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Ko JH, Kang YM, Yang JH, Kim JS, Lee WJ, Kim SH, Yang IH, Moon SH. Regulation of MMP and TIMP expression in synovial fibroblasts from knee osteoarthritis with flexion contracture using adenovirus-mediated relaxin gene therapy. Knee 2019; 26:317-329. [PMID: 30770167 DOI: 10.1016/j.knee.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of relaxin (RLN) expression on fibrosis inhibition in synovial fibroblasts. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tissue cells from patients with knee osteoarthritis and >30° flexion contractures were utilised. Synovial fibroblasts were activated by TGF-β1 (two nanograms per millilitre) and then exposed to Ad-RLN as a therapeutic gene, adenovirus-lacZ construct as a marker gene, and SB505124 as an inhibitor for TGF-β1 signal for 48 h. The mRNA expression levels of collagens and MMPs were analysed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Also, fibronectin, phosphorylation of Smad2 and ERK1/2, alpha smooth muscle actin, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, MMP-1 and MMP-13 levels were estimated using western blotting, and the total collagen synthesis was assayed. RESULTS Ad-RLN-transduced synovial fibroblasts demonstrated 17%, 13%, and 48% reduction in collagen I, III and IV mRNA expression levels, respectively, and a 40% decrease in MMP-3, MMP-8, 20% decrease in MMP-9, MMP-13 mRNA expression, compared to non-Ad-RLN-transduced cells. In protein expression, Ad-RLN-transduced synovial fibroblasts demonstrated 46% increase in MMP-1, 5% decrease in MMP-2, 51% increase in MMP-9, and 22% increase in MMP-13, compared to non-Ad-RLN-transduced cells. Ad-RLN-transduced synovial fibroblasts showed a 25% decrease in TIMP-1 and 65% decrease in TIMP-2 protein expression at 48h, compared to non-Ad-RLN-transduced cells. Ad-RLN-transduced synovial fibroblasts demonstrated a 45% inhibition of fibronectin in protein expression level and 38% decrease in total collagen synthesis at 48h, compared to non-Ad-RLN-transduced cells. CONCLUSION Relaxin expression exerted anti-fibrogenic effects on synovial fibroblasts from patients with knee osteoarthritis and flexion contractures. Therefore, relaxin could be an alternative therapeutic agent during the initial stage of osteoarthritis with flexion contracture by exerting its anti-fibrogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Han Ko
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yonsei Barun Orthopaedic Surgery Clinic, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Mi Kang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Sup Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Jai Lee
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ho Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ick Hwan Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Hwan Moon
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Singh S, Simpson RL, Bennett RG. Relaxin activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) through a pathway involving PPARγ coactivator 1α (PGC1α). J Biol Chem 2014; 290:950-9. [PMID: 25389293 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.589325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Relaxin activation of its receptor RXFP1 triggers multiple signaling pathways. Previously, we have shown that relaxin activates PPARγ transcriptional activity in a ligand-independent manner, but the mechanism for this effect was unknown. In this study, we examined the signaling pathways of downstream of RXFP1 leading to PPARγ activation. Using cells stably expressing RXFP1, we found that relaxin regulation of PPARγ activity requires accumulation of cAMP and subsequent activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). The activated PKA subsequently phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) at Ser-133 to activate it directly, as well as indirectly through mitogen activated protein kinase p38 MAPK. Activated CREB was required for relaxin stimulation of PPARγ activity, while there was no evidence for a role of the nitric oxide or ERK MAPK pathways. Relaxin increased the mRNA and protein levels of the coactivator protein PGC1α, and this effect was dependent on PKA, and was completely abrogated by a dominant-negative form of CREB. This mechanism was confirmed in a hepatic stellate cell line stably that endogenously expresses RXFP1. Reduction of PGC1α levels using siRNA diminished the regulation of PPARγ by relaxin. These results suggest that relaxin activates the cAMP/PKA and p38 MAPK pathways to phosphorylate CREB, resulting in increased PGC1α levels. This provides a mechanism for the ligand-independent activation of PPARγ in response to relaxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Singh
- From the Medical Research Service, The Department of Veterans Affairs, Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska 68105 and the Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Internal Medicine and Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198
| | - Ronda L Simpson
- From the Medical Research Service, The Department of Veterans Affairs, Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska 68105 and the Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Internal Medicine and Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198
| | - Robert G Bennett
- From the Medical Research Service, The Department of Veterans Affairs, Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska 68105 and the Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Internal Medicine and Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198
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Anand-Ivell R, Ivell R. Regulation of the reproductive cycle and early pregnancy by relaxin family peptides. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 382:472-479. [PMID: 23994019 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The relaxin family of peptide hormones are structurally closely related to one another sharing a heterodimeric A-B structure, like that of insulin. They may also be active as unprocessed B-C-A pro-forms. Relaxin has been shown to pay a key role within the ovary, being involved in follicle growth, and ovulation. Relaxin is produced in large amounts also by the corpus luteum where it acts as an endocrine hormone positively affecting implantation, placentation and vascularization during the all-important first trimester phase of pregnancy establishment. Relaxin exerts its functions via the receptor RXFP1. Insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) in contrast acts through the related receptor RXFP2, and plays an essential role in the production of androgens within growing antral follicles. INSL3 is also produced in large amounts by the male fetus shortly after sex determination, where it controls the first transabdominal phase of testicular descent. However, this fetal INSL3 is also able to influence placental and maternal physiology, indicating associations with later preeclampsia and/or fetal growth restriction. Other members of this relaxin-like family of peptides, such as INSL4, INSL5 and INSL6 are less well studied, though all suggest modulatory roles in ovarian and/or placental function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Ivell
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
