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de Oliveira JR, de Morais Oliveira-Tintino CD, Carneiro JNP, Dos Santos AG, de Lima AM, Soares AM, Morais-Braga MFB, Coutinho HDM, Nicolete R. Crotamine derived from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom combined with drugs increases in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:368. [PMID: 39107625 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-04096-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated crotamine (CTA), a peptide derived from the venom of the South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus, known for its exceptional cell penetration potential. The objective was to explore the antibacterial and antifungal activity of CTA, its ability to inhibit efflux pumps and evaluate the effectiveness of its pharmacological combination with antibiotics and antifungals. In microbiological assays, CTA in combination with antibiotics was tested against strains of S. aureus and the inhibition of NorA, Tet(K) and MepA efflux pumps was also evaluated. CTA alone did not present clinically relevant direct antibacterial action, presenting MIC > 209.7 µM against strains S. aureus 1199B, IS-58, K2068. The standard efflux pump inhibitor CCCP showed significant effects in all negative relationships to assay reproducibility. Against the S. aureus 1199B strain, CTA (20.5 µM) associated with norfloxacin diluted 10 × (320.67 µM) showed a potentiating effect, in relation to the control. Against the S. aureus IS-58 strain, the CTA associated with tetracycline did not show a significant combinatorial effect, either with 2304 or 230.4 µM tetracycline. CTA at a concentration of 2.05 µM associated with ciprofloxacin at a concentration of 309.4 µM showed a significant potentiating effect. In association with EtBr, CTA at concentrations of 2.05 and 20.5 µM potentiated the effect in all strains tested, reducing the prevention of NorA, Tet(K) and MepA efflux pumps. In the C. albicans strain, a potentiating effect of fluconazole (334.3 µM) was observed when combined with CTA (2.05 µM). Against the C. tropicalis strain, a significant effect was also observed in the association of fluconazole 334.3 µM, where CTA 2.05 µM considerably reduced fungal growth and decreased the potentiation of fluconazole. Against the C. krusei strain, no significant potentiating effect of fluconazole was obtained by CTA. Our results indicate that CTA in pharmacological combination potentiates the effects of antibiotics and antifungal. This represents a new and promising antimicrobial strategy for treating a wide variety of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Ramos de Oliveira
- Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (Renorbio), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Fiocruz Ceará, Eusébio, CE, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Anderson Maciel de Lima
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Educação Aplicadas à Saúde Única (LABIOPROT), Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Andreimar Martins Soares
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Educação Aplicadas à Saúde Única (LABIOPROT), Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
- Centro Universitário São Lucas (São Lucas PVH), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental (INCT EPiAmO), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
- Rede de Pesquisa e CONhecimento de EXcelência na Amazônia Ocidental/Oriental (RED-Conexao), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | | | | | - Roberto Nicolete
- Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (Renorbio), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Fiocruz Ceará, Eusébio, CE, Brazil.
- Rede de Pesquisa e CONhecimento de EXcelência na Amazônia Ocidental/Oriental (RED-Conexao), Manaus, AM, Brazil.
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Campeiro JD, Dam WA, Hayashi MAF, van den Born J. Crotamine/siRNA Nanocomplexes for Functional Downregulation of Syndecan-1 in Renal Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cells. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1576. [PMID: 37376025 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteinuria drives progressive tubulointerstitial fibrosis in native and transplanted kidneys, mainly through the activation of proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs). During proteinuria, PTEC syndecan-1 functions as a docking platform for properdin-mediated alternative complement activation. Non-viral gene delivery vectors to target PTEC syndecan-1 could be useful to slow down alternative complement activation. In this work, we characterize a PTEC-specific non-viral delivery vector composed of the cell-penetrating peptide crotamine complexed with a syndecan-1 targeting siRNA. Cell biological characterization was performed in the human PTEC HK2 cell line, using confocal microscopy, qRT-PCR, and flow cytometry. PTEC targeting in vivo was carried out in healthy mice. Crotamine/siRNA nanocomplexes are positively charged, about 100 nm in size, resistant to nuclease degradation, and showed in vitro and in vivo specificity and internalization into PTECs. The efficient suppression of syndecan-1 expression in PTECs mediated by these nanocomplexes significantly reduced properdin binding (p < 0.001), as well as the subsequent complement activation by the alternative complement pathway (p < 0.001), as observed in either normal or activated tubular conditions. To conclude, crotamine/siRNA-mediated downregulation of PTEC syndecan-1 reduced the activation of the alternative complement pathway. Therefore, we suggest that the present strategy opens new venues for targeted proximal tubular gene therapy in renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana D'Arc Campeiro
