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Jamal GA, Jahangirian E, Hamblin MR, Mirzaei H, Tarrahimofrad H, Alikowsarzadeh N. Proteases, a powerful biochemical tool in the service of medicine, clinical and pharmaceutical. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2024:1-25. [PMID: 38909284 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2024.2364234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Proteases, enzymes that hydrolyze peptide bonds, have various applications in medicine, clinical applications, and pharmaceutical development. They are used in cancer treatment, wound debridement, contact lens cleaning, prion degradation, biofilm removal, and fibrinolytic agents. Proteases are also crucial in cardiovascular disease treatment, emphasizing the need for safe, affordable, and effective fibrinolytic drugs. Proteolytic enzymes and protease biosensors are increasingly used in diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Advanced technologies, such as nanomaterials-based sensors, are being developed to enhance the sensitivity, specificity, and versatility of protease biosensors. These biosensors are becoming effective tools for disease detection due to their precision and rapidity. They can detect extracellular and intracellular proteases, as well as fluorescence-based methods for real-time and label-free detection of virus-related proteases. The active utilization of proteolytic enzymatic biosensors is expected to expand significantly in biomedical research, in-vitro model systems, and drug development. We focused on journal articles and books published in English between 1982 and 2024 for this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghadir A Jamal
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Ehsan Jahangirian
- Department of Molecular, Zist Tashkhis Farda Company (tBioDx), Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Faculty of Health Science, Laser Research Center, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | | | - Neda Alikowsarzadeh
- Molecular and Life Science Department, Han University of Applied Science, Arnhem, Nederland
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Ouyang X, Wani WY, Benavides GA, Redmann MJ, Vo H, van Groen T, Darley-Usmar VM, Zhang J. Cathepsin D overexpression in the nervous system rescues lethality and A β42 accumulation of cathepsin D systemic knockout in vivo. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:4172-4184. [PMID: 37799377 PMCID: PMC10547960 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The lysosome is responsible for protein and organelle degradation and homeostasis and the cathepsins play a key role in maintaining protein quality control. Cathepsin D (CTSD), is one such lysosomal protease, which when deficient in humans lead to neurolipofuscinosis (NCL) and is important in removing toxic protein aggregates. Prior studies demonstrated that CTSD germ-line knockout-CtsdKO (CDKO) resulted in accumulation of protein aggregates, decreased proteasomal activities, and postnatal lethality on Day 26 ± 1. Overexpression of wildtype CTSD, but not cathepsin B, L or mutant CTSD, decreased α-synuclein toxicity in worms and mammalian cells. In this study we generated a mouse line expressing human CTSD with a floxed STOP cassette between the ubiquitous CAG promoter and the cDNA. After crossing with Nestin-cre, the STOP cassette is deleted in NESTIN + cells to allow CTSD overexpression-CTSDtg (CDtg). The CDtg mice exhibited normal behavior and similar sensitivity to sub-chronic 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) induced neurodegeneration. By breeding CDtg mice with CDKO mice, we found that over-expression of CTSD extended the lifespan of the CDKO mice, partially rescued proteasomal deficits and the accumulation of Aβ42 in the CDKO. This new transgenic mouse provides supports for the key role of CTSD in protecting against proteotoxicity and offers a new model to study the role of CTSD enhancement in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosen Ouyang
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Willayat Y. Wani
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Gloria A. Benavides
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Matthew J. Redmann
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Hai Vo
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Thomas van Groen
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | | | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Birmingham VA Medical Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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3
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Xie X, Li J, Gu F, Zhang K, Su Z, Wen Q, Sui Z, Zhou P, Yu T. Genetic Determinants for Bacterial Osteomyelitis: A Focused Systematic Review of Published Literature. Front Genet 2021; 12:654792. [PMID: 34220937 PMCID: PMC8248359 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.654792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Osteomyelitis is an inflammatory process characterized by progressive bone destruction. Moreover, chronic bacterial osteomyelitis is regarded as a difficult-to-treat clinical entity due to its long-standing course and frequent infection recurrence. However, the role of genetic factors in the occurrence and development of bacterial osteomyelitis is poorly understood. Methods: We performed a systematic review to assess the frequency of individual alleles and genotypes of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among patients with bacterial osteomyelitis and healthy people to identify whether the SNPs are associated with the risk of developing bacterial