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Turner AD, Beach DG, Foss A, Samdal IA, Løvberg KLE, Waack J, Edwards C, Lawton LA, Dean KJ, Maskrey BH, Lewis AM. A Feasibility Study into the Production of a Mussel Matrix Reference Material for the Cyanobacterial Toxins Microcystins and Nodularins. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 15:27. [PMID: 36668847 PMCID: PMC9867187 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcystins and nodularins, produced naturally by certain species of cyanobacteria, have been found to accumulate in aquatic foodstuffs such as fish and shellfish, resulting in a risk to the health of the seafood consumer. Monitoring of toxins in such organisms for risk management purposes requires the availability of certified matrix reference materials to aid method development, validation and routine quality assurance. This study consequently targeted the preparation of a mussel tissue reference material incurred with a range of microcystin analogues and nodularins. Nine targeted analogues were incorporated into the material as confirmed through liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), with an additional 15 analogues detected using LC coupled to non-targeted high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Toxins in the reference material and additional source tissues were quantified using LC-MS/MS, two different enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods and with an oxidative-cleavage method quantifying 3-methoxy-2-methyl-4-phenylbutyric acid (MMPB). Correlations between the concentrations quantified using the different methods were variable, likely relating to differences in assay cross-reactivities and differences in the abilities of each method to detect bound toxins. A consensus concentration of total soluble toxins determined from the four independent test methods was 2425 ± 575 µg/kg wet weight. A mean 43 ± 9% of bound toxins were present in addition to the freely extractable soluble form (57 ± 9%). The reference material produced was homogenous and stable when stored in the freezer for six months without any post-production stabilization applied. Consequently, a cyanotoxin shellfish reference material has been produced which demonstrates the feasibility of developing certified seafood matrix reference materials for a large range of cyanotoxins and could provide a valuable future resource for cyanotoxin risk monitoring, management and mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Turner
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Daniel G. Beach
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Amanda Foss
- Greenwater Laboratories, 205 Zeagler Drive, Suite 302, Palatka, FL 32177, USA
| | | | | | - Julia Waack
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK
- CyanoSol, School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK
| | - Christine Edwards
- CyanoSol, School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK
| | - Linda A. Lawton
- CyanoSol, School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK
| | - Karl J. Dean
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Benjamin H. Maskrey
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Adam M. Lewis
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK
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Fastner J, Beulker C, Geiser B, Hoffmann A, Kröger R, Teske K, Hoppe J, Mundhenk L, Neurath H, Sagebiel D, Chorus I. Fatal Neurotoxicosis in Dogs Associated with Tychoplanktic, Anatoxin-a Producing Tychonema sp. in Mesotrophic Lake Tegel, Berlin. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10020060. [PMID: 29385106 PMCID: PMC5848161 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10020060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In May 2017, at least 12 dogs showed signs of acute neurotoxicosis after swimming in or drinking from Lake Tegel, a mesotrophic lake in Berlin, Germany, and several of the affected dogs died shortly afterwards despite intensive veterinary treatment. Cyanobacterial blooms were not visible at the water surface or the shorelines. However, detached and floating water moss (Fontinalis antipyretica) with high amounts of Tychonema sp., a potential anatoxin-a (ATX) producing cyanobacterium, was found near the beaches where the dogs had been swimming and playing. Necropsies of two of the dogs revealed no specific lesions beside the anamnestic neurotoxicosis. ATX was detected in concentrations up to 8700 µg L−1 in the stomach contents, while other (neuro)toxic substances were not found. In the aqueous fraction of Fontinalis/Tychonema clumps sampled after the casualties, ATX was found in concentrations up to 1870 µg L−1. This is the first report of a dense population of Tychonema sp. in stands of Fontinalis resulting in high ATX contents. This case emphasizes the need for further investigation of potentially toxic, non-bloom forming cyanobacteria in less eutrophic water bodies and underlines the novel challenge of developing appropriate surveillance schemes for respective bathing sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Fastner
- German Environment Agency, Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Camilla Beulker
- Berlin Brandenburg State Laboratory Abt. IV, Invalidenstr. 60, 10557 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Anja Hoffmann
- Berlin Brandenburg State Laboratory Abt. IV, Invalidenstr. 60, 10557 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Roswitha Kröger
- State Office for Health & Social Affairs (LAGeSo), Working Group Water Hygiene & Environmental Health, Postfach 31-09-29, 10639 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Kinga Teske
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Strasse 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Judith Hoppe
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Strasse 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Lars Mundhenk
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Strasse 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Hartmud Neurath
- Toxicological Laboratory, Medical University Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Daniel Sagebiel
