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Abacı N, Senol Deniz FS, Ekhteiari Salmas R, Uysal Bayar F, Turgut K, Orhan IE. In vitro and in silico cholinesterase inhibitory and antioxidant effects of essential oils and extracts of two new Salvia fruticosa mill. cultivars (Turgut and Uysal) and GC-MS analysis of the essential oils. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:674-686. [PMID: 36739545 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2022.2163988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The EtOH extracts of the leaves of two new cultivars (Uysal-SFU and Turgut-SFT) of Salvia fruticosa Mill. was tested against acetylcholinesterase (IC50: 30.62 ± 3.27 and 32.97 ± 2.33 µg/mL for SFU and SFT, respectively) and butyrylcholinesterase (IC50: 69.91 ± 1.08 µg/mL and 86.55 ± 1.26 µg/mL), respectively, relevant to Alzheimer's disease. The essential oils showed a stumpy inhibition against AChE and no inhibition against BChE. DPPH radical scavenging activity of the extracts (86.70 ± 0.17% and 86.14 ± 1.13% for SFU and SFT, respectively) was stronger than that of quercetin (85.51 ± 0.17%): Their (1.24 ± 0.05 and 1.04 ± 0.16 for SFU and SFT, respectively) ferric-reducing antioxidant power were close to that of the reference (e.g. quercetin, 1.42 ± 0.14). Molecular docking simulations were performed on their major monoterpenes. Our findings revealed that the leaf EtOH extracts of two cultivars are promising inhibitors of both AChE and BChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurten Abacı
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - F Sezer Senol Deniz
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara, Türkiye
| | | | - Fatma Uysal Bayar
- Department of Food Technology, Bati Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Antalya, Türkiye
| | - Kenan Turgut
- Department of Field Crops, Akdeniz University, Faculty of Agriculture, Antalya, Türkiye
| | - Ilkay Erdogan Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara, Türkiye
- Principal Member of Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA), Ankara, Türkiye
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Sharma C, Mazumder A. A Comprehensive Review on Potential Molecular Drug Targets for the Management of Alzheimer's Disease. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 2024; 24:45-56. [PMID: 38305393 DOI: 10.2174/0118715249263300231116062740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an onset and incurable neurodegenerative disorder that has been linked to various genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Recent research has revealed several potential targets for drug development, such as the prevention of Aβ production and removal, prevention of tau hyperphosphorylation, and keeping neurons alive. Drugs that target numerous ADrelated variables have been developed, and early results are encouraging. This review provides a concise map of the different receptor signaling pathways associated with Alzheimer's Disease, as well as insight into drug design based on these pathways. It discusses the molecular mechanisms of AD pathogenesis, such as oxidative stress, aging, Aβ turnover, thiol groups, and mitochondrial activities, and their role in the disease. It also reviews the potential drug targets, in vivo active agents, and docking studies done in AD and provides prospects for future drug development. This review intends to provide more clarity on the molecular processes that occur in Alzheimer's patient's brains, which can be of use in diagnosing and preventing the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanchal Sharma
- Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute), 19 Knowledge Park-II, Institutional Area, Greater Noida-201306, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Avijit Mazumder
- Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute), 19 Knowledge Park-II, Institutional Area, Greater Noida-201306, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Shehata MK, Ismail AA, Kamel MA. Combined Donepezil with Astaxanthin via Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Effective Delivery to Brain for Alzheimer's Disease in Rat Model. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:4193-4227. [PMID: 37534058 PMCID: PMC10391537 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s417928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Donepezil (DPL), a specific acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, is used as a first-line treatment to improve cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and it might have a disease modifying effect. Astaxanthin (AST) is a natural potent antioxidant with neuroprotective, anti-amyloidogenic, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed to prepare nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) co-loaded with donepezil and astaxanthin (DPL/AST-NLCs) and evaluate their in vivo efficacy in an AD-like rat model 30 days after daily intranasal administration. Methods DPL/AST-NLCs were prepared using a hot high-shear homogenization technique, in vitro examined for their physicochemical parameters and in vivo evaluated. AD induction in rats was performed by aluminum chloride. The cortex and hippocampus were isolated from the brain of rats for biochemical testing and histopathological examination. Results DPL/AST-NLCs showed z-average diameter 149.9 ± 3.21 nm, polydispersity index 0.224 ± 0.017, zeta potential -33.7 ± 4.71 mV, entrapment efficiency 81.25 ±1.98% (donepezil) and 93.85 ±1.75% (astaxanthin), in vitro sustained release of both donepezil and astaxanthin for 24 h, spherical morphology by transmission electron microscopy, and they were stable at 4-8 ± 2°C for six months. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed that donepezil and astaxanthin were molecularly dispersed in the NLC matrix in an amorphous state. The DPL/AST-NLC-treated rats showed significantly lower levels of nuclear factor-kappa B, malondialdehyde, β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme-1, caspase-3, amyloid beta (Aβ1‑42), and acetylcholinesterase, and significantly higher levels of glutathione and acetylcholine in the cortex and hippocampus than the AD-like untreated rats and that treated with donepezil-NLCs. DPL/AST-NLCs showed significantly higher anti-amyloidogenic, antioxidant, anti-acetylcholinesterase, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects, resulting in significant improvement in the cortical and hippocampal histopathology. Conclusion Nose-to-brain delivery of DPL/AST-NLCs is a promising strategy for the management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa K Shehata
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Assem A Ismail
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Maher A Kamel
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Afsar A, Chacon Castro MDC, Soladogun AS, Zhang L. Recent Development in the Understanding of Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Underlying the Etiopathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087258. [PMID: 37108421 PMCID: PMC10138573 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that leads to dementia and patient death. AD is characterized by intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) plaque deposition, and neurodegeneration. Diverse alterations have been associated with AD progression, including genetic mutations, neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairment, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and metal ion imbalance.Additionally, recent studies have shown an association between altered heme metabolism and AD. Unfortunately, decades of research and drug development have not produced any effective treatments for AD. Therefore, understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying AD pathology and identifying potential therapeutic targets are crucial for AD drug development. This review discusses the most common alterations associated with AD and promising therapeutic targets for AD drug discovery. Furthermore, it highlights the role of heme in AD development and summarizes mathematical models of AD, including a stochastic mathematical model of AD and mathematical models of the effect of Aβ on AD. We also summarize the potential treatment strategies that these models can offer in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Afsar
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | | | | | - Li Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
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Chemical Profiles and In Vitro Cholinesterase Inhibitory Activities of the Flower Extracts of Cassia spectabilis. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2023; 2023:6066601. [PMID: 36895696 PMCID: PMC9991480 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6066601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cassia spectabilis is a flowering plant containing various metabolites that provide potential for pharmacological activities. The current study aimed to investigate the ethanolic and water extracts of C. spectabilis as cholinesterase inhibitor as one of the target treatments for Alzheimer's disease. The chemical composition of the extracts was also studied to determine which components are responsible for the bioactivity. Methods The cholinesterase inhibitory activity assay was carried out by the modified Ellman's method against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). LC-MS/MS analysis was carried out to investigate the chemical profiles of the extracts, followed by a molecular networking study by GNPS. Results Both extracts showed inhibition against AChE and BChE in a dose-dependent manner, with the higher potency exhibited by the ethanolic extract with IC50 values of 7.88 and 3.78 μg/mL. The chemical analysis and molecular networking study of the flower extracts revealed similarity between the ethanolic and water extracts. Piperidine alkaloids were identified in both extracts, while the sphingolipid compounds were found in the ethanolic extract. Conclusion The water and ethanolic extracts of C. spectabilis flowers displayed potency for Alzheimer's disease treatment. The presence of piperidine alkaloids in the extract may be responsible for the cholinesterase inhibitory activity. The higher potency of the ethanolic extract compared to the water extract is possibly due to the higher amount of piperidine alkaloids in the ethanolic extract. Further study is needed to quantify the concentration of alkaloids in the extracts.