osteomyelitis. Then, gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genomes analyses were performed to identify the potential biological effects of these genes on the pathogenesis of bacterial osteomyelitis. Result: Fourteen eligible studies containing 25 genes were analyzed. In this review, we discovered that the SNPs in IL1B, IL6, IL4, IL10, IL12B, IL1A, IFNG, TNF, PTGS2, CTSG, vitamin D receptor (VDR), MMP1, PLAT, and BAX increased the risk of bacterial osteomyelitis, whereas those in IL1RN and TLR2 could protect against osteomyelitis. The bioinformatic analysis indicated that these osteomyelitis-related genes were mainly enriched in inflammatory reaction pathways, suggesting that inflammation plays a vital role in the development of bacterial osteomyelitis. Furthermore, functional notation for 25 SNPs in 17 significant genes was performed using the RegulomeDB and NCBI databases. Four SNPs (rs1143627, rs16944, rs2430561, and rs2070874) had smaller scores from regulome analysis, implying significant biological function. Conclusion: We systematically summarized several SNPs linked to bacterial osteomyelitis and discovered that these gene polymorphisms could be a genetic factor for bacterial osteomyelitis. Moreover, further large-scale cohort studies are needed to enhance our comprehensive understanding of the development of osteomyelitis to provide earlier individualized preventions and interventions for patients with osteomyelitis in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiangbi Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Feng Gu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zilong Su
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qiangqiang Wen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhenjiang Sui
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tiecheng Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Lin Q, Qian Z, Jusko WJ, Mager DE, Ma WW, Straubinger RM. Synergistic Pharmacodynamic Effects of Gemcitabine and Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitors on Pancreatic Cancer Cell Cycle Kinetics and Proliferation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 377:370-384. [PMID: 33753538 PMCID: PMC9885358 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Median survival of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cancer (PDAC) is 6 months, with 9% 5-year survival. Standard-of-care gemcitabine (Gem) provides only modest survival benefits, and combination therapies integrating novel targeted agents could improve outcomes. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptors (FGFRs) play important roles in PDAC growth and invasion. Therefore, FGFR inhibitors (FGFRi) merit further investigation. Efficacy of Gem combined with NVP-BGJ398, a pan-FGFRi, was investigated in multiple PDAC cell lines exposed to the drugs alone and combined. Cell cycle distribution and cell numbers were quantified over time. Two pharmacodynamic models were developed to investigate Gem/BGJ398 interactions quantitatively: a drug-mediated cell proliferation/death model, and a drug-perturbed cell cycle progression model. The models captured temporal changes in cell numbers, cell cycle progression, and cell death during drug exposure. Simultaneous fitting of all data provided reasonable parameter estimates. Therapeutic efficacy was then evaluated in a PDAC mouse model. Compared with Gem alone, combined Gem + FGFRi significantly downregulated ribonucleotide-diphosphate reductase large subunit 1 (RRM1), a gemcitabine resistance (GemR) biomarker, suggesting the FGFRi inhibited GemR emergence. The cell proliferation/death pharmacodynamic model estimated the drug interaction coefficient ψ death = 0.798, suggesting synergistic effects. The mechanism-based cell cycle progression model estimated drug interaction coefficient ψ cycle = 0.647, also suggesting synergy. Thus, FGFR inhibition appears to synergize with Gem in PDAC cells and tumors by sensitizing cells to Gem-mediated inhibition of proliferation and cell cycle progression. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: An integrated approach of quantitative modeling and experimentation was employed to investigate the nature of fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitor (FGFRi)/gemcitabine (Gem) interaction, and to identify mechanisms by which FGFRi exposure reverses Gem resistance in pancreatic cancer cells. The results show that FGFRi interacts synergistically with Gem to sensitize pancreatic cancer cells and tumors to Gem-mediated inhibition of proliferation and cell cycle progression. Thus, addition of FGFRi to standard-of-care Gem treatment could be a clinically deployable approach to enhance therapeutic benefit to pancreatic cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxiang Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York (R.M.S.; Z.Q., W.J.J., D.E.M.); Departments of Cell Stress Biology (Q.L., R.M.S.) and Pharmacology and Therapeutics (R.M.S.), Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York; and Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (W.W.M.)
| | - Zhicheng Qian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York (R.M.S.; Z.Q., W.J.J., D.E.M.); Departments of Cell Stress Biology (Q.L., R.M.S.) and Pharmacology and Therapeutics (R.M.S.), Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York; and Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (W.W.M.)
| | - William J Jusko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York (R.M.S.; Z.Q., W.J.J., D.E.M.); Departments of Cell Stress Biology (Q.L., R.M.S.) and Pharmacology and Therapeutics (R.M.S.), Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York; and Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (W.W.M.)