- Department Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, De Brug, 4th Floor, AA53, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua 3 de Maio 100, Ed. INFAR, 3rd Floor, São Paulo 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Wendy A Dam
- Department Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, De Brug, 4th Floor, AA53, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirian A F Hayashi
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua 3 de Maio 100, Ed. INFAR, 3rd Floor, São Paulo 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Jacob van den Born
- Department Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, De Brug, 4th Floor, AA53, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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El Chamy Maluf S, Hayashi MAF, Campeiro JD, Oliveira EB, Gazarini ML, Carmona AK. South American rattlesnake cationic polypeptide crotamine trafficking dynamic in Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes: Pharmacological inhibitors, parasite cycle and incubation time influences in uptake. Toxicon 2022; 208:47-52. [PMID: 35074306 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a parasitic infectious disease caused by Plasmodium sp, which was responsible for about 409 thousand deaths only in 2019. The clinical manifestations in patients with malaria, which may include fever and anemia and that can occasionally lead to the death of the host, are mainly associated to the asexual blood stage of parasite. The discovery of novel compounds active against stages of the intraerythrocytic cell cycle has been the focus of many researches seeking for alternatives to the control of malaria. The antimalarial effect of a native cationic polypeptide from the venom of a South American rattlesnake named crotamine, with ability of targeting and disrupting the acidic compartments of Plasmodium falciparum parasite, was previously described by us. Herein, we extended our previous studies by investigating the internalization and trafficking of crotamine in P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes at different blood-stages of parasites and periods of incubation. In addition, the effects of several pharmacological inhibitors in the uptake of this snake polypeptide with cell-penetrating properties were also assessed, showing that crotamine internalization was dependent on ATP generated via glycolytic pathway. We show here that crotamine uptake is blocked by the glycolysis inhibitor 2- deoxy-D-glucose, and the most efficient internalization is observed at trophozoite stage of parasite after at least 30 min of incubation. The present data provide important insights into biochemical pathway and cellular features determined by the parasite cycle, which may be underlying the internalization and effects of cationic antimalarials as crotamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- S El Chamy Maluf
- Departamento de Biofísica, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M A F Hayashi
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - J D Campeiro
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - E B Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP-RP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - M L Gazarini
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - A K Carmona
- Departamento de Biofísica, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
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Porta LC, Campeiro JD, Hayashi MAF. A Native CPP from Rattlesnake with Therapeutic and Theranostic Properties. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2383:91-104. [PMID: 34766284 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1752-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are characterized by the ability of internalization into cells in vitro and in vivo, and the ability of these peptides can rely on a high content of positive charges, as it is the case of the native CPP crotamine. Crotamine is a polypeptide of about 42 amino acid residues with high content of basic residues as Arg and Lys. Although most of known CPPs are linear peptides, native crotamine from the venom of a South American rattlesnake has a well-defined 3D structure stabilized by three disulfide bonds which guarantee the exposure of side chains of basic amino acids. This 3D structure also protects this amphipathic polypeptide from the degradation even if administered by oral route, therefore, protecting also the biological activities of crotamine. As several different biological properties of crotamine are dependent of cell penetration, the methods mainly employed for analyzing crotamine properties as anthelminthic and antimalarial activities, antimicrobial and antitumor activities, with a unique selective cytotoxic property against actively proliferating cells, as tumor cells, were chosen based on crotamine ability of internalization mediated by its positive charge. This native cationic polypeptide is also able to efficiently carry, with no need of covalent linkage with the cargo, genetic material into cells in vitro and in vivo, suggesting its use in gene therapy. Moreover, the possibility of decorating gold nanoparticles keeping the ability of transfecting cells was demonstrated. More recently, the ability of crotamine to interfere in animal metabolism, inducing browning of adipose tissue and increasing the energy expenditure, and its application in renal therapy was demonstrated. As crotamine also accumulates specifically in tumor cells in vivo, and the potential utility of crotamine as a theranostic agent was then suggested. Therefore, diverse methodologies employed for the characterization and exploration of the therapeutic applications of this promising native CPP for remediation of several pathogenic conditions are presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas C Porta