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Cunha S, Swedrowska M, Bellahnid Y, Xu Z, Sousa Lobo J, Forbes B, Silva A. Thermosensitive in situ hydrogels of rivastigmine-loaded lipid-based nanosystems for nose-to-brain delivery: characterisation, biocompatibility, and drug deposition studies. Int J Pharm 2022; 620:121720. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Liang YJ, Su QW, Sheng ZR, Weng QY, Niu YF, Zhou HD, Liu CB. Effectiveness of Physical Activity Interventions on Cognition, Neuropsychiatric Symptoms, and Quality of Life of Alzheimer’s Disease: An Update of a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:830824. [PMID: 35309887 PMCID: PMC8926300 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.830824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The topic of physical activity interventions for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been discussed for decades, but there are still inconsistent views on the effect of its intervention in different studies. With the increase in randomized controlled trials (RCTs), it is necessary to update newly published studies and systematically evaluate the effects of physical activity interventions. Scientific citation databases (e.g., PubMed, EMBASE, etc.) and registration databases (e.g., ISRCTN, CHICTR, etc.) were checked to screen RCTs and systematic reviews of physical activity interventions in AD. Then extract and review the intervention methods and their evaluation results in the included studies. Spearman correlation method was used to test the association between the mean difference (MD) of intervention results and activity time. The Hedges’g method was used to combine continuous data to analyze the standard MD (SMD) of different intervention types or time subgroups. The overall results show that physical activity intervention can improve the cognition, neuropsychiatric symptoms and quality of life (Qol) of AD patients, but the duration of the intervention significantly affected the outcome of the assessment. Subgroup analysis results showed that an intervention duration of 2–5 months had a significant advantage: cognitive function (Minimum Mental State Examination: SMD = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.33 ∼ 0.61, P < 0.01), neuropsychiatric symptoms (Neuropsychiatric Inventory: SMD = −0.48, 95% CI = −0.85 ∼−0.11, P < 0.01), and quality of life (Qol-AD: SMD = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.23 ∼ 0.71, P < 0.01). The systematic review and analysis results of updated RCTs suggested that short-term (2–5 months) physical activity interventions were more beneficial in improving cognitive function, neuropsychiatric symptoms and Qol in patients with AD. And there was no evidence of differences in the effectiveness of different physical activity interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jing Liang
- Department of Nursing, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- *Correspondence: Ya-Jing Liang,
| | - Qing-Wen Su
- Department of Health Management Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhi-Ren Sheng
- Department of Nursing, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Qiu-Yan Weng
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yan-Fang Niu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Hong-Di Zhou
- Department of Nursing, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Chun-Bo Liu
- Department of Nursing, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Chun-Bo Liu,
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Resveratrol-based compounds and neurodegeneration: Recent insight in multitarget therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 233:114242. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani M, Nori M, Valizadeh Y, Javanshir S, Dastyafteh N, Moaazam A, Hosseini S, Larijani B, Adibi H, Biglar M, Hamedifar H, Mahdavi M, Kamci H, Karakus A, Taslimi P. New 4-phenylpiperazine-carbodithioate-N-phenylacetamide hybrids: Synthesis, in vitro and in silico evaluations against cholinesterase and α-glucosidase enzymes. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 355:e2100313. [PMID: 35132681 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202100313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel 4-phenylpiperazine-carbodithioate-N-phenylacetamide hybrids (6a-n) was designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their in vitro inhibitory activity against the metabolic enzymes, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and α-glucosidase. The obtained results showed that most of the synthesized compounds exhibited high to good anti-AChE and anti-BChE activity in the range of nanomolar concentrations in comparison to tacrine as a positive control. Molecular modeling of the most potent compounds 6e and 6i demonstrated that these compounds interacted with important residues of the AChE and BChE active sites. Moreover, all the newly synthesized compounds 6a-n had significant Ki values against α-glucosidase when compared with the positive control acarbose. Representatively, N-2-fluorophenylacetamide derivative 6l, with a Ki value of 0.98 nM as the most potent compound, was 126 times more potent than acarbose with a Ki value of 123.70 nM. This compound also fitted in the α-glucosidase active site and interacted with key residues. An in silico study of the druglikeness/absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME)/toxicity profile of the selected compounds 6e, 6i, and 6l predicts that these compounds are drug-like and have the appropriate properties in terms of ADME and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Milad Nori
