, and its potential applications in pro-active prevention and monitoring of various health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Shkunnikova
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Borongajska cesta 83H, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anika Mijakovac
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Horvatovac 102a, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lucija Sironic
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Borongajska cesta 83H, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Hanic
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Borongajska cesta 83H, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordan Lauc
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Borongajska cesta 83H, Zagreb, Croatia; University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Ulica Ante Kovačića 1, Zagreb, Croatia
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Kovács Z, Reidy F, Glover L, McAuliffe FM, Stockmann H, Kilbane MT, Twomey PJ, Peters M, Saare M, Rudd PM, Utt M, Wingfield M, Salumets A, Saldova R. N-glycans from serum IgG and total serum glycoproteins specific for endometriosis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10480. [PMID: 37380737 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37421-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory gynaecological disease characterized by the growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity. There are currently no definitive non-invasive diagnostic tools. Glycosylation is the most common posttranslational modification of proteins and altered glycosylation has been found in many diseases, including chronic inflammatory conditions and cancer. Sialylation and galactosylation on serum IgG have previously been found to be altered in endometriosis and serum sialylation changed after Zoladex (Goserelin Acetate) therapy. Using IgG and whole serum glycoproteins, we investigated N-glycosylation in two clinical cohorts of women with and without endometriosis. PNGase F-digested serum samples were fluorescently labelled and N-glycans were profiled by ultra-performance liquid chromatography. Clinical data was collected to link glycomic findings with metabolic and hormonal profiles. Total serum glycoprotein and IgG glycosylation differed in patients with endometriosis compared to control cases. The most significantly altered was glycan peak 3 from IgG, containing bisected biantennary glycans, which was decreased in the endometriosis cohorts (p = 0.0000005-0.018). In conclusion, this is the first pilot study to identify changes in N-glycans from whole serum glycoproteins associated with endometriosis. A larger validation study is now warranted and such studies should include the follow-up of surgically and pharmacologically treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Kovács
- NIBRT GlycoScience Group, National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Belfield, Blackrock, Dublin, A94 X099, Co. Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fiona Reidy
- Merrion Fertility Clinic and National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Louise Glover
- Merrion Fertility Clinic and National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, UCD Perinatal Research Centre, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fionnuala M McAuliffe
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, UCD Perinatal Research Centre, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Henning Stockmann
- NIBRT GlycoScience Group, National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Belfield, Blackrock, Dublin, A94 X099, Co. Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark T Kilbane
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patrick J Twomey
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Maire Peters
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Competence Centre On Health Technologies, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Merli Saare
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Competence Centre On Health Technologies, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Pauline M Rudd
- NIBRT GlycoScience Group, National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Belfield, Blackrock, Dublin, A94 X099, Co. Dublin, Ireland
| | - Meeme Utt
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mary Wingfield
- Merrion Fertility Clinic and National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, UCD Perinatal Research Centre, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andres Salumets
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Competence Centre On Health Technologies, Tartu, Estonia
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Radka Saldova
- NIBRT GlycoScience Group, National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Belfield, Blackrock, Dublin, A94 X099, Co. Dublin, Ireland.
- College of Health and Agricultural Science (CHAS), UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, D07 A8NN, Ireland.
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Treacy EP, Vencken S, Bosch AM, Gautschi M, Rubio‐Gozalbo E, Dawson C, Nerney D, Colhoun HO, Shakerdi L, Pastores GM, O'Flaherty R, Saldova R. Abnormal N-glycan fucosylation, galactosylation, and sialylation of IgG in adults with classical galactosemia, influence of dietary galactose intake. JIMD Rep 2021; 61:76-88. [PMID: 34485021 PMCID: PMC8411110 DOI: 10.1002/jmd2.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Classical galactosemia (CG) (OMIM #230400) is a rare disorder of carbohydrate metabolism, due to deficiency of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12). The pathophysiology of the long-term complications, mainly cognitive, neurological, and female infertility remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVES This study investigated (a) the association between specific IgG N-glycosylation biomarkers (glycan peaks and grouped traits) and CG patients (n = 95) identified from the GalNet Network, using hydrophilic interaction ultraperformance liquid chromatography and (b) a further analysis of a GALT c.563A-G/p.Gln188Arg homozygous cohort (n = 49) with correlation with glycan features with patient Full Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ), and (c) with galactose intake. RESULTS A very significant decrease in galactosylation and sialylation and an increase in core fucosylation was noted in CG patients vs controls (P < .005). Bisected glycans were decreased in the severe GALT c.563A-G/p.Gln188Arg homozygous cohort (n = 49) (P < .05). Logistic regression models incorporating IgG glycan traits distinguished CG patients from controls. Incremental dietary galactose intake correlated positively with FSIQ for the p.Gln188Arg homozygous CG cohort (P < .005) for a dietary galactose intake of 500 to 1000 mg/d. Significant improvements in profiles with increased galactose intake were noted for monosialylated, monogalactosylated, and monoantennary glycans. CONCLUSION These results suggest that N-glycosylation abnormalities persist in CG patients on dietary galactose restriction which may be modifiable to a degree by dietary galactose intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen P. Treacy