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Joana D'Arc Campeiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mirian A F Hayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Pompeia C, Frare EO, Peigneur S, Tytgat J, da Silva ÁP, de Oliveira EB, Pereira A, Kerkis I, Kolonin MG. Synthetic polypeptide crotamine: characterization as a myotoxin and as a target of combinatorial peptides. J Mol Med (Berl) 2022; 100:65-76. [PMID: 34643765 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02140-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Crotamine is a rattlesnake-derived toxin that causes fast-twitch muscle paralysis. As a cell-penetrating polypeptide, crotamine has been investigated as an experimental anti-cancer and immunotherapeutic agent. We hypothesized that molecules targeting crotamine could be designed to study its function and intervene in its adverse activities. Here, we characterize synthetic crotamine and show that, like the venom-purified toxin, it induces hindlimb muscle paralysis by affecting muscle contraction and inhibits KCNA3 (Kv1.3) channels. Synthetic crotamine, labeled with a fluorophore, displayed cell penetration, subcellular myofiber distribution, ability to induce myonecrosis, and bind to DNA and heparin. Here, we used this functionally validated synthetic polypeptide to screen a combinatorial phage display library for crotamine-binding cyclic peptides. Selection for tryptophan-rich peptides was observed, binding of which to crotamine was confirmed by ELISA and gel shift assays. One of the peptides (CVWSFWGMYC), synthesized chemically, was shown to bind both synthetic and natural crotamine and to block crotamine-DNA binding. In summary, our study establishes a functional synthetic substitute to the venom-derived toxin and identifies peptides that could further be developed as probes to target crotamine. KEY MESSAGES: Synthetic crotamine was characterized as a functional substitute for venom-derived crotamine based on myotoxic effects. A combinatorial peptide library was screened for crotamine-binding peptides. Tryptophan-rich peptides were shown to bind to crotamine and interfere with its DNA binding. Crotamine myofiber distribution and affinity for tryptophan-rich peptides provide insights on its mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Pompeia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Genetics Laboratory, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Currently an Independent Researcher, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Steve Peigneur
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Tytgat
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Irina Kerkis
- Genetics Laboratory, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mikhail G Kolonin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Hayashi MAF, Campeiro JD, Yonamine CM. Revisiting the potential of South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus toxins as therapeutic, theranostic and/or biotechnological agents. Toxicon 2021; 206:1-13. [PMID: 34896407 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The potential biotechnological and biomedical applications of the animal venom components are widely recognized. Indeed, many components have been used either as drugs or as templates/prototypes for the development of innovative pharmaceutical drugs, among which many are still used for the treatment of human diseases. A specific South American rattlesnake, named Crotalus durissus terrificus, shows a venom composition relatively simpler compared to any viper or other snake species belonging to the Crotalus genus, although presenting a set of toxins with high potential for the treatment of several still unmet human therapeutic needs, as reviewed in this work. In addition to the main toxin named crotoxin, which is under clinical trials studies for antitumoral therapy and which has also anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activities, other toxins from the C. d. terrificus venom are also being studied, aiming for a wide variety of therapeutic applications, including as antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antifungal, antitumoral or antiparasitic agent, or as modulator of animal metabolism, fibrin sealant (fibrin glue), gene carrier or theranostic agent. Among these rattlesnake toxins, the most relevant, considering the potential clinical applications, are crotamine, crotalphine and gyroxin. In this narrative revision, we propose to organize and present briefly the updates in the accumulated knowledge on potential therapeutic applications of toxins collectively found exclusively in the venom of this specific South American rattlesnake, with the objective of contributing to increase the chances of success in the discovery of drugs based on toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirian A F Hayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), SP, Brazil.
| | - Joana D Campeiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), SP, Brazil
| | - Camila M Yonamine
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), SP, Brazil.