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Valizadeh
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahrzad Javanshir
- Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Dastyafteh
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Moaazam
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Adibi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Biglar
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Haleh Hamedifar
- CinnaGen Medical Biotechnology Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdavi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamdi Kamci
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Bartin University, Bartin, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Karakus
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Bartin University, Bartin, Turkey
| | - Parham Taslimi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Bartin University, Bartin, Turkey
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Hassani SA, Lendor S, Neumann A, Sinha Roy K, Banaie Boroujeni K, Hoffman KL, Pawliszyn J, Womelsdorf T. Dose-Dependent Dissociation of Pro-cognitive Effects of Donepezil on Attention and Cognitive Flexibility in Rhesus Monkeys. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 3:68-77. [PMID: 36712561 PMCID: PMC9874073 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Donepezil exerts pro-cognitive effects by nonselectively enhancing acetylcholine (ACh) across multiple brain systems. Two brain systems that mediate pro-cognitive effects of attentional control and cognitive flexibility are the prefrontal cortex and the anterior striatum, which have different pharmacokinetic sensitivities to ACh modulation. We speculated that these area-specific ACh profiles lead to distinct optimal dose ranges for donepezil to enhance the cognitive domains of attention and flexible learning. Methods To test for dose-specific effects of donepezil on different cognitive domains, we devised a multitask paradigm for nonhuman primates that assessed attention and cognitive flexibility. The nonhuman primates received either vehicle or variable doses of donepezil before task performance. We measured intracerebral donepezil and its strength in preventing the breakdown of ACh within the prefrontal cortex and anterior striatum using solid phase microextraction neurochemistry. Results The highest administered donepezil dose improved attention and made the subjects more robust against distractor interference, but it did not improve flexible learning. In contrast, only a lower dose range of donepezil improved flexible learning and reduced perseveration, but without distractor-dependent attentional improvement. Neurochemical measurements confirmed a dose-dependent increase of extracellular donepezil and decreases in choline within the prefrontal cortex and the striatum. Conclusions The donepezil dose for maximally improving attention differed from the dose range that enhanced cognitive flexibility despite the availability of the drug in two major brain systems supporting these functions. These results suggest that in our cohort of adult monkeys, donepezil traded improvements in attention for improvements in cognitive flexibility at a given dose range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed A. Hassani
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Sofia Lendor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adam Neumann
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kanchan Sinha Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Kari L. Hoffman
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada,Janusz Pawliszyn, Ph.D.
| | - Thilo Womelsdorf
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee,Address correspondence to Thilo Womelsdorf, Ph.D.
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A tacrine-tetrahydroquinoline heterodimer potently inhibits acetylcholinesterase activity and enhances neurotransmission in mice. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 226:113827. [PMID: 34530383 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cholinergic neurons are ubiquitous and involved in various higher brain functions including learning and memory. Patients with Alzheimer's disease exhibit significant dysfunction and loss of cholinergic neurons. Meanwhile, such cholinergic deficits can be potentially relieved pharmacologically by increasing acetylcholine. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors have been used to improve cholinergic transmission in the brain for two decades and have proven effective for alleviating symptoms in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, the search for AChE inhibitors for drug development is ongoing. The enzymatic pocket of AChE has long been the target of several drug designs over the last two decades. The peripheral and catalytic sites of AChE are simultaneously bound by several dimeric molecules, enabling more-efficient inhibition. Here, we used 6-chlorotacrine and the tetrahydroquinolone moiety of huperzine A to design and synthesize a series of heterodimers that inhibit AChE at nanomolar potency. Specifically, compound 7b inhibits AChE with an IC50 < 1 nM and spares butyrylcholinesterase. Administration of 7b to mouse brain slices restores synaptic activity impaired by pirenzepine, a muscarinic M1-selective antagonist. Moreover, oral administration of 7b to C57BL/6 mice enhances hippocampal long-term potentiation in a dose-dependent manner and is detectable in the brain tissue. All these data supported that 7b is a potential cognitive enhancer and is worth for further exploration.