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Bartol FF, Wiley AA, Miller DJ, Silva AJ, Roberts KE, Davolt MLP, Chen JC, Frankshun AL, Camp ME, Rahman KM, Vallet JL, Bagnell CA. LACTATION BIOLOGY SYMPOSIUM: Lactocrine signaling and developmental programming1,2. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:696-705. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F. F. Bartol
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Cellular and Molecular Biosciences Program, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5517
| | - A. A. Wiley
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Cellular and Molecular Biosciences Program, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5517
| | - D. J. Miller
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Cellular and Molecular Biosciences Program, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5517
| | - A. J. Silva
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Cellular and Molecular Biosciences Program, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5517
| | - K. E. Roberts
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Cellular and Molecular Biosciences Program, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5517
| | - M. L. P. Davolt
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Cellular and Molecular Biosciences Program, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5517
| | - J. C. Chen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences Program, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick 08901
| | - A.-L. Frankshun
- Department of Animal Sciences, Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences Program, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick 08901
| | - M. E. Camp
- Department of Animal Sciences, Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences Program, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick 08901
| | - K. M. Rahman
- Department of Animal Sciences, Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences Program, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick 08901
| | - J. L. Vallet
- USDA ARS, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933-0166
| | - C. A. Bagnell
- Department of Animal Sciences, Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences Program, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick 08901
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Bay K, Andersson AM. Human testicular insulin-like factor 3: in relation to development, reproductive hormones and andrological disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 34:97-109. [PMID: 20550598 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2010.01074.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Knockout of the gene encoding insulin-like factor 3 (INSL3) results in cryptorchidism in mice due to disruption of the transabdominal phase of testicular descent. This finding was essential for understanding the complete course of testis descensus, and wound up years of speculations regarding the endocrine regulation of this process. INSL3 is, along with testosterone, a major secretory product of testicular Leydig cells. In addition to its crucial function in testicular descent, INSL3 is suggested to play a paracrine role in germ cell survival and an endocrine role in bone metabolism. INSL3 is produced in human prenatal and neonatal, and in adult Leydig cells to various extents, and is in a developmental context regulated like testosterone, with production during second trimester, an early postnatal peak and increasing secretion during puberty, resulting in high adult serum levels. INSL3 production is entirely dependent on the state of Leydig cell differentiation, and is stimulated by the long-term trophic effects mediated by luteinizing hormone (LH). Once differentiated, Leydig cells apparently express INSL3 in a constitutive manner, and the hormone is thereby insensitive to the acute, steroidogenic effects of LH, which for example is an important factor in the regulation of testosterone. Clinically, serum INSL3 levels can turn out to be a usable tool to monitor basal Leydig cell function in patients with various disorders affecting Leydig cell function. According to animal studies, foetal INSL3 production is, directly or indirectly, sensitive to oestrogenic or anti-androgenic compounds. This provides important insight into the mechanism by which maternal exposure to endocrine disrupters can result in cryptorchidism in the next generation. Conclusively, INSL3 is an interesting testicular hormone with potential clinical value as a marker for Leydig cell function. It should be considered on a par with testosterone in the evaluation of testicular function and the consequences of Leydig cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bay
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Ivell R, Kotula-Balak M, Glynn D, Heng K, Anand-Ivell R. Relaxin family peptides in the male reproductive system--a critical appraisal. Mol Hum Reprod 2010; 17:71-84. [DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaq086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Kapila S, Xie Y, Wang W. Induction of MMP-1 (collagenase-1) by relaxin in fibrocartilaginous cells requires both the AP-1 and PEA-3 promoter sites. Orthod Craniofac Res 2009; 12:178-86. [PMID: 19627519 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-6343.2009.01451.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES - Relaxin induces the matrix metalloproteinase MMP-1 (collagenase-1) in TMJ fibrocartilaginous cells, and this response is potentiated by beta-estradiol. We identified the MMP-1 promoter sites and transcription factors that are induced by relaxin with or without beta-estradiol in fibrocartilaginous cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS - Early passage cells were transiently transfected with the pBLCAT2 plasmid containing specific segments of the human MMP-1 promoter regulating the chloramphenicol acyl transferase (CAT) gene and co-transfected with a plasmid containing the beta-galactosidase gene. The cells were cultured in serum-free medium alone or medium containing 0.1 ng/ml relaxin, or 20 ng/ml beta-estradiol or both hormones, and lysates assayed for CAT and beta-galactosidase activity. RESULTS - Cells transfected with the -1200/-42 or -139/-42 bp MMP-1 promoter-reporter constructs showed 1.5-fold and 3-fold induction of CAT by relaxin in the absence or presence of beta-estradiol, respectively. Relaxin failed to induce CAT in the absence of the -137/-69 region of the MMP-1 promoter, which contains the AP-1-and PEA3-binding sites. Using wild type or mutated minimal AP-1 and PEA-3 promoters we found that both these promoter sites are essential for the induction of MMP-1 by relaxin. The mRNAs for transcription factors c-fos and c-jun, which together form the AP-1 heterodimer, and Ets-1 that modulates the PEA-3 site, were upregulated by relaxin or beta-estradiol plus relaxin. CONCLUSION - These studies show that both the AP-1 and PEA-3 promoter sites are necessary for the induction of MMP-1 by relaxin in fibrocartilaginous cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kapila
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, The University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA.
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Ivell R, Anand-Ivell R. Biology of insulin-like factor 3 in human reproduction. Hum Reprod Update 2009; 15:463-76. [DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmp011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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