| | - Donald E Mager
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York (R.M.S.; Z.Q., W.J.J., D.E.M.); Departments of Cell Stress Biology (Q.L., R.M.S.) and Pharmacology and Therapeutics (R.M.S.), Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York; and Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (W.W.M.)
| | - Wen Wee Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York (R.M.S.; Z.Q., W.J.J., D.E.M.); Departments of Cell Stress Biology (Q.L., R.M.S.) and Pharmacology and Therapeutics (R.M.S.), Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York; and Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (W.W.M.)
| | - Robert M Straubinger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York (R.M.S.; Z.Q., W.J.J., D.E.M.); Departments of Cell Stress Biology (Q.L., R.M.S.) and Pharmacology and Therapeutics (R.M.S.), Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York; and Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (W.W.M.)
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Jiang Z, Hou Z, Liu W, Yu Z, Liang Z, Chen S. circ-Keratin 6c Promotes Malignant Progression and Immune Evasion of Colorectal Cancer through microRNA-485-3p/Programmed Cell Death Receptor Ligand 1 Axis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 377:358-367. [PMID: 33771844 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.000518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, circular RNA was reported to be a significant participant in the development of tumorigenesis, including colorectal cancer. Therefore, we aimed to clarify the precise role of circ-keratin 6C (circ-KRT6C) in colorectal cancer progression. The relative expression levels of circ-KRT6C, microRNA-485-3p (miR-485-3p), and programmed cell death receptor ligand 1 (PDL1) were analyzed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot assays. The proliferation was assessed by cell count kit 8 and colony-forming assays. The apoptotic cells were determined by flow cytometry assay. The migration and invasion were analyzed by transwell assay. Colorectal cancer cells were cocultured with peripheral blood mononuclear cells or cytokine-induced killer cells to assess immune response. The interaction relationships among circ-KRT6C, miR-485-3p, and PDL1 were examined by dual-luciferase reporter assay. The effects of circ-KRT6C inhibition in vivo were analyzed by an animal experiment. circ-KRT6C was overexpressed in colorectal cancer tissues and cells, and its level was associated with overall survival time of patients with colorectal cancer. The suppression of circ-KRT6C suppressed growth, migration, invasion, and immune escape while stimulating apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells, which was abolished by shortage of miR-485-3p. In addition, overexpression of miR-485-3p repressed malignant progression and immune evasion of colorectal cancer by targeting PDL1, implying that PDL1 was a functional target of miR-485-3p. A xenograft experiment also suggested that circ-KRT6C inhibition could repress tumor growth in vivo. circ-KRT6C could increase PDL1 expression by functioning as an miR-485-3p sponge, which promoted malignant progression and immune evasion of colorectal cancer cells. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: circ-keratin 6c could increase programmed cell death receptor ligand 1 expression by functioning as a microRNA-16-5p sponge, which promoted malignant progression and immune evasion of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Supported by National Key Clinical Discipline, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R.China
| | - Zehui Hou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Supported by National Key Clinical Discipline, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R.China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Supported by National Key Clinical Discipline, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R.China
| | - Zhuomin Yu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Supported by National Key Clinical Discipline, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R.China
| | - Zhiqiang Liang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Supported by National Key Clinical Discipline, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R.China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Supported by National Key Clinical Discipline, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R.China
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Pathak G, Singh S, Kumari P, Raza W, Hussain Y, Meena A. Cirsimaritin, a lung squamous carcinoma cells (NCIH-520) proliferation inhibitor. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:3312-3323. [PMID: 32362196 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1763198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cirsimaritin is a dimethoxy flavone, which is present in Ocimum sanctum, Microtea debilis, Artemisia judaica, Cirsium japonicum, and Lithocarpus dealbatus. Its antiproliferative potential has been explored in breast and gall bladder cancer cell lines. However, no reports are available on skin and squamous lung carcinoma. Also, the complete mode of action is unknown. Therefore, in the present study, the anticancer potential of cirsimaritin is explored in organ-specific cell lines by using MTT assay. Further, the inhibitory potential and binding interaction with the selected targets were analyzed through in vitro and in-silico analysis. Cirsimaritin showed selective anticancer activity against NCIH-520 cell-line (IC50 23.29 µM), also inhibited the proliferation of other cell-lines up to 48% at 100 µM. In NCIH-520 cell-line, cirsimaritin significantly increased the apoptosis of the cells at both the tested concentrations (10 and 100 µM), which was confirmed by Annexin-V signifying the induction of late apoptosis. Besides, an increase in the ROS levels of 1.6 fold (10 µM) and 1.8 fold (100 µM), circimaritin also inhibits the activity of ODC and CATD with the IC50 57.30 and 68.22 µM respectively. It exhibited a good binding score with the selected targets, follow Lipinski's rule of five and non-mutagenic. Hence, cirsimaritin is a potent molecule, which inhibits the proliferation of lung squamous cell lines by inducing apoptosis. It also inhibited the activity of ODC and CATD responsible for the progression phase in the cancer cells. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauri Pathak