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Cunha S, Forbes B, Sousa Lobo JM, Silva AC. Improving Drug Delivery for Alzheimer's Disease Through Nose-to-Brain Delivery Using Nanoemulsions, Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC) and in situ Hydrogels. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:4373-4390. [PMID: 34234432 PMCID: PMC8256381 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s305851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Current treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD) attenuate the progression of symptoms and aim to improve the patient's quality of life. Licensed medicines are mostly for oral administration and are limited by the difficulty in crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Here in, the nasal route has been explored as an alternative pathway that allows drugs to be directly delivered to the brain via the nasal cavity. However, clearance mechanisms in the nasal cavity impair the delivery of drugs to the brain and limit their bioavailability. To optimize nose-to-brain delivery, formulations of lipid-based nanosystems, namely nanoemulsions and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC), formulated in situ gelling hydrogels have been proposed as approaches for nose-to-brain delivery. These formulations possess characteristics that facilitate drug transport directly to the brain, minimizing side effects and maximizing therapeutic benefits. It has been recommended that the manufacture of these drug delivery systems follows the quality by design (QbD) approach based on nasal administration requirements. This review provides an insight into the current knowledge of the AD, highlighting the need for an effective drug delivery to the brain. Considering the mounting interest in the use of nanoemulsions and NLC for nose-to-brain delivery, a description of drug transport pathways in the nasal cavity and the application of these nanosystems and their in situ hydrogels through the intranasal route are presented. Relevant preclinical studies are summarised, and the future prospects for the use of lipid-based nanosystems in the treatment of AD are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cunha
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, MEDTECH Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Ben Forbes
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - José Manuel Sousa Lobo
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, MEDTECH Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Ana Catarina Silva
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, MEDTECH Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
- UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit (FP ENAS), Fernando Pessoa University, Porto, 4249-004, Portugal
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Hu SX, Ernst K, Benner CP, Feenstra KL. Stability of Ketoprofen Methylester in Plasma of Different Species. Curr Drug Metab 2021; 22:215-223. [PMID: 33334282 DOI: 10.2174/1389200221666201217141025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic assessment of ester-containing drugs can be impacted by hydrolysis of the drugs in plasma samples post blood collection. The impact is different in the plasma of different species. OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the stability of a prodrug, ketoprofen methylester (KME), in commercially purchased and freshly collected plasma of mouse, rat, dog, cat, pig, sheep, cattle and horse. METHODS KME hydrolysis was determined following its incubation in commercially purchased and freshly collected plasma of those species. Different esterase inhibitors were evaluated for prevention of the hydrolysis in rat, dog and pig plasma. RESULTS KME was rapidly hydrolyzed in both commercially purchased and freshly collected plasma of mouse, rat, and horse. The hydrolysis was initially quick and then limited in cat plasma. KME hydrolysis was minimum in commercially purchased plasma of dog, pig, sheep and cattle but substantial in freshly collected plasma of those species. Different esterase inhibitors showed different effects on the stability of KME in rat, dog and pig plasma. CONCLUSION These results indicate that plasma of different species has different hydrolytic activities to estercontaining drugs. The activities in commercially purchased and freshly collected plasma may be different and species-dependent. Esterase inhibitors have different effects on preventing hydrolysis of the ester-containing drugs in the plasma of different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven X Hu
- Zoetis, Inc., Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, United States
| | - Kelsey Ernst
- Zoetis, Inc., Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, United States
| | - Charles P Benner
- Zoetis, Inc., Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, United States
| | - Kenneth L Feenstra
- Zoetis, Inc., Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, United States
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Computational exploration and experimental validation to identify a dual inhibitor of cholinesterase and amyloid-beta for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2020; 34:983-1002. [DOI: 10.1007/s10822-020-00318-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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