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de Carvalho Porta L, Fadel V, D'Arc Campeiro J, Oliveira EB, Godinho RO, Hayashi MAF. Biophysical and pharmacological characterization of a full-length synthetic analog of the antitumor polypeptide crotamine. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:1561-1571. [PMID: 32895732 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01975-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Crotamine is a polypeptide isolated from the venom of a South American rattlesnake. Among the properties and biological activities of crotamine, the most extraordinary is its ability to enter cells with unique selective affinity and cytotoxic activity against actively proliferating cells, such as tumor cells. This peptide is also a cargo carrier, and anticipating commercial application of this native polypeptide as a potential theranostic compound against cancer, we performed here a side-by-side characterization of a chemically synthesized full-length crotamine compared with its native counterpart. The structural, biophysical, and pharmacological properties were evaluated. Comparative NMR studies showed structural conservation of synthetic crotamine. Moreover, similarly to native crotamine, the synthetic polypeptide was also capable of inhibiting tumor growth in vivo, increasing the survival of mice bearing subcutaneous tumor. We also confirmed the ability of synthetic crotamine to transfect and transport DNA into eukaryotic cells, in addition to the importance of proteoglycans on cell surface for its internalization. This work opens new opportunities for future evaluation of chimeric and/or point-mutated analogs of this snake polypeptide, aiming for improving crotamine properties and applications, as well as possibly diminishing its potential toxic effects. KEY MESSAGES: • Synthetic crotamine showed ex vivo and in vivo activities similar to native peptide. • Synthetic crotamine structure conservation was demonstrated by NMR analysis. • Synthetic crotamine is able to transfect and transport DNA into eukaryotic cells. • Synthetic crotamine shows tumor growth inhibition in vivo. • Synthetic crotamine increases survival of mice bearing tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas de Carvalho Porta
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua 3 de maio 100, Ed. INFAR, 3rd floor, São Paulo, CEP 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Valmir Fadel
- Universidade Estadual de São Paulo (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Joana D'Arc Campeiro
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua 3 de maio 100, Ed. INFAR, 3rd floor, São Paulo, CEP 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Brandt Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP-FMRP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Rosely Oliveira Godinho
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua 3 de maio 100, Ed. INFAR, 3rd floor, São Paulo, CEP 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Mirian Akemi Furuie Hayashi
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua 3 de maio 100, Ed. INFAR, 3rd floor, São Paulo, CEP 04044-020, Brazil.
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Porta LC, Campeiro JD, Papa GB, Oliveira EB, Godinho RO, Rodrigues T, Hayashi MAF. In vivo effects of the association of the psychoactive phenotiazine thioridazine on antitumor activity and hind limb paralysis induced by the native polypeptide crotamine. Toxicon 2020; 185:64-71. [PMID: 32621838 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Crotamine is a cationic polypeptide composed by 42 amino acid residues with several pharmacological and biological properties, including the selective ability to enter and kill actively proliferating tumour cells, which led us to propose its use as a theranostic agent for cancer therapy. At the moment, the improvement of crotamine antitumoral efficacy by association with chemotherapeutic adjuvants is envisioned. In the present work, we evaluated the association of crotamine with the antitumoral adjuvant phenotiazine thioridazine (THD). In spite of the clear efficacy of these both compounds as anticancer agents in long-term in vivo treatment of animal model bearing implanted xenograph melanoma tumor, the expected mutual potentiation of the antitumor effects was not observed here. Moreover, this association revealed for the first time the influence of THD on crotamine ability to trigger the hind limb paralysis in mice, and this discovery may represent the first report suggesting the potential involvement of the CNS in the action of this snake polypeptide on the skeletal muscle paralysis, which was classically believed to be essentially limited to a direct action in peripheral tissues as the skeletal muscle. This is also supported by the observed ability of crotamine to potentiate the sedative effects of THD which action was consistently demonstrated to be based on its central action. The better characterization of crotamine properties in CNS may certainly bring important insights for the knowledge needed to pave the way toward the use of this molecule as a theranostic compound in human diseases as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas C Porta
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), SP, Brazil
| | - Joana D Campeiro
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), SP, Brazil
| | - Giovanna B Papa
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo B Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP-RP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Rosely O Godinho
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), SP, Brazil
| | | | - Mirian A F Hayashi
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), SP, Brazil.
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Abstract
Nanomaterials are popularly used in drug delivery, disease diagnosis and therapy. Among a number of functionalized nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, peptide nanostructures, liposomes and polymers, gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) make excellent drug and anticancer agent carriers in biomedical and cancer therapy application. Recent advances of synthetic technique improved the surface coating of Au NPs with accurate control of particle size, shape and surface chemistry. These make the gold nanomaterials a much easier and safer cancer agent and drug to be applied to the patient’s tumor. Although many studies on Au NPs have been published, more results are in the pipeline due to the rapid development of nanotechnology. The purpose of this review is to assess how the novel nanomaterials fabricated by Au NPs can impact biomedical applications such as drug delivery and cancer therapy. Moreover, this review explores the viability, property and cytotoxicity of various Au NPs.
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