- Molecular Bioprospection Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Shilpi Singh
- Molecular Bioprospection Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Priyanka Kumari
- Molecular Bioprospection Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Waseem Raza
- Molecular Bioprospection Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India.,Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Yusuf Hussain
- Molecular Bioprospection Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Abha Meena
- Molecular Bioprospection Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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7
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Lysosomal Hydrolase Cathepsin D Non-proteolytically Modulates Dendritic Morphology in Drosophila. Neurosci Bull 2020; 36:1147-1157. [PMID: 32170568 PMCID: PMC7532236 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-020-00479-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The main lysosomal protease cathepsin D (cathD) is essential for maintaining tissue homeostasis via its degradative function, and its loss leads to ceroid accumulation in the mammalian nervous system, which results in progressive neurodegeneration. Increasing evidence implies non-proteolytic roles of cathD in regulating various biological processes such as apoptosis, cell proliferation, and migration. Along these lines, we here showed that cathD is required for modulating dendritic architecture in the nervous system independent of its traditional degradative function. Upon cathD depletion, class I and class III arborization (da) neurons in Drosophila larvae exhibited aberrant dendritic morphology, including over-branching, aberrant turning, and elongation defects. Re-introduction of wild-type cathD or its proteolytically-inactive mutant dramatically abolished these morphological defects. Moreover, cathD knockdown also led to dendritic defects in the adult mushroom bodies, suggesting that cathD-mediated processes are required in both the peripheral and central nervous systems. Taken together, our results demonstrate a critical role of cathD in shaping dendritic architecture independent of its proteolytic function.
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Liu J, Yang L, Tian H, Ma Q. Cathepsin D is involved in the oxygen and glucose deprivation/reperfusion-induced apoptosis of astrocytes. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:1257-63. [PMID: 27573911 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The lysosome and its associated protein cathe-psin D (Cat D) play critical roles in the pathological process of secondary damage following ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, the roles of Cat D in I/R-exposed astrocytesremain unclear. In this study, we determined the roles of Cat D in the oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R)-induced apoptosis of astrocytes as well as the underlying mechanisms. We found that OGD/R markedly increased cell apoptosis and the production of inflammatory cytokines, namely IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and FasL in a reperfusion time‑dependent manner and their elevation peaked at 24 h after reperfusion. Moreover, the cytosolic Cat D level and Cat D activity was significantly upregulated in response to OGD/R exposure. Furthermore, OGD/R exposure gradually disrupted the innate acidic conditions of the lysosome. Exogenous TNF-α and FasL administration elevated cytosolic Cat D levels and cell apoptosis whereas TNFR1 and Fas inhibition significantly reversed these effects induced by OGD/R. Cat D overexpression enhanced cell apoptosis and the levels of apoptogenic proteins, including Bax and caspase-3, whereas Cat D siRNA transfection had an inhibitory effect on cell apoptosis and the expression of proapoptotic proteins. In addition, we observed that Cat D upregulation disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential and induced the production of reactive oxygen species. In conclusion, OGD/R injury induced the production of TNF-α, IL-6 and FasL which promoted lysosomal dysfunction and Cat D leakage into the cytoplasm. This eventually resulted in caspase‑dependent apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential loss and oxidative stress in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Hongyan Tian
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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9
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Nagano K. Alteration of cathepsin-D expression in atrophied muscles and apoptotic myofibers by hindlimb unloading in a low-temperature environment. J Phys Ther Sci 2015; 27:3585-91. [PMID: 26696743 PMCID: PMC4681950 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.3585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to elucidate the cathepsin-D involvement in
signaling pathways for the survival and apoptosis of myofibers in rats with
hindlimb-unloading in a low-temperature environment. [Subjects and Methods] Wistar rats
were divided into two groups: a control group and a group that underwent hindlimb
unloading in a low-temperature environment to induce muscle apoptosis. Cathepsin-D
localization in the soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles, along with the