- State Office for Health & Social Affairs (LAGeSo), Working Group Water Hygiene & Environmental Health, Postfach 31-09-29, 10639 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ingrid Chorus
- German Environment Agency, Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Meissner S, Fastner J, Dittmann E. Microcystin production revisited: conjugate formation makes a major contribution. Environ Microbiol 2013; 15:1810-20. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Meissner
- Department of Microbiology; Institute of Biochemistry and Biology; University of Potsdam; Golm; Germany
| | - Jutta Fastner
- Federal Environment Agency; Section Drinking Water Treatment and Resource Protection; Berlin; Germany
| | - Elke Dittmann
- Department of Microbiology; Institute of Biochemistry and Biology; University of Potsdam; Golm; Germany
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Halvorson RA, Leng W, Vikesland PJ. Differentiation of Microcystin, Nodularin, and Their Component Amino Acids by Drop-Coating Deposition Raman Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2011; 83:9273-80. [DOI: 10.1021/ac201617g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Halvorson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Institute of Critical Technology and Applied Science, Virginia Tech, 418 Durham Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060-0246, United States
| | - Weinan Leng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Institute of Critical Technology and Applied Science, Virginia Tech, 418 Durham Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060-0246, United States
| | - Peter J. Vikesland
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Institute of Critical Technology and Applied Science, Virginia Tech, 418 Durham Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060-0246, United States
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Patočka J, Gupta RC, Kuča K. ANATOXIN-A(S): NATURAL ORGANOPHOSPHORUS ANTICHOLINESTERASE AGENT. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.31482/mmsl.2011.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Neffling MR, Spoof L, Quilliam M, Meriluoto J. LC–ESI-Q-TOF-MS for faster and accurate determination of microcystins and nodularins in serum. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:2433-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Triantis T, Tsimeli K, Kaloudis T, Thanassoulias N, Lytras E, Hiskia A. Development of an integrated laboratory system for the monitoring of cyanotoxins in surface and drinking waters. Toxicon 2010; 55:979-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Revised: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Lawton LA, Chambers H, Edwards C, Nwaopara AA, Healy M. Rapid detection of microcystins in cells and water. Toxicon 2009; 55:973-8. [PMID: 19505489 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Revised: 05/12/2009] [Accepted: 05/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Global occurrence and concern about microcystin contamination in water has prompted the development of a range of detection methods for their identification and quantification. However, most protocols are relatively time consuming, expensive and require laboratory expertise. The production of robust and sensitive recombinant antibodies has facilitated the development of a lateral flow immunoassay (ImmunoStrip) which can rapidly detect microcystins and nodularins in the field with minimal equipment or processing. Here we evaluate the sensitivity and cross-reactivity of the commercially produced ImmunoStrip) and apply them to the detection of microcystins in laboratory cultures and natural samples. It was observed that while the ImmunoStrip) are marketed for the detection of 10 microg/l microcystin, all 7 microcystins and nodularin that were tested were detected below 1 microg/l. Furthermore, microcystins and nodularins were successfully detected in a range of laboratory cultures and samples from irrigation ponds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A Lawton
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, St Andrew Street, Aberdeen AB25 1HG, UK.
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Kurmayer R, Christiansen G. The Genetic Basis of Toxin Production in Cyanobacteria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1608/frj-2.1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Ferranti P, Fabbrocino S, Nasi A, Caira S, Bruno M, Serpe L, Gallo P. Liquid chromatography coupled to quadruple time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry for microcystin analysis in freshwaters: method performances and characterisation of a novel variant of microcystin-RR. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:1328-1336. [PMID: 19337977 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria, also called blue-green algae, occur worldwide within water blooms in eutrophic lakes and drinking water reservoirs, producing several biotoxins (cyanotoxins). Among these, microcystins (MCs) are a group of cyclic heptapeptides showing potent hepatotoxicity and activity as tumour promoters. So far, at least 89 MCs from different cyanobacteria genera have been characterised. Herein, ion trap, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight (MALDI-ToF) and quadruple time-of-flight (Q-ToF) mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods were tested and compared for analysing MCs in freshwaters. Method performances in terms of limit of detection, limit of quantification, mean recoveries, repeatability, and specificity were evaluated. In particular, a liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation (LC/ESI)-Q-ToF-MS/MS method was firstly described to analyse MCs in freshwaters; this technique is highly selective and sensitive, and allowed us to characterise the molecular structure of an unknown compound. Indeed, the full structural characterisation of a novel microcystin variant from a bloom of Planktothrix rubescens in the Lake Averno, near Naples, was attained by the study of the fragmentation pattern. The new cyanotoxin was identified as the 9-acetyl-Adda variant of microcystin-RR.
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