- National Centre for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, The Mater Misericordiae University HospitalDublinIreland
- Department of PaediatricsTrinity College DublinDublinIreland
- UCD School of MedicineUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
| | | | - Annet M. Bosch
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Metabolic DisordersEmma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Matthias Gautschi
- Department of Paediatrics and Institute of Clinical ChemistryInselspital, University Hospital BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Estela Rubio‐Gozalbo
- Department of Pediatrics/Laboratory of Clinical GeneticsMaastricht University Medical CentreMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Charlotte Dawson
- Department of EndocrinologyUniversity Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation TrustBirminghamUK
| | - Darragh Nerney
- National Centre for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, The Mater Misericordiae University HospitalDublinIreland
| | - Hugh Owen Colhoun
- NIBRT GlycoScience Group, National Institute for Bioprocessing, Research and TrainingDublinIreland
| | - Loai Shakerdi
- National Centre for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, The Mater Misericordiae University HospitalDublinIreland
| | - Gregory M. Pastores
- National Centre for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, The Mater Misericordiae University HospitalDublinIreland
| | - Roisin O'Flaherty
- NIBRT GlycoScience Group, National Institute for Bioprocessing, Research and TrainingDublinIreland
- Department of ChemistryMaynooth UniversityKildareIreland
| | - Radka Saldova
- NIBRT GlycoScience Group, National Institute for Bioprocessing, Research and TrainingDublinIreland
- UCD School of Medicine, College of Health and Agricultural Sciences (CHAS), University College Dublin (UCD)DublinIreland
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Abstract
Changes in immunoglobulin G (IgG) glycosylation pattern have been observed in a vast array of auto- and alloimmune, infectious, cardiometabolic, malignant, and other diseases. This chapter contains an updated catalog of over 140 studies within which IgG glycosylation analysis was performed in a disease setting. Since the composition of IgG glycans is known to modulate its effector functions, it is suggested that a changed IgG glycosylation pattern in patients might be involved in disease development and progression, representing a predisposition and/or a functional effector in disease pathology. In contrast to the glycopattern of bulk serum IgG, which likely relates to the systemic inflammatory background, the glycosylation profile of antigen-specific IgG probably plays a direct role in disease pathology in several infectious and allo- and autoimmune antibody-dependent diseases. Depending on the specifics of any given disease, IgG glycosylation read-out might therefore in the future be developed into a useful clinical biomarker or a supplementary to currently used biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Pezer
- Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Genos Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia.
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Welsink-Karssies MM, Ferdinandusse S, Geurtsen GJ, Hollak CEM, Huidekoper HH, Janssen MCH, Langendonk JG, van der Lee JH, O'Flaherty R, Oostrom KJ, Roosendaal SD, Rubio-Gozalbo ME, Saldova R, Treacy EP, Vaz FM, de Vries MC, Engelen M, Bosch AM. Deep phenotyping classical galactosemia: clinical outcomes and biochemical markers. Brain Commun 2020; 2:fcaa006. [PMID: 32954279 PMCID: PMC7425409 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis and dietary treatment do not prevent long-term complications, which mostly affect the central nervous system in classical galactosemia patients. The clinical outcome of patients is highly variable, and there is an urgent need for prognostic biomarkers. The aim of this study was first to increase knowledge on the natural history of classical galactosemia by studying a cohort of patients with varying geno- and phenotypes and second to study the association between clinical outcomes and two possible prognostic biomarkers. In addition, the association between abnormalities on brain MRI and clinical outcomes was investigated. Classical galactosemia patients visiting the galactosemia expertise outpatient clinic of the Amsterdam University Medical Centre were evaluated according to the International Classical Galactosemia guideline with the addition of an examination by a neurologist, serum immunoglobulin G N-glycan profiling and a brain MRI. The biomarkers of interest were galactose-1-phosphate levels and N-glycan profiles, and the clinical outcomes studied were intellectual outcome and the presence or absence of movement disorders and/or primary ovarian insufficiency. Data of 56 classical galactosemia patients are reported. The intellectual outcome ranged from 45 to 103 (mean 77 ± 14) and was <85 in 62%. Movement disorders were found in 17 (47%) of the 36 tested patients. In females aged 12 years and older, primary ovarian insufficiency was diagnosed in 12 (71%) of the 17 patients. Significant differences in N-glycan peaks were found between controls and patients. However, no significant differences in either N-glycans or galactose-1-phosphate levels were found between patients with a poor (intellectual outcome < 85) and normal intellectual outcome (intellectual outcome ≥ 85), and with or without movement disorders or primary ovarian insufficiency. The variant patients detected by newborn screening, with previously unknown geno- and phenotypes and currently no long-term complications, demonstrated significantly lower galactose-1-phospate levels than classical patients (P < 0.0005). Qualitative analysis of the MRI's demonstrated brain abnormalities in 18 of the 21 patients, more severely in patients with a lower intellectual outcome and/or with movement disorders. This study demonstrates a large variability in clinical outcome, which varies from a below average intelligence, movement disorders and in females primary ovarian insufficiency to a normal clinical outcome. In our cohort of classical galactosemia patients, galactose-1-phosphate levels and N-glycan variations were not associated with clinical outcomes, but galactose-1-phosphate levels did differentiate between classical and variant patients detected by newborn screening. The correlation between brain abnormalities and clinical outcome should be further investigated by quantitative analysis of the MR images. The variability in clinical outcome necessitates individual and standardized evaluation of all classical galactosemia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mendy M Welsink-Karssies