expression of cathepsin-D in apoptotic myofibers, was examined. Expression of the active
and inactive forms of cathepsin-D was also analyzed. [Results] Cathepsin-D was mainly
expressed in type I myofibers and was observed to have punctate patterns in the control
group. In the hindlimb unloading in a low-temperature environment group, the type I
myofiber composition ratio decreased, and caspase-3 activation and TUNEL-positive
apoptotic myofibers were observed. In caspase-3-activated myofibers, cathepsin-D
overexpression and leakage of it into the cytoplasm were observed. In the hindlimb
unloading in a low-temperature environment group, the amount of inactive cathepsin-D
decreased, whereas that of the active form increased. [Conclusion] Cathepsin-D was deduced
to be indicative of a myofiber-type classification and a factor related to myofiber type
maintenance. In addition, cathepsin-D leakage into the cytoplasm was appeared to be
involved in caspase-3 activation in the hindlimb unloading in a low-temperature
environment group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhito Nagano
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Fukui College of Health Sciences, Japan
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McConnell RM, Inapudi K, Kadasala N, Yarlagadda K, Velusamy P, McConnell MS, Green A, Trana C, Sayyar K, McConnell JS. New cathepsin D inhibitor library utilizing hydroxyethyl isosteres with cyclic tertiary amines. Med Chem 2013; 8:1146-54. [PMID: 22830497 DOI: 10.2174/1573406411208061146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of hydroxyethylamine isosteres as inhibitors of cathepsin D based on SAR data have been accomplished. A library of 96 of these hydroxyethylamine isosteres are described and many have proven to be very potent inhibitors of human cathepsin D activity as measured using a fluorometric assay technique, via peptide substrate Ac-Glu-Glu(Edans)-Lys-Pro-Ile-Cys-Phe-Phe-Arg-Leu-Gly-Lys(Methyl Red)-Glu-NH(2). Compounds showing strongest inhibition of cathepsin D activity were those that contain a hydroxyethyl-N'-2- or N'-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazine moiety (IC(50) values range from 0.55 to 8.5 nM), with N'-(2-pyrimidyl)piperizine (IC(50) values range from 0.5 to 21.6 nM), with N-N'- L-piperazinocolinamide (IC(50) values range from 0.001 - 0.25 nM), or N-N'-L-piperazinocolin-N-methylamide (IC(50) values range from 0.015 - 7.3 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose M McConnell
- Department of Chemistry, Western Illinois University, Macomb, IL 61455, USA.
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Marques C, Oliveira CSF, Alves S, Chaves SR, Coutinho OP, Côrte-Real M, Preto A. Acetate-induced apoptosis in colorectal carcinoma cells involves lysosomal membrane permeabilization and cathepsin D release. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e507. [PMID: 23429293 PMCID: PMC3734821 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is one of the most common causes of cancer-related mortality. Short-chain fatty acids secreted by dietary propionibacteria from the intestine, such as acetate, induce apoptosis in CRC cells and may therefore be relevant in CRC prevention and therapy. We previously reported that acetic acid-induced apoptosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells involves partial vacuole permeabilization and release of Pep4p, the yeast cathepsin D (CatD), which has a protective role in this process. In cancer cells, lysosomes have emerged as key players in apoptosis through selective lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) and release of cathepsins. However, the role of CatD in CRC survival is controversial and has not been assessed in response to acetate. We aimed to ascertain whether LMP and CatD are involved in acetate-induced apoptosis in CRC cells. We showed that acetate per se inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis. More importantly, we uncovered that acetate triggers LMP and CatD release to the cytosol. Pepstatin A (a CatD inhibitor) but not E64d (a cathepsin B and L inhibitor) increased acetate-induced apoptosis of CRC cells, suggesting that CatD has a protective role in this process. Our data indicate that acetate induces LMP and subsequent release of CatD in CRC cells undergoing apoptosis, and suggest exploiting novel strategies using acetate as a prevention/therapeutic agent in CRC, through simultaneous treatment with CatD inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Marques
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
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Ruibal A, Herranz M, Arias JI. Clinical and Biological Significance of Cathepsin D Levels in Breast Cancer Cytosol in Women Over 70 years. BIOMARKERS IN CANCER 2012; 4:1-6. [PMID: 24179390 PMCID: PMC3791914 DOI: 10.4137/bic.s9096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective To study cytosolic cathepsin D behavior and possible relationship with other clinical and biological parameters in women affected by breast invasive ductal carcinomas and older than 70 years (range: 71–88). Material and methods cytosolic levels of cathepsin D were determined by an Immunoradiometric Assay (IRMA-CIS France). Clinical and biological factors analyzed were: size, axillary lymph node involvement, distant metastasis, histological grade, ploidy, S phase cell, cytosolic estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and pS2, and concentrations of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in cell membranes. Results Cathepsin D concentrations ranged between 13 and 1228 pmol/mg prot.. Median value of 41 was considered as threshold of positivity. Cathepsin D positive tumors showed higher S-phase values (P = 0.046) and were most often histological grade III (P = 0.047). However, the most important finding was the existence of a positive correlation (r = 0.51786) and statistically significant (P < 0.05) between S-phase values and cathepsin D in the overall group of tumors, and those ER+, but not in ER−. We determined cathepsin D concentrations in 131 women with invasive ductal breast carcinomas, but aged between 50 and 70 years (median 61) and we did not find differences based on those values in women >70 years. In addition, we found no correlation between S-phase values and Cathepsin D, both overall and in relation with hormone dependence (ER). Conclusions Those results led us to the following conclusions: (1) cytosolic concentrations of cathepsin D in invasive infiltrating breast carcinomas in women over 70 are similar to those seen in women with the same type of tumor, but aged 50 to 70 years and are associated with increased cell proliferation measured by S phase, and histological grade III; (2) in women older than 70 years, cathepsin D concentrations are statistically significantly correlated with phase synthesis values in hormone-dependent tumors, but not in hormone-independent, fact not observed in infiltrating ductal breast carcinomas of women aged between 50 and 70. This could reflect a different mitogenic role of the aspartyl protease enzyme linked to hormone dependence as age function parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Ruibal
- Nuclear Medicine Service, Medicine Faculty, Molecular Imaging Group, IDIS, University Hospital Complex, Travesía de Choupana s/n, 15706-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Herencia C, Martínez-Moreno JM, Herrera C, Corrales F, Santiago-Mora R, Espejo I, Barco M, Almadén Y, de la Mata M, Rodríguez-Ariza A, Muñoz-Castañeda JR. Nuclear translocation of β-catenin during mesenchymal stem cells differentiation into hepatocytes is associated with a tumoral phenotype. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34656. [PMID: 22506042 PMCID: PMC3323576 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin pathway controls biochemical processes related to cell differentiation. In committed cells the alteration of this pathway has been associated with tumors as hepatocellular carcinoma or hepatoblastoma. The present study evaluated the role of Wnt/β-catenin activation during human mesenchymal stem cells differentiation into hepatocytes. The differentiation to hepatocytes was achieved by the addition of two different conditioned media. In one of them, β-catenin nuclear translocation, up-regulation of genes related to the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, such as Lrp5 and Fzd3, as well as the oncogenes c-myc and p53 were observed. While in the other protocol there was a Wnt/β-catenin inactivation. Hepatocytes with nuclear translocation of β-catenin also had abnormal cellular proliferation, and expressed membrane proteins involved in hepatocellular carcinoma, metastatic behavior and cancer stem cells. Further, these cells had also increased auto-renewal capability as shown in spheroids formation assay. Comparison of both differentiation protocols by 2D-DIGE proteomic analysis revealed differential expression of 11 proteins with altered expression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cathepsin B and D, adenine phosphoribosyltransferase, triosephosphate isomerase, inorganic pyrophosphatase, peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A or lactate dehydrogenase β-chain were up-regulated only with the protocol associated with Wnt signaling activation while other proteins involved in tumor suppression, such as transgelin or tropomyosin β-chain were down-regulated in this protocol. In conclusion, our results suggest that activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway during human mesenchymal stem cells differentiation into hepatocytes is associated with a tumoral phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Herencia
- Maimónides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC)/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Julio M. Martínez-Moreno
- Maimónides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC)/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Concepción Herrera
- Cellular Therapy Unit, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Fernando Corrales
- Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Proteomics Laboratory, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Isabel Espejo
- Service of Clinic Analysis, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Monserrat Barco
- Service of Clinic Analysis, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Yolanda Almadén
- Maimónides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC)/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel de la Mata
- Liver Research Unit, CIBERehd, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Ariza
- Maimónides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC)/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan R. Muñoz-Castañeda
- Maimónides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC)/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- * E-mail:
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García J, Piñol-Ripoll G, Martínez-Ballarín E, Fuentes-Broto L, Miana-Mena F, Venegas C, Caballero B, Escames G, Coto-Montes A, Acuña-Castroviejo D. Melatonin reduces membrane rigidity and oxidative damage in the brain of SAMP8 mice. Neurobiol Aging 2011; 32:2045-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Yelamanchili SV, Chaudhuri AD, Flynn CT, Fox HS. Upregulation of cathepsin D in the caudate nucleus of primates with experimental parkinsonism. Mol Neurodegener 2011; 6:52. [PMID: 21777416 PMCID: PMC3160400 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-6-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Parkinson's disease there is progressive loss of dopamine containing neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The neuronal damage is not limited to the substantia nigra but progresses to other regions of brain, leading to loss of motor control as well as cognitive abnormalities. The purpose of this study was to examine causes of progressive damage in the caudate nucleus, which plays a major role in motor coordination and cognition, in experimental Parkinson's disease. RESULTS Using chronic 1-methyl-4phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine treatment of rhesus monkeys to model Parkinson's disease, we found a upregulation of Cathepsin D, a lysosomal aspartic protease, in the caudate nucleus of treated monkeys. Immunofluorescence analysis of caudate nucleus brain tissue showed that the number of lysosomes increased concurrently with the increase in Cathepsin D in neurons. In vitro overexpression of Cathepsin D in a human neuroblastoma cell line led to a significant increase in the number of the lysosomes. Such expression also resulted in extralysosomal Cathepsin D and was accompanied by significant neuronal death associated with caspase activation. We examined apoptotic markers and found a strong correlation of Cathepsin D overexpression to apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Following damage to the substantia nigra resulting in experimental Parkinson's disease, we have identified pathological changes in the caudate nucleus, a likely site of changes leading to the progression of disease. Cathepsin D, implicated in pathogenic mechanisms in other disorders, was increased, and our in vitro studies revealed its overexpression leads to cellular damage and death. This work provides important clues to the progression of Parkinson's, and provides a new target for strategies to ameliorate the progression of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowmya V Yelamanchili
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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Yan JA, Xiao H, Ji HX, Shen WH, Zhou ZS, Song B, Chen ZW, Li WB. Cathepsin L is associated with proliferation and clinical outcome of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. J Int Med Res 2011; 38:1913-22. [PMID: 21226994 DOI: 10.1177/147323001003800604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that the activity of cysteine proteases, including cathepsin L, is important in cancer cell invasion and metastasis. This study was designed to investigate the clinicopathological and prognostic significance of cathepsin L in human urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB). Standard immunohistochemistry was used to determine the presence of cathepsin L and Ki-67 (a marker of proliferation) in paraffin-embedded specimens of 82 human UCB cases. Cathepsin L protein was localized in the cytoplasm of the malignant UCB cells, and was significantly associated with the pathological tumour stage (invasiveness), tumour grade, survival, local tumour recurrence during follow-up, the occurrence of distant metastasis during follow-up and the presence of Ki-67 protein. Multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazards model revealed that cathepsin L immunopositivity and pathological tumour stage (invasiveness) were independent significant prognostic factors for overall survival. This study showed that cathepsin L provides significant prognostic information and that it might be a useful therapeutic target in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-A Yan
- Institute of Urinary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effects of corneal epithelial membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) on vascular endothelial migration and proliferation. METHODS We generated immortalized wild-type, MT1-MMP knockout and MT1-MMP knock-in corneal epithelial cells. Calf pulmonary arterial endothelial (CPAE) cell proliferation and Boyden chamber migration were assayed. RESULTS Conditioned media from MT1-MMP epithelial knockout cells significantly increased CPAE proliferation 5-bromo-2'-deoxy-uridine (BrdU) incorporation, and CPAE migration as compared with wild-type epithelial cells. Conditioned media from knock-in cells reversed the increase in CPAE proliferation, BrdU incorporation and CPAE migration. Knock-in cells transfected with mutant MT1-MMP (E240A) did not abrogate the reversal effect. CONCLUSIONS Corneal epithelial MT1-MMP is antiangiogenic. This antiangiogenic activity does not require the catalytic domain.
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Proteomic studies of cholangiocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma cell secretomes. J Biomed Biotechnol 2009; 2010:437143. [PMID: 20069059 PMCID: PMC2801507 DOI: 10.1155/2010/437143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) occur with relatively high incidence in Thailand. The secretome, proteins secreted from cancer cells, are potentially useful as biomarkers of the diseases. Proteomic analysis was performed on the secreted proteins of cholangiocarcinoma (HuCCA-1) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC-S102, HepG2, SK-Hep-1, and Alexander) cell lines. The secretomes of the five cancer cell lines were analyzed by SDS-PAGE combined with LC/MS/MS. Sixty-eight proteins were found to be expressed only in HuCCA-1. Examples include neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (lipocalin 2), laminin 5 beta 3, cathepsin D precursor, desmoplakin, annexin IV variant, and annexin A5. Immunoblotting was used to confirm the presence of lipocalin 2 in conditioned media and cell lysate of 5 cell lines. The results showed that lipocalin 2 was a secreted protein which is expressed only in the conditioned media of the cholangiocarcinoma cell line. Study of lipocalin 2 expression in different types of cancer and normal tissues from cholangiocarcinoma patients showed that lipocalin 2 was expressed only in the cancer tissues. We suggest that lipocalin 2 may be a potential biomarker for cholangiocarcinoma.