- Division of Metabolic Disorders, Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sacha Ferdinandusse
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gert J Geurtsen
- Department of Medical Psychology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Carla E M Hollak
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hidde H Huidekoper
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus, MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mirian C H Janssen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Janneke G Langendonk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johanna H van der Lee
- Pediatric Clinical Research Office, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Knowledge Institute of the Dutch Association of Medical Specialists, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Roisin O'Flaherty
- NIBRT GlycoScience Group, National Institute for Bioprocessing, Research and Training, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, County Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kim J Oostrom
- Psychosocial Department, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan D Roosendaal
- Department of Radiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Estela Rubio-Gozalbo
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Radka Saldova
- Knowledge Institute of the Dutch Association of Medical Specialists, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,UCD School of Medicine, College of Health and Agricultural Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eileen P Treacy
- National Centre for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, The Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fred M Vaz
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maaike C de Vries
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marc Engelen
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annet M Bosch
- Division of Metabolic Disorders, Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Gudelj I, Lauc G, Pezer M. Immunoglobulin G glycosylation in aging and diseases. Cell Immunol 2018; 333:65-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Colhoun HO, Rubio Gozalbo EM, Bosch AM, Knerr I, Dawson C, Brady J, Galligan M, Stepien K, O’Flaherty R, Catherine Moss C, Peter Barker P, Fitzgibbon M, Doran PP, Treacy EP. Fertility in classical galactosaemia, a study of N-glycan, hormonal and inflammatory gene interactions. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2018; 13:164. [PMID: 30231941 PMCID: PMC6146524 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-018-0906-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Classical Galactosaemia (CG) (OMIM #230400) is a rare inborn error of galactose metabolism caused by deficiency of the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT). Long-term complications persist in treated patients despite dietary galactose restriction with significant variations in outcomes suggesting epigenetic glycosylation influences. Primary Ovarian Insufficiency (POI) is a very significant complication affecting females with follicular depletion noted in early life. We studied specific glycan synthesis, leptin system and inflammatory gene expression in white blood cells as potential biomarkers of infertility in 54 adults with CG adults (27 females and 27 males) (age range 17-51 yr) on a galactose-restricted diet in a multi-site Irish and Dutch study. Gene expression profiles were tested for correlation with a serum Ultra-high Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC)-Immunoglobulin (IgG)-N-glycan galactose incorporation assay and endocrine measurements. RESULTS Twenty five CG females (93%) had clinical and biochemical evidence of POI. As expected, the CG female patients, influenced by hormone replacement therapy, and the healthy controls of both genders showed a positive correlation between log leptin and BMI but this correlation was not apparent in CG males. The strongest correlations between serum leptin levels, hormones, G-ratio (galactose incorporation assay) and gene expression data were observed between leptin, its gene and G-Ratios data (rs = - 0.68) and (rs = - 0.94) respectively with lower circulating leptin in CG patients with reduced IgG galactosylation. In CG patients (males and females analysed as one group), the key glycan synthesis modifier genes MGAT3 and FUT8, which influence glycan chain bisecting and fucosylation and subsequent cell signalling and adhesion, were found to be significantly upregulated (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05) and also the glycan synthesis gene ALG9 (p < 0.01). Both leptin signalling genes LEP and LEPR were found to be upregulated (p < 0.01) as was the inflammatory genes ANXA1 and ICAM1 and the apoptosis gene SEPT4 (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS These results validate our previous findings and provide novel experimental evidence for dysregulation of genes LEP, LEPR, ANXA1, ICAM1 and SEPT4 for CG patients and combined with our findings of abnormalities of IgG glycosylation, hormonal and leptin analyses elaborate on the systemic glycosylation and cell signalling abnormalities evident in CG which likely influence the pathophysiology of POI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Estela M. Rubio Gozalbo
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P. Debyelaan 25, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Annet M. Bosch
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Metabolic Disorders, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ina Knerr
- National Centre for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Temple Street Children’s University Hospital and Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Charlotte Dawson
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, B15 2TH, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jennifer Brady
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostic Endocrinology, The Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Karolina Stepien
- Mark Holland Metabolic Unit, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, M6 8HD, Manchester, UK
| | - Roisin O’Flaherty
- NIBRT GlycoScience Group, National Institute for Bioprocessing, Research and Training, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C. Catherine Moss
- Core Genomics Facility, Conway Institute, University College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - P. Peter Barker
- Core Biochemical Assay Laboratory (CBAL), Clinical Biochemistry, Box 232, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
| | - Maria Fitzgibbon
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostic Endocrinology, The Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Eileen P. Treacy
- Department of Paediatrics, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- National Centre for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Temple Street Children’s University Hospital and Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- National Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, The Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles St, Dublin, 7 Ireland
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Maratha A, Colhoun HO, Knerr I, Coss KP, Doran P, Treacy EP. Classical Galactosaemia and CDG, the N-Glycosylation Interface. A Review. JIMD Rep 2016; 34:33-42. [PMID: 27502837 PMCID: PMC5509556 DOI: 10.1007/8904_2016_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical galactosaemia is a rare disorder of carbohydrate metabolism caused by galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) deficiency (EC 2.7.7.12). The disease is life threatening if left untreated in neonates and the only available treatment option is a long-term galactose restricted diet. While this is lifesaving in the neonate, complications persist in treated individuals, and the cause of these, despite early initiation of treatment, and shared GALT genotypes remain poorly understood. Systemic abnormal glycosylation has been proposed to contribute substantially to the ongoing pathophysiology. The gross N-glycosylation assembly defects observed in the untreated neonate correct over time with treatment. However, N-glycosylation processing defects persist in treated children and adults.Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are a large group of over 100 inherited disorders affecting largely N- and O-glycosylation.In this review, we compare the clinical features observed in galactosaemia with a number of predominant CDG conditions.We also summarize the N-glycosylation abnormalities, which we have described in galactosaemia adult and paediatric patients, using an automated high-throughput HILIC-UPLC analysis of galactose incorporation into serum IgG with analysis of the corresponding N-glycan gene expression patterns and the affected pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Maratha
- National Centre for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Children's University Hospital, Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland
- University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, Eccles Street, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Ina Knerr
- National Centre for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Children's University Hospital, Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Karen P Coss
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Peter Doran
- University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, Eccles Street, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eileen P Treacy
- National Centre for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Children's University Hospital, Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland.
- University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, Eccles Street, Dublin, Ireland.
- Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
- Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin, Ireland.
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Classical galactosaemia: novel insights in IgG N-glycosylation and N-glycan biosynthesis. Eur J Hum Genet 2016; 24:976-84. [PMID: 26733289 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2015.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical galactosaemia (OMIM #230400), a rare disorder of carbohydrate metabolism, is caused by a deficient activity of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12). The pathophysiology of the long-term complications, mainly cognitive, neurological and female fertility problems remains poorly understood. The lack of validated biomarkers to determine prognosis, monitor disease progression and responses to new therapies, pose a huge challenge. We report the detailed analysis of an automated robotic hydrophilic interaction ultra-performance liquid chromatography N-glycan analytical method of high glycan peak resolution applied to serum IgG. This has revealed specific N-glycan processing defects observed in 40 adult galactosaemia patients (adults and adolescents), in comparison with 81 matched healthy controls. We have identified a significant increase in core fucosylated neutral glycans (P<0.0001) and a significant decrease in core fucosylated (P<0.001), non-fucosylated (P<0.0001) bisected glycans and, of specific note, decreased N-linked mannose-5 glycans (P<0.0001), in galactosaemia patients. We also report the abnormal expression of a number of related relevant N-glycan biosynthesis genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 32 adult galactosaemia patients. We have noted significant dysregulation of two key N-glycan biosynthesis genes: ALG9 upregulated (P<0.001) and MGAT1 downregulated (P<0.01) in galactosaemia patients, which may contribute to its ongoing pathophysiology. Our data suggest that the use of IgG N-glycosylation analysis with matched N-glycan biosynthesis gene profiles may provide useful biomarkers for monitoring response to therapy and interventions. They also indicate potential gene modifying steps in this N-glycan biosynthesis pathway, of relevance to galactosaemia and related N-glycan biosynthesis disorders.
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