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Min Y, Shi J, Zhang Y, Liu S, Liu Y, Zheng D. Death receptor 5-recruited raft components contributes to the sensitivity of Jurkat leukemia cell lines to TRAIL-induced cell death. IUBMB Life 2009; 61:261-7. [PMID: 19242990 DOI: 10.1002/iub.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we demonstrated Jurkat leukemia cell lines of TIB152 and TIB153 with different sensitivities to recombinant soluble TRAIL cytotoxicity. TRAIL receptor death receptor 5 (DR5) was constitutively localized in the rafts in both cell lines. FADD, caspase-8, and PI3K-p85 subunit were recruited into DR5 lipid rafts of TIB152 but not in TIB153 cells. The expression and enzyme activity of acid sphingomyelinase, which digests sphingomyeline to produce ceramide and plays an essential role in lipid raft assembling, were higher in the rafts of TIB152 than in TIB153. These data provide evidences that DR5-recruited raft components contribute to the different sensitivity of Jurkat leukemia cell lines to TRAIL-induced cell death and may throw some light on the development of better therapeutic strategies for the cancer cells resistant to TRAIL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Min
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Nitration of cathepsin D enhances its proteolytic activity during mammary gland remodelling after lactation. Biochem J 2009; 419:279-88. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20081746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Proteomic studies in the mammary gland of control lactating and weaned rats have shown that there is an increased pattern of nitrated proteins during weaning when compared with controls. Here we report the novel finding that cathepsin D is nitrated during weaning. The expression and protein levels of this enzyme are increased after 8 h of litter removal and this up-regulation declines 5 days after weaning. However, there is a marked delay in cathepsin D activity since it does not increase until 2 days post-weaning and remains high thereafter. In order to find out whether nitration of cathepsin D regulates its activity, iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase)−/− mice were used. The expression and protein levels of this enzyme were similar to WT (wild-type) animals, but the proteolytic activity was significantly reduced during weaning in knockout compared to WT mice. in vitro treatment of recombinant human cathepsin D or lactating mammary gland homogenates with relatively low concentrations of peroxynitrite enhances the nitration as well as specific activity of this enzyme. Using MS, it has been shown that the residue Tyr168 was nitrated. All of these results show that protein nitration during weaning might be a signalling pathway involved in mammary gland remodelling.
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Farina A, Dumonceau JM, Frossard JL, Hadengue A, Hochstrasser DF, Lescuyer P. Proteomic analysis of human bile from malignant biliary stenosis induced by pancreatic cancer. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:159-69. [PMID: 19055478 DOI: 10.1021/pr8004925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stenosis of the common bile duct may be either due to benign (chronic pancreatitis) or malignant (cholangiocarcinoma, pancreatic adenocarcinoma) conditions. The benign nature of the stricture should be first confirmed in order to ensure appropriate therapy. Therefore, the identification of markers allowing discrimination between malignant and benign biliary stenosis would be very valuable in clinical practice. To this intent, we performed a proteomic analysis of bile samples from patients having a biliary stenosis caused by pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Bile samples were collected during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and purified using different methods. The extracted proteins were then analyzed by SDS-PAGE and LC-MS/MS. A total of 127 proteins were identified, 34 of which have not been previously detected in proteomic studies of bile. Among them, several proteins have been described as potential biomarkers of pancreatic cancer. We extended our investigation by studying the expression of some of these pancreatic cancer markers in bile samples collected from patients with various etiologies of biliary stenosis including pancreatic cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, chronic pancreatitis, as well as gallstone-induced stenosis. Our data showed a conspicuous overexpression of CEACAM6 and MUC1 (CA19-9) in pancreatic cancer and cholangiocarcinoma samples, according to the hypothesis that bile fluid collects cancer-associated protein leaking from the tumor microenvironment. These results underline the interest of using bile as a source of biomarkers for the diagnosis of malignant biliary stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annarita Farina
- Biomedical Proteomics Research Group, Department of